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Church BG, Toll J, Tobiason S, White A. Characterization of ambient polychlorinated biphenyl background conditions in surface waters of the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:1307-1319. [PMID: 36562297 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) background threshold values (BTVs) that statistically characterize ambient background conditions for surface waters in undeveloped and developed landscapes of the Pajarito Plateau in the Rio Grande Basin of New Mexico. Between 2009 and 2018, surface water data were collected at 45 locations under a variety of flow conditions and regimes. A total of 163 samples were collected, with roughly 1/3 of samples and locations being in undeveloped areas (n = 53 from 17 locations), and the remainder being in developed areas (n = 110 from 28 locations). While there are areas on the Pajarito Plateau where PCB point sources are known or likely to have contributed to PCBs in soils, PCB BTVs calculated for undeveloped portions of watersheds (upstream of areas where PCB point sources are known or likely to have contributed to PCBs in soils, and therefore not affected by PCB sources within the watershed) are well above New Mexico's human health organism-only (HH-OO) water quality criterion (0.64 ng/L). Background threshold values are even higher in developed areas upstream of managed soil sites, suggesting that in developed areas, both diffuse ambient PCB sources (e.g., atmospheric deposition) and localized urban sources (e.g., building materials, paints, and electrical equipment) contribute to PCBs in those watersheds. These findings indicate that New Mexico's current HH-OO water quality criterion for PCBs cannot practicably be met due to ambient conditions. It is also impracticable to meet the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criterion continuous concentration (CCC) of 14 ng/L in developed background areas, where the BTV is approximately 1.5 times the CCC. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1307-1319. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Toll
- Windward Environmental LLC, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Eker Sanli G, Erkul SN, Tasdemir Y. Spatio-Temporal Variations, Fugacity Fractions and Air-Soil Exchanges of PCBs in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Rural Sites. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2023.2185267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Eker Sanli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seyma Nur Erkul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Yücel Tasdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Tseng CH, Chen LL, Su SM. Development of a system dynamics model for dioxin flow and its application to the energy sector. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08361. [PMID: 34841101 PMCID: PMC8605426 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioxin pollution has been problematic in Taiwan. Although the government has established emission standards and emission inventory to control dioxin pollution, such efforts only apply to pollution emissions; no attempt has been made to understand the flow of dioxins in different environmental media. In this study, the STELLA software was used to model the flow pattern of dioxins in various media. This model and the RAIDAR model established by the Canadian Environmental Model Research Center were used to simulate dioxin flow in Taiwan, and their results were compared with the measured values. The accuracies of the RAIDAR and STELLA models were 63.92% and 49.78%, respectively. This shows that the simulation with the STELLA model provided results closer to the measured values and that the error was less than ten times that of the RAIDAR model, indicating that the proposed model is predictive. In addition, we used the results of a system dynamics model for dioxin flow and an air resource co-benefits (ARCoB) model to apply the obtained results to the energy sector to quantify the co-benefits of reducing dioxin, greenhouse gas, and air pollutant emissions on the basis of the policy target for the year 2030. The total co-benefits of natural gas and renewable energy (RE) scenarios were US$9.63 billion and US$12.57 billion, respectively; the benefit-cost ratios were 2.89 and 20.67, respectively. The development of an RE policy as an alternative to a coal-fired power generation policy will contribute to the best co-benefits of integrated reductions and will also contribute to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Heng Tseng
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ming Su
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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Tseng CH, Chen LL, Yeh PC. Modeling contamination conditions in small-scale industrial areas to estimate health savings benefits associated with remediation. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00995. [PMID: 30623125 PMCID: PMC6313816 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury and dioxin pollution associated with the China Petrochemical Development Corporation's An-shun plant is one of the most severe soil contamination incidents in Taiwan's history. Residents living nearby were exposed to heavy metals and dioxins that led to significant impacts on human health and safety. While many studies related to contamination in large-scale industrial areas have been conducted to evaluate the effects of occupational contaminant exposure, studies related to people who live near small-scale industry areas are less common. In this study, we use the system dynamics modeling to build a media flow pattern for mercury and dioxin in the vicinity of the An-shun plant, simulate the concentrations of the pollutants before and after remediation, and compare the simulated values with the measurements of actual conditions after remediation to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the model. This study also estimated the concentration of mercury and dioxin in each food medium to simulate the daily exposure of the human body to these contaminants. Finally, the reduction in mercury and dioxin levels in the study area was used to estimate the total health benefits to the local population. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of this methodology to small-scale industrial areas as well as improve the decision-making process before, during, and after remediation of contaminated sites. The results of this study revealed the health benefits to residents living in the Annan District after remediation was completed at the An-shun plant were significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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5
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Huang X, Chen S, Zhong X, Ni Z, Cai X, Liu X, Simonnot MO, Qiu R. Zerovalent iron in conjunction with surfactants to remediate sediments contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls and nickel. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:479-488. [PMID: 28957765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dredging and disposal is commonly used for cleanup of contaminated sediments, leaving the relocated sediments still in need of remediation. In this study, the feasibility of two approaches to using zerovalent iron (ZVI) in conjunction with surfactants to remediate sediments contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Ni was investigated. Approach A is surfactant desorption followed by ZVI treatment and approach B is a simple mixture of ZVI and sediment in surfactant solution. Results of approach A show that 65.24% of PCBs and 2.12% of Ni were desorbed by 1% Envirosurf; however, the sequential ZVI-mediated reductive dechlorination (ZVI-RD) was ineffective due to micelle sequestration by high contents of surfactants while Ni could be almost completely removed. For approach B, less than 1% of coexisting Ni was released to aqueous solution, and 47.18%-76.31% PCBs could be dechlorinated by ZVI with the addition of 0.04% surfactants (Tween-80 and Envirosurf). Results of dechlorination kinetics and ZVI morphologies reveal that surfactants at the concentrations as low as 0.04% were able to enhance the contact of sediment-bound PCBs with ZVI, and also to alleviate ZVI passivation. The PCB mixtures in sediment were continuously desorbed and dechlorinated, yielding lower substituted homologues that are less toxic and less hydrophobic. Thus, a simple mixture of ZVI and contaminated sediments without dewatering appears to be a promising alternative to the remediation of PCBs-contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1, rue Grandville, BP20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xiongfei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xi Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Zhuobiao Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xinde Cai
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, 7 West Street, Yuancun, Guangzhou, 510655, PR China
| | - Marie-Odile Simonnot
- Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 1, rue Grandville, BP20451, 54001, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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6
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Lu Q, Futter MN, Nizzetto L, Bussi G, Jürgens MD, Whitehead PG. Fate and transport of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the River Thames catchment - Insights from a coupled multimedia fate and hydrobiogeochemical transport model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:1461-1470. [PMID: 27090411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in riverine environments is strongly influenced by hydrology (including flooding) and fluxes of sediments and organic carbon. Coupling multimedia fate models (MMFMs) and hydrobiogeochemical transport models offers unique opportunities for understanding the environmental behaviour of POPs. While MMFMs are widely used for simulating the fate and transport of legacy and emerging pollutants, they use greatly simplified representations of climate, hydrology and biogeochemical processes. Using additional information about weather, river flows and water chemistry in hydrobiogeochemical transport models can lead to new insights about POP behaviour in rivers. As most riverine POPs are associated with suspended sediments (SS) or dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coupled models simulating SS and DOC can provide additional insights about POPs behaviour. Coupled simulations of river flow, DOC, SS and POP dynamics offer the possibility of improved predictions of contaminant fate and fluxes by leveraging the additional information in routine water quality time series. Here, we present an application of a daily time step dynamic coupled multimedia fate and hydrobiogeochemical transport model (The Integrated Catchment (INCA) Contaminants model) to simulate the behaviour of selected PCB congeners in the River Thames (UK). This is a follow-up to an earlier study where a Level III fugacity model was used to simulate PCB behaviour in the Thames. While coupled models are more complex to apply, we show that they can lead to much better representation of POPs dynamics. The present study shows the importance of accurate sediment and organic carbon simulations to successfully predict riverine PCB transport. Furthermore, it demonstrates the important impact of short-term weather variation on PCB movement through the environment. Specifically, it shows the consequences of the severe flooding, which occurred in early 2014 on sediment PCB concentrations in the River Thames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lu
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - M N Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - L Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Bussi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - M D Jürgens
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - P G Whitehead
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
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7
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Lu Q, Johnson AC, Jürgens MD, Sweetman A, Jin L, Whitehead P. The distribution of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the River Thames Catchment under the scenarios of climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:187-195. [PMID: 26156137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Measurements have shown low levels of PCBs in water but relatively high concentrations in the resident fish of the River Thames (UK). To better understand the distribution and behaviour of PCBs in the Thames river basin and their potential risks, a level III fugacity model was applied to selected PCB congeners (PCB 52, PCB 118 and PCB 153). The modelling results indicated that fish and sediments represent environmental compartments with the highest PCB concentrations; but the greatest mass of PCBs (over 70%) is likely to remain in the soil. As emissions decline, soil could then act as a significant secondary source of PCBs with the river bed-sediment functioning as a long-term reservoir of PCBs. The predicted changes in temperature and rainfall forecast in the UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) over the next 80 years had only a modest influence on PCB fate in the model. The most significant result was a tendency for climate change to enhance the evaporation of PCBs from soil to air in the Thames catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lu
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Monika D Jürgens
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Andy Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, LEC Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Li Jin
- Geology Department, Bowers Hall, State University of New York College at Cortland, USA
| | - Paul Whitehead
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
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8
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Yachiguchi K, Matsumoto N, Haga Y, Suzuki M, Matsumura C, Tsurukawa M, Okuno T, Nakano T, Kawabe K, Kitamura KI, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Chowdhury VS, Endo M, Chiba A, Sekiguchi T, Nakano M, Tabuchi Y, Kondo T, Wada S, Mishima H, Hattori A, Suzuki N. Polychlorinated biphenyl (118) activates osteoclasts and induces bone resorption in goldfish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6365-72. [PMID: 23247518 PMCID: PMC4021165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the effect of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 118 on fish bone metabolism, we examined osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities, as well as plasma calcium levels, in the scales of PCB (118)-injected goldfish. In addition, effect of PCB (118) on osteoclasts and osteoblasts was investigated in vitro. Immature goldfish, in which the endogenous effects of sex steroids are negligible, were used. PCB (118) was solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide at a concentration of 10 ppm. At 1 and 2 days after PCB (118) injection (100 ng/g body weight), both osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities, and plasma calcium levels were measured. In an in vitro study, then, both osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities as well as each marker mRNA expression were examined. At 2 days, scale osteoclastic activity in PCB (118)-injected goldfish increased significantly, while osteoblastic activity did not change significantly. Corresponding to osteoclastic activity, plasma calcium levels increased significantly at 2 days after PCB (118) administration. Osteoclastic activation also occurred in the marker enzyme activities and mRNA expressions in vitro. Thus, we conclude that PCB (118) disrupts bone metabolism in goldfish both in vivo and in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yachiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553 Japan
| | - Noriko Matsumoto
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553 Japan
| | - Yuki Haga
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan
| | - Motoharu Suzuki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan
| | - Chisato Matsumura
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsurukawa
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okuno
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 654-0037 Japan
| | - Kimi Kawabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Kitamura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kodatsuno, Ishikawa 920-0942 Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- International Education Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Masato Endo
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477 Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Chiba
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, 102-8554 Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553 Japan
| | - Masaki Nakano
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Shigehito Wada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Human Life Sciences, Kochi Gakuen College, Kochi, 780-0955 Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827 Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553 Japan
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Delistraty D. Ecotoxicity and risk to human fish consumers of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish near the Hanford Site (USA). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:14-21. [PMID: 23314118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify three groups of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (i.e., dioxin-like toxic equivalents [TEQ], non-dioxin-like PCBs, total PCBs) in fish in several species, tissues, and locations in the Columbia River near the Hanford Site. For TEQ and total PCBs, fish ecotoxicity and risk to human fish consumers were also evaluated. Non-dioxin-like PCBs were not assessed for toxicity, due to lack of available benchmarks. In sturgeon liver, TEQ was significantly higher (P<0.05) within the Hanford Site study areas, relative to upriver. However, this same spatial relationship in sturgeon liver did not attain statistical significance for non-dioxin-like PCBs and total PCBs. Non-dioxin-like PCBs and total PCBs were significantly higher (P<0.05) in whitefish fillet than in other species (except carp) and significantly higher (P<0.05) in carp fillet, relative to bass. All PCB residues in carcass were significantly elevated (P<0.005) in comparison to fillet. In addition to PCB source, many factors (e.g., dietary composition, tissue lipid content, fish mobility and home range, age, toxicokinetic processes, seasonal adaptations) influence patterns in PCB bioaccumulation across species, tissues, and locations. TEQ and total PCB residues in liver, fillet, and carcass, observed in this study, were below corresponding no effect residues for TEQ and Aroclors in the literature for fish survival, growth, and reproduction. In contrast, TEQ and total PCBs in fillet in this study exceeded USEPA tissue screening levels for cancer (1E-6 risk) and noncancer (hazard quotient [HQ]=1) toxicity for human fish consumers. Key uncertainties in these comparisons to assess toxicity relate to variation in fish species sensitivity to PCBs and use of Aroclor data in the literature to represent total PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Delistraty
- Washington State Department of Ecology, N. 4601 Monroe Street, Spokane, WA 99205, USA.
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10
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Hope BK. Acquisition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by Pacific chinook salmon: an exploration of various exposure scenarios. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2012; 8:553-562. [PMID: 22253206 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, as part of an update to its state water quality standards (WQS) for protection of human health, the State of Oregon adopted a fish consumption rate of 175 g/day for freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish, including anadromous species. WQS for the protection of human health whose derivation is based in part on anadromous fish, create the expectation that implementation of these WQS will lead to lower contaminant levels in returning adult fish. Whether this expectation can be met is likely a function of where and when such fish are exposed. Various exposure scenarios have been advanced to explain acquisition of bioaccumulative contaminants by Pacific salmonids. This study examined 16 different scenarios with bioenergetics and toxicokinetic models to identify those where WQS might be effective in reducing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)--a representative bioaccumulative contaminant--in returning adult Fall chinook salmon, a representative salmonid. Model estimates of tissue concentrations and body burdens in juveniles and adults were corroborated with observations reported in the literature. Model results suggest that WQS may effect limited (< approximately 2 ×) reductions in PCB levels in adults who were resident in a confined marine water body or who transited a highly contaminated estuary as out-migrating juveniles. In all other scenarios examined, WQS would have little effect on PCB levels in returning adults. Although the results of any modeling study must be interpreted with caution and are not necessarily applicable to all salmonid species, they do suggest that the ability of WQS to meet the expectation of reducing contaminant loadings in anadromous species is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Hope
- Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, Oregon 97204-1390, USA.
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Zhao J, Peng P, Song J, Ma S, Sheng G, Fu J. Research on flux of dry atmospheric falling dust and its characterization in a subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2010; 3:139-147. [PMID: 20700381 PMCID: PMC2914287 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-009-0062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Guangzhou is the central city in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, and is one of the most polluted cities in the world. To characterize the ambient falling dust pollution, two typical sampling sites: urban (Wushan) and suburban (University Town) areas in Guangzhou city were chosen for falling dust collection over 1 year at time intervals of 1 or 2 months. The flux of dry deposition was calculated. In addition, mineral composition and morphology of atmospheric falling dust were studied by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microscopic observation. The results revealed that the dust flux in Guangzhou city was 3.34-3.78 g/(m(2) month) during the study period. The main minerals in the dust were quartz, illite, calcite, kaolinite, gypsum, plagioclase, dolomite, and amorphous matter. The morphological types included grained and flaky individual minerals, chain-like aggregates, spherical flying beads, and irregular aggregates, with the chain-like and spherical aggregates indicators of industrial ash. The major dusts were derived from industrial and construction activities. The gypsum present in the dust collected in winter season was not only derived from cement dust but may also have originated from the reaction of calcic material with sulfuric acids resulting from photooxidation of SO(x) and NO(x), which confirmed serious air pollution due to SO(x) and NO(x) in Guangzhou. The abatement of fossil fuel combustion emissions and construction dust will have a significant beneficial effect on dust reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping’an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shexia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 People’s Republic of China
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