1
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Wang Z, Er Q, Zhang C, Liu J, Liang X, Zhao Y. A new DGT technique based on nano-sized Mg 2Al layered double hydroxides with DTPA for sampling of eight anionic and cationic metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37679-37690. [PMID: 36572777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new resin gel incorporated with layered double hydroxide nanoparticles modified with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid is developed for application in diffusive gradients in thin-film devices (abbreviated as LDHs DGT) to monitor eight anions and cations (such as Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, and As) in natural waters and soils. The accumulated anions and cations were quantitatively recovered by one-step elution using 0.5 mol·L-1 HNO3 with an optimized elution time of 30 min. The performance of the LDHs DGT was independent of solution pH (5-8) and ionic strengths (5-100 mmol·L-1). The capacities of the LDHs DGT for Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), As(V), Cd(II), and Pb(II) individually are determined to be 202.9, 363.6, 246.9, 88.8, 99.5, 75.3, 159.8, and 671.7 μg·cm-2. During the field deployments in a nature river, LDHs DGT measured concentrations of cations and anions were almost like those measured by the traditional sampling method (except Fe(II), Cd(II), and Co(II)). In addition, bioavailable Cd measured by LDHs DGT correlated well with Cd in rice grains (R2 = 0.55), indicating that LDHs DGT is a reliable tool for assessing the risk of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Qian Er
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Chuangchuang Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Tianjin, 300191, China.
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2
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Chen R, Wang Q, Ren F, Ding G, Shi R, Cheng J, Cai X, Cheng N, Liu J, Li L. Determination of Labile Cadmium in Soils Using a New Sodium Alginate-Polyglutamic Acid-Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:1559-1569. [PMID: 33651400 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sodium alginate-polyglutamic acid was used to develop a new diffusive gradient in thin films (SA-PGA-DGT) device, which was proven to be suitable for the investigation of labile Cd in soil. The adsorption capacity of Cd was calculated to be approximately 16.8 μg/cm2 , which was hardly affected by factors including pH (5-9), ionic strength (0.1-100 mM), and the presence of other metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, and Cr). The SA-PGA gel has dense and uneven pores with large specific surface area, which ensures the adsorption of Cd by functional groups of the gel. A kinetics study indicated that the adsorption rate of Cd by the binding gel can be described as a pseudo-second-order reaction. Deployment of the SA-PGA-DGT in the soils of Tang Gu (located in Binhai New District, Tianjin, China) showed a strong positive linear correlation between Cd measured by the device and exchangeable Cd measured by the Tessier method (R = 0.73, p < 0.01). Cadmium determined by the SA-PGA-DGT device was less affected by soil properties. This new SA-PGA-DGT has obvious advantages over other methods in respect of the labile Cd analysis in soil. The innovative novel device expands the variety of existing DGT technologies and can be utilized to monitor the level of labile Cd in soil effectively. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1559-1569. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Fumin Ren
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Ding
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing, China
| | - Rongguang Shi
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuying Cai
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Nuo Cheng
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lanxin Li
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
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3
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Wang R, Zou Y, Luo J, Jones KC, Zhang H. Investigating Potential Limitations of Current Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) Samplers for Measuring Organic Chemicals. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12835-12843. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Runmei Wang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yitao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kevin C. Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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4
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Uher E, Compère C, Combe M, Mazeas F, Gourlay-Francé C. In situ measurement with diffusive gradients in thin films: effect of biofouling in freshwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13797-13807. [PMID: 28405923 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concerning in situ passive sampler deployment, several technical priorities must be considered. In particular, deployment time must be sufficiently long not only to allow a significant quantity to be accumulated to facilitate analysis but also to ensure that the signal is above the quantification limit and out of the blank influence. Moreover, regarding the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique, deployment time must also be sufficiently long (at least 5 days) to avoid the interactions of the solutes with the material diffusion layer of the DGT and for the steady state to be reached in the gel. However, biofouling occurs in situ and modifies the surface of the samplers. In this article, we propose a kinetic model which highlights the biofouling effect. This model was able to describe the mitigation of the flux towards the DGT resin observed on Cd, Co, Mn, Ni and Zn during a 22-day deployment in the Seine River. Over a period of 22 days, biofouling had a significant impact on the DGT concentrations measured, which were decreased twofold to threefold when compared to concentrations measured in unaffected DGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Uher
- Irstea, UR HBAN Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, 92761, Antony Cedex, France.
- FIRE FR-3020, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Chantal Compère
- IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Matthieu Combe
- Irstea, UR HBAN Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, 92761, Antony Cedex, France
| | - Florence Mazeas
- IFREMER, Centre de Bretagne, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Catherine Gourlay-Francé
- Irstea, UR HBAN Hydrosystèmes et Bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, 92761, Antony Cedex, France
- FIRE FR-3020, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Anses, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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5
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Wang Y, Ding S, Gong M, Xu S, Xu W, Zhang C. Diffusion characteristics of agarose hydrogel used in diffusive gradients in thin films for measurements of cations and anions. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 945:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Santner J, Larsen M, Kreuzeder A, Glud RN. Two decades of chemical imaging of solutes in sediments and soils--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 878:9-42. [PMID: 26002324 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing appreciation of the small-scale (sub-mm) heterogeneity of biogeochemical processes in sediments, wetlands and soils has led to the development of several methods for high-resolution two-dimensional imaging of solute distribution in porewaters. Over the past decades, localised sampling of solutes (diffusive equilibration in thin films, diffusive gradients in thin films) followed by planar luminescent sensors (planar optodes) have been used as analytical tools for studies on solute distribution and dynamics. These approaches have provided new conceptual and quantitative understanding of biogeochemical processes regulating the distribution of key elements and solutes including O2, CO2, pH, redox conditions as well as nutrient and contaminant ion species in structurally complex soils and sediments. Recently these methods have been applied in parallel or integrated as so-called sandwich sensors for multianalyte measurements. Here we review the capabilities and limitations of the chemical imaging methods that are currently at hand, using a number of case studies, and provide an outlook on potential future developments for two-dimensional solute imaging in soils and sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Santner
- Rhizosphere Ecology and Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Morten Larsen
- Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kreuzeder
- Rhizosphere Ecology and Biogeochemistry Group, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Ronnie N Glud
- Nordic Center for Earth Evolution (NordCEE), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark; Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Scotland, PA37 1QA, UK; Greenland Climate Research Centre (CO Greenland Institute of Natural Resources), Kivioq 2, Box 570, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Puy J, Galceran J, Cruz-González S, David CA, Uribe R, Lin C, Zhang H, Davison W. Measurement of Metals Using DGT: Impact of Ionic Strength and Kinetics of Dissociation of Complexes in the Resin Domain. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7740-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac501679m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Puy
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Josep Galceran
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Sara Cruz-González
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Calin A. David
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ramiro Uribe
- Departament
de Química, Universitat de Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira
Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
- Departamento
de Física, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué 730001, Colombia
| | - Chun Lin
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - William Davison
- Lancaster
Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
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8
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Han S, Naito W, Hanai Y, Masunaga S. Evaluation of trace metals bioavailability in Japanese river waters using DGT and a chemical equilibrium model. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:4880-4892. [PMID: 23870434 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To develop efficient and effective methods of assessing and managing the risk posed by metals to aquatic life, it is important to determine the effects of water chemistry on the bioavailability of metals in surface water. In this study, we employed the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) to determine the bioavailability of metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) in Japanese water systems. The DGT results were compared with a chemical equilibrium model (WHAM 7.0) calculation to examine its robustness and utility to predict dynamic metal speciation. The DGT measurements showed that biologically available fractions of metals in the rivers impacted by mine drainage and metal industries were relatively high compared with those in urban rivers. Comparison between the DGT results and the model calculation indicated good agreement for Zn. The model calculation concentrations for Ni and Cu were higher than the DGT concentrations at most sites. As for Pb, the model calculation depended on whether the precipitated iron(III) hydroxide or precipitated aluminum(III) hydroxide was assumed to have an active surface. Our results suggest that the use of WHAM 7.0 combined with the DGT method can predict bioavailable concentrations of most metals (except for Pb) with reasonable accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Han
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
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9
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Hutchins CM, Panther JG, Teasdale PR, Wang F, Stewart RR, Bennett WW, Zhao H. Evaluation of a titanium dioxide-based DGT technique for measuring inorganic uranium species in fresh and marine waters. Talanta 2012; 97:550-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Golmohamadi M, Davis TA, Wilkinson KJ. Diffusion and Partitioning of Cations in an Agarose Hydrogel. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6505-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212343g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Golmohamadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville,
Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Thomas A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville,
Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Kevin J. Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, P.O. Box 6128, Succursale Centre-ville,
Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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11
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Bennett WW, Teasdale PR, Panther JG, Welsh DT, Jolley DF. Speciation of Dissolved Inorganic Arsenic by Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films: Selective Binding of AsIII by 3-Mercaptopropyl-Functionalized Silica Gel. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8293-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202119t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William W. Bennett
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Peter R. Teasdale
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jared G. Panther
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - David T. Welsh
- Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Dianne F. Jolley
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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12
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Gregusova M, Docekal B. New resin gel for uranium determination by diffusive gradient in thin films technique. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 684:142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Veeken PLRVD, Leeuwen HPV. DGT/DET gel partition features of humic acid/metal species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5523-5527. [PMID: 20553040 DOI: 10.1021/es100861t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gel layer based sensors are increasingly employed for dynamic trace metal speciation analysis in aquatic and soil media, in which humic and fulvic acid species are generally known to be relevant. In DGT (diffusive gradient in thin film), polyacrylamide hydrogels are commonly used for the diffusive gel layer. Various effects of the presence of humic species on the amount of metal detected by DGT have been observed, but the role of the different metal/humic species is still unknown. Recently it was shown that in the absence of metal, humic acid accumulates significantly in the polyacrylamide hydrogel. Here we analyze the extent of this accumulation in the presence of cadmium under various conditions of ionic strength and total humic and fulvic acid concentrations. At millimolar ionic strength level, DET data show significant accumulation of cadmium(II) in the gel phase, on top of some Donnan enrichment. The results are essential for the interpretation of DGT/DET data on metals in the presence of humics, especially in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal L R van der Veeken
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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van der Veeken PLR, Chakraborty P, Leeuwen HPV. Accumulation of humic acid in DET/DGT gels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:4253-4257. [PMID: 20446728 DOI: 10.1021/es100510u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Gel layer based sensors are increasingly employed for dynamic trace metal speciation analysis in aquatic and soil media. In DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin film), polyacrylamide hydrogels are commonly used for the diffusive gel layer. While some effects of humic and fulvic acids on the DGT detection of metal species have been observed, the gel permeation properties of the actual humic and fulvic acid compounds themselves have not been analyzed thus far. Here we show with DET (Diffusive Equilibrium in Thin film) that these natural complexing agents do enter the gel layer, and that humic acids even appear to accumulate in the gel, with enrichment factors typically on the order of 10. The results have consequences for the interpretation of DGT-data on metal fluxes from aquatic media containing humics and fulvics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal L R van der Veeken
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Van der Veeken PLR, Pinheiro JP, Van Leeuwen HP. Metal speciation by DGT/DET in colloidal complex systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:8835-8840. [PMID: 19192806 DOI: 10.1021/es801654s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gel-layer-based sensors are increasingly employed for dynamic trace metal speciation analysis in aquatic media. In DGT (diffusive gradients in a thin film), two different types of polyacrylamide hydrogels, designated as "open pore" and "restricted", are commonly used for the diffusive gel layer. While both gels are known to be fully permeable to metal ions and small complexes, colloidal particles with radii from tensto hundreds of nanometers have generally been assumed to be excluded from the gel. Here we show, however, that for dispersions with Pb(II) as the probe metal and monodisperse latex particles as metal-binding agents, relatively large particles do enter the gel to a significant extent. By complementing DGT flux analysis with diffusive equilibration in a thin film accumulation data for the colloidal complex systems, it is demonstrated that with radii up to 130 nm permeation for particles is substantial. The consequences for interpretation of dynamic speciation data furnished by gel-based sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal L R Van der Veeken
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Garmo ØA, Davison W, Zhang H. Effects of Binding of Metals to the Hydrogel and Filter Membrane on the Accuracy of the Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Technique. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9220-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind A. Garmo
- Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1-4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - William Davison
- Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1-4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1-4YQ, United Kingdom
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