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Driscoll C, Milford JB, Henze DK, Bell MD. Atmospheric reduced nitrogen: Sources, transformations, effects, and management. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024; 74:362-415. [PMID: 38819428 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2342765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human activities have increased atmospheric emissions and deposition of oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen, but emission control programs have largely focused on oxidized nitrogen. As a result, in many regions of the world emissions of oxidized nitrogen are decreasing while emissions of reduced nitrogen are increasing. Emissions of reduced nitrogen largely originate from livestock waste and fertilizer application, with contributions from transportation sources in urban areas. Observations suggest a discrepancy between trends in emissions and deposition of reduced nitrogen in the U.S., likely due to an underestimate in emissions. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen to form fine particulate matter that impairs health and visibility and affects climate forcings. Recent reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have limited partitioning with ammonia, decreasing long-range transport. Continuing research is needed to improve understanding of how shifting emissions alter formation of secondary particulates and patterns of transport and deposition of reactive nitrogen. Satellite remote sensing has potential for monitoring atmospheric concentrations and emissions of ammonia, but there remains a need to maintain and strengthen ground-based measurements and continue development of chemical transport models. Elevated nitrogen deposition has decreased plant and soil microbial biodiversity and altered the biogeochemical function of terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems. Further study is needed on differential effects of oxidized versus reduced nitrogen and pathways and timescales of ecosystem recovery from elevated nitrogen deposition. Decreases in deposition of reduced nitrogen could alleviate exceedances of critical loads for terrestrial and freshwater indicators in many U.S. areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should consider using critical loads as a basis for setting standards to protect public welfare and ecosystems. The U.S. and other countries might look to European experience for approaches to control emissions of reduced nitrogen from agricultural and transportation sectors.Implications: In this Critical Review we synthesize research on effects, air emissions, environmental transformations, and management of reduced forms of nitrogen. Emissions of reduced nitrogen affect human health, the structure and function of ecosystems, and climatic forcings. While emissions of oxidized forms of nitrogen are regulated in the U.S., controls on reduced forms are largely absent. Decreases in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides coupled with increases in ammonia are shifting the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia and decreasing long-range atmospheric transport of reduced nitrogen. Effort is needed to understand, monitor, and manage emissions of reduced nitrogen in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jana B Milford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael D Bell
- Ecologist, National Park Service - Air Resources Division, Boulder, CO, USA
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Wang Q, Flesch TK, Bai M, Zhang M, Chen D. Seasonal ammonia emissions from an intensive beef cattle feedlot in Victoria Australia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119898. [PMID: 38160543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emitted from concentrated animal feeding operations can cause environmental and health problems, and indirectly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Cattle feedlots are known to be large sources of NH3, but few studies have documented seasonal emissions from Australian feedlots. We conducted two field campaigns to measure NH3 emissions from an intensive beef cattle feedlot in southeast Australia, and these results were combined with previous measurements at the same feedlot to document seasonal variations in emissions and to derive annual feedlot emission factors (EFs). Emission rates were calculated with an inverse dispersion modelling (IDM) technique, based on NH3 concentrations measured at the feedlot with open-path lasers (OPLs). The average area emission rates in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 90.5, 167.4, 96.2 and 86.8 μg NH3 m-2 s-1 from the cattle pens, and 22.5, 18.1, 7.7 and 20.7 μg NH3 m-2 s-1 from the manure stockpile area, respectively. The total per-animal EFs ranged from 126.0 (autumn) to 190.2 g NH3 animal-1 d-1 (summer), representing a loss of 47.5-64.6% of the fed N. Seasonal variations in emissions were related to air temperature. Slight changes in crude protein content of the cattle diet may also have impacted seasonal variability. Taking seasonal variations into consideration, the average feedlot EF was 160.4 g NH3 animal-1 d-1, with 90% of the emissions coming from the cattle pens. Extrapolating the EF to all feedlot cattle in the country, the direct NH3 emissions from Australian feedlots amount to 65.2 Gg NH3 annually, or 3.7% of the national total. Our study benchmarks seasonal and annual EFs and N losses for Australian commercial feedlots, and provides a baseline for extrapolating the impacts of mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Wang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Thomas K Flesch
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Mei Bai
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mengxuan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Deli Chen
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Burns A, Chandler G, Dunham KJ, Carlton AG. Data Gap: Air Quality Networks Miss Air Pollution from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20718-20725. [PMID: 38032082 PMCID: PMC10720380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In the U.S., the agricultural sector is the largest controllable source of several air pollutants, including ammonia (NH3), which is a key precursor to PM2.5 formation. Livestock waste is the dominant contributor to ammonia emissions. In contrast to most controllable air pollutants, satellite records show ammonia mixing ratios are rising. The number of confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) that generate considerable livestock waste is also increasing. Spatial and temporal trends in USDA-reported animal numbers normalized by county area at medium and large CAFOs provide plausible explanations for patterns in satellite-derived NH3 over the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The correlation between summertime ammonia derived from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and CAFO animal unit density in 2017 is positive and significant (r = 0.642; p ≈ 0). The temporal changes from 2002 to 2017 in animal unit density and NH3 derived from NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) are spatially similar. Trends and ambient concentrations of PM2.5 mass in agricultural regions are difficult to assess relative to those of urban population centers given the sparseness of rural monitors in regulatory surface networks. Results suggest that in agricultural areas where ammonia concentrations and animal density are highest, air quality improvement lags behind the national average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa
M. Burns
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
| | - Gabriel Chandler
- Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Kira J. Dunham
- Food
and Water Watch, Washington, District of Columbia 20036, United States
| | - Annmarie G. Carlton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, United States
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Collart L, Jiang D, Halsey KH. The volatilome reveals microcystin concentration, microbial composition, and oxidative stress in a critical Oregon freshwater lake. mSystems 2023; 8:e0037923. [PMID: 37589463 PMCID: PMC10654074 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00379-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Harmful algal blooms are among the most significant threats to drinking water safety. Blooms dominated by cyanobacteria can produce potentially harmful toxins and, despite intensive research, toxin production remains unpredictable. We measured gaseous molecules in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, over 2 years and used them to predict the presence and concentration of the cyanotoxin, microcystin, and microbial community composition. Subsets of gaseous compounds were identified that are associated with microcystin production during oxidative stress, pointing to ecosystem-level interactions leading to microcystin contamination. Our approach shows potential for gaseous molecules to be harnessed in monitoring critical waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Collart
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Duo Jiang
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kimberly H. Halsey
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Montini D, Cara C, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Mostoni S, Nisticò R, Pala L, Scotti R. Recent Advances on Porous Siliceous Materials Derived from Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5578. [PMID: 37629869 PMCID: PMC10456868 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, significant efforts have been made in view of a transition from a linear to a circular economy, where the value of products, materials, resources, and waste is maintained as long as possible in the economy. The re-utilization of industrial and agricultural waste into value-added products, such as nanostructured siliceous materials, has become a challenging topic as an effective strategy in waste management and a sustainable model aimed to limit the use of landfill, conserve natural resources, and reduce the use of harmful substances. In light of these considerations, nanoporous silica has attracted attention in various applications owing to the tunable pore dimensions, high specific surface areas, tailorable structure, and facile post-functionalization. In this review, recent progress on the synthesis of siliceous materials from different types of waste is presented, analyzing the factors influencing the size and morphology of the final product, alongside different synthetic methods used to impart specific porosity. Applications in the fields of wastewater/gas treatment and catalysis are discussed, focusing on process feasibility in large-scale productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Montini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Claudio Cara
- Fluorsid S.p.A., Strada Macchiareddu 2a, 09032 Assemini, Italy; (C.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Roberto Nisticò
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Luca Pala
- Fluorsid S.p.A., Strada Macchiareddu 2a, 09032 Assemini, Italy; (C.C.); (L.P.)
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (D.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.)
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Lewis BM, Battye WH, Aneja VP, Kim H, Bell ML. Modeling and Analysis of Air Pollution and Environmental Justice: The Case for North Carolina's Hog Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:87018. [PMID: 37616159 PMCID: PMC10449010 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) emit pollutants that can cause negative impacts on human health. The concentration of hog production in North Carolina raises concerns regarding the disproportionate exposure of vulnerable communities to air pollution from CAFOs. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether exposure to gaseous ammonia (NH 3 ) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S ) (in 2019) differs between subpopulations by examining demographics, including race/ethnicity, age, educational attainment, language proficiency, and socioeconomic status. METHODS We used an Air Monitoring Station (AMS)/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regulatory Model (AERMOD)-based Human Exposure Model (version 3) to estimate ambient concentrations of NH 3 and H 2 S from hog farms in Duplin County and its surrounding counties in North Carolina and estimate subsequent exposures of communities within 50 km of Duplin County, North Carolina, or the Duplin County Region. We combined estimated exposures with 2016 American Community Summary Census data, at the block group level, using spatial analysis to investigate whether exposures to these pollutants differ by race and ethnicity, age, income, education, and language proficiency. Based on these estimations, we assessed associated exposure risks to the impacted communities and used multivariable regression modeling to evaluate the relationship between average ammonia exposures from Duplin regional hog farms and the presence of vulnerable populations. RESULTS The average [± standard deviation ( SD ) ] annual estimated concentration of NH 3 and H 2 S in the Duplin County Region is 1.75 ± 2.81 μ g / m 3 and 0.0087 ± 0.014 μ g / m 3 , respectively. The maximum average annual ambient concentrations are estimated at 54.27 ± 4.12 μ g / m 3 and 0.54 ± 0.041 μ g / m 3 for NH 3 and H 2 S , respectively. Our descriptive analysis reveals that people of low income, people of color, people with low educational attainment, and the linguistically isolated in the Duplin Region are disproportionately exposed to higher levels of pollutants than the average exposure for residents. Alternatively, our statistical results suggests that after adjusting for covariates, communities of color are associated with 1.70% (95% CI: - 3.79 , 0.44) lower NH 3 concentrations per 1-SD increase. One-standard deviation increases in the adults with low educational attainment and children < 19 years of age is associated with 1.26% (95% CI: - 0.77 , 3.33) and 1.20% (95% CI: - 0.62 , 3.05) higher NH 3 exposure per 1-SD increase, respectively. DISCUSSION Exposures to NH 3 and H 2 S differed by race and ethnicity, educational attainment, language proficiency, and socioeconomic status. The observed associations between exposure to CAFO-generated pollutants and sociodemographic indicators differed among demographics. The disproportionate distribution of hog facilities and resulting pollutant exposures among communities may have adverse environmental and human health impacts, raising environmental justice concerns. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Lewis
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - William H. Battye
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Viney P. Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Honghyok Kim
- School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Lu CW, Fu J, Liu XF, Cui ZH, Chen WW, Guo L, Li XL, Ren Y, Shao F, Chen LN, Hao JL. Impacts of air pollution and meteorological conditions on dry eye disease among residents in a northeastern Chinese metropolis: a six-year crossover study in a cold region. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:186. [PMID: 37495595 PMCID: PMC10372063 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the associations among dry eye disease (DED), air pollution, and meteorological conditions in the cold region of a northeastern Chinese metropolis (i.e., Changchun). Data on ambient air pollutants and meteorological parameters as well as diagnosed DED outpatients during 2015-2021 were collected. The associations between DED and environmental factors were analysed at multiple time scales using various statistical methods (i.e., correlation, regression and machine learning). Among the 10,809 DED patients (21,617 eyes) studied, 64.60% were female and 35.40% were male. A higher frequency of DED was observed in March and April, followed by January, August and October. Individual and multiple factor models showed the positive importance of particles with aerodynamic diameters <10 μm (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) among normal air pollutants and air pressure (AP), air temperature (AT) and wind speed (WS) among normal meteorological parameters. Air pollutants (PM10, nitrogen dioxide: NO2) and meteorological parameters (AT, AP) have combined impacts on DED occurrence. For the first time, we further explored the associations of detailed components of atmospheric particles and DED, suggesting potential emission sources, including spring dust from bare soil and roads and precursor pollutants of summer O3 formation from vehicles and industry in Northeast China. Our results revealed the quantitative associations among air pollutants, meteorological conditions and DED outpatients in cold regions, highlighting the importance of coordinated policies in air pollution control and climate change mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lu
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Liu
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China.
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Li Guo
- China College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- Shenyang Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang, 110166, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fei Shao
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Opthalmology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
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Huanhong K, Thomya S, Teerakitchotikan P, Lumsangkul C, Tangpao T, Prasad SK, Prasad KS, Sommano SR. Volatile organic compound emissions in free-range chicken production: Impacts on environment, welfare and sustainability. AIMS AGRICULTURE AND FOOD 2023; 8:1071-1091. [DOI: 10.3934/agrfood.2023058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>The increasing demand for free-range poultry products has led to a surge in their availability in the market, prompting a potential decline in premium prices associated with these products. This shift places considerable pressure on upstream costs in chicken production. A comprehensive under-standing of its impact on the environment is essential to ensure the success of commercial and industrial free-range chicken production. However, there exists a significant knowledge gap concerning the emission and concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from organic-free range chicken, and their environmental implications have yet to be understood. We aim to address this critical knowledge gap by elucidating the role of VOC emissions in chicken production and assessing their impact on human and animal health, as well as environmental challenges. Understanding the implications of VOC emissions is essential for promoting sustainable and responsible free-range chicken farming practices. By identifying the sources of VOC emissions and their impacts, stakeholders can implement appropriate measures to optimize air quality and enhance the well-being of chickens and workers. Ultimately, this review highlights the role of VOCs in animal production, providing valuable insights for improving the efficiency, environmental sustainability and welfare aspects of free-range chicken farming.</p>
</abstract>
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiattisak Huanhong
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sureerat Thomya
- Postharvest Technology Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Patipon Teerakitchotikan
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chompunut Lumsangkul
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Tibet Tangpao
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kollur Shiva Prasad
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Arts and Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Mysuru campus, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Noman EA, Al-Gheethi A, Al-Sahari M, Saphira Radin Mohamed RM, Crane R, Aziz NAA, Govarthanan M. Challenges and opportunities in the application of bioinspired engineered nanomaterials for the recovery of metal ions from mining industry wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136165. [PMID: 36037954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy-metal-bearing wastewater is among the most formidable challenges the mining industry currently faces in maintaining its social license to operate. Amongst the technologies available for metal ion adsorption, bioinspired engineering nanomaterials have emerged as one which exhibits great promise. However, current processes used for the preparation of adsorbents (including nanoscale activated carbon and biochar) represent a source of adverse impacts on the environment. In contrast, the application of biogenic-nanoparticles, i.e., those derived from processes catalysed by microbiota, has received significant attention in the last few years. Coupled with this, the use of naturally occurring reagents is of major importance for the sustainability of this emerging industry. This paper analyses the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the synthesis of adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes. Moreover, rather than simply recovering the ecotoxic metals from wastewater, the potential to valorise dissolved metals into high-value metallic nanoparticle products is discussed. LCA analysis revealed that the adsorbent had some adverse impact on the environment. The agricultural wastes contributed 27.86% to global warming, 54.64% to ozone formation, 33.06% to fine particles, and 98.24% to marine eutrophication. Mining wastewater is an important, and largely currently unexploited, source of metal value. However, the often-low concentration of such metals dictates that their conversion into high-value products (such as engineered nanoparticles) is an important new research frontier. Within this the use of biosynthesis methods has emerged as having great potential due to a range of beneficial attributes, including low cost, high efficacy and/or environmental compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efaq Ali Noman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia; Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia
| | - Adel Al-Gheethi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia; Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia; Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sahari
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia; Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia.
| | - Rich Crane
- Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Nur Adila Ab Aziz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Build Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia; Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, 86400, Malaysia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India
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10
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Morganti D, Faro MJL, Leonardi AA, Fazio B, Conoci S, Irrera A. Luminescent Silicon Nanowires as Novel Sensor for Environmental Air Quality Control. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8755. [PMID: 36433351 PMCID: PMC9698341 DOI: 10.3390/s22228755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air quality monitoring is an increasingly debated topic nowadays. The increasing spillage of waste products released into the environment has contributed to the increase in air pollution. Consequently, the production of increasingly performing devices in air monitoring is increasingly in demand. In this scenario, the attention dedicated to workplace safety monitoring has led to the developing and improving of new sensors. Despite technological advancements, sensors based on nanostructured materials are difficult to introduce into the manufacturing flow due to the high costs of the processes and the approaches that are incompatible with the microelectronics industry. The synthesis of a low-cost ultra-thin silicon nanowires (Si NWs)-based sensor is here reported, which allows us the detection of various dangerous gases such as acetone, ethanol, and the ammonia test as a proof of concept in a nitrogen-based mixture. A modified metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) approach enables to obtain ultra-thin Si NWs by a cost-effective, rapid and industrially compatible process that exhibit an intense light emission at room temperature. All these gases are common substances that we find not only in research or industrial laboratories, but also in our daily life and can pose a serious danger to health, even at small concentrations of a few ppm. The exploitation of the Si NWs optical and electrical properties for the detection of low concentrations of these gases through their photoluminescence and resistance changes will be shown in a nitrogen-based gas mixture. These sensing platforms give fast and reversible responses with both optical and electrical transductions. These high performances and the scalable synthesis of Si NWs could pave the way for market-competitive sensors for ambient air quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Morganti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 5, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria José Lo Faro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Alessio Leonardi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Barbara Fazio
- URT LAB SENS, Beyond Nano—CNR, c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 5, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 5, 98166 Messina, Italy
- URT LAB SENS, Beyond Nano—CNR, c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 5, 98166 Messina, Italy
- CNR-IMM Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Zona Industriale, VIII Strada 5, 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Irrera
- URT LAB SENS, Beyond Nano—CNR, c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 5, 98166 Messina, Italy
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11
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Crippa M, Solazzo E, Guizzardi D, Van Dingenen R, Leip A. Air pollutant emissions from global food systems are responsible for environmental impacts, crop losses and mortality. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:942-956. [PMID: 37118218 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Food systems are important contributors to global emissions of air pollutants. Here, building on the EDGAR-FOOD database of greenhouse gas emissions, we estimate major air pollutant compounds emitted by different stages of the food system, at country level, during the past 50 years, resulting from food production, processing, packaging, transport, retail, consumption and disposal. Air pollutant estimates from food systems include total nitrogen and its components (N2O, NH3 and NOx), SO2, CO, non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, black carbon and organic carbon). We show that 10% to 90% of air pollutant emissions come from food systems, resulting from steady increases over the past five decades. In 2018, more than half of total N (and 87% of ammonia) emissions come from food systems and up to 35% of particulate matter. Food system emissions are responsible for about 22.4% of global mortality due to poor air quality and 1.4% of global crop production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Crippa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | | | - D Guizzardi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - R Van Dingenen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - A Leip
- European Commission, DG Research & Innovation, Bioeconomy and Food Systems Unit, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Fan D, Wang X, Song D, Shi Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Cao B, Zou G, He W. Optimizing nitrogen management to mitigate gaseous losses and improve net benefits of an open-field Chinese cabbage system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115583. [PMID: 35753128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The excessive and inappropriate application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in open vegetable fields is a major anthropogenic source of gaseous N losses including nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions in China. A 2-yr Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) experiment was carried out to explore the impacts of optimized N management (reduced N application rate, controlled-release urea [CRF] and nitrification inhibitor [NI]) on cabbage yield, soil inorganic N, and N2O and NH3 emissions, and to assess their economic benefits by a cost-benefit analysis. Six treatments including i) no N fertilizer (CK), ii) conventional urea fertilizer at 400 kg N ha-1 based on farmers' practices (CN), iii) conventional urea at 320 kg N ha-1 (RN), iv) conventional urea (320 kg N ha-1) with the addition of NI (RN + NI), v) CRF at 320 kg N ha-1 (CR) and vi) CRF (320 kg N ha-1) with the addition of NI (CR + NI) were implemented in an open Chinese cabbage field. No significant differences were found in the cabbage yields and soil NH4+-N contents under different N fertilization treatments. Only CR + NI treatment had significantly lower soil NO3--N contents than CN by 17.6%-34.6% at the early growing stages of cabbage in both years. Compared with CN, the N2O emissions were significantly decreased by 8.61%, 34.4%, 37.8% and 46.6% under RN, RN + NI, CR and CR + NI, respectively, indicating that CR + NI favors N2O abatement especially when NH3 has been suppressed by other 4 R practices. Meanwhile, the NH3 volatilization was 20.6% higher under RN + NI and 30.8% and 17.3% lower under CR and CR + NI compared to CN, respectively, which implied that CR was the most effective treatment in reducing the NH3 volatilization and total gaseous N loss in high NH3-N loss scenarios. Moreover, the net benefit of RN decreased by $945 USD ha-1 and those of RN + NI, CR and CR + NI treatments increased by $855, $930 and $1004 USD ha-1 compared to CN, respectively. This study recommends CR + NI as the optimal N fertilizer management for the sustainable production of vegetables with the lowest environmental risks and the greatest economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijia Fan
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Daping Song
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yaoyao Shi
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jiachen Wang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bing Cao
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Guoyuan Zou
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wentian He
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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13
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Fan D, He W, Smith WN, Drury CF, Jiang R, Grant BB, Shi Y, Song D, Chen Y, Wang X, He P, Zou G. Global evaluation of inhibitor impacts on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5121-5141. [PMID: 35678108 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors are widely considered an efficient tool for reducing nitrogen (N) loss and improving N use efficiency, but their effectiveness is highly variable across agroecosystems. In this study, we synthesized 182 studies (222 sites) worldwide to evaluate the impacts of inhibitors (urease inhibitors [UI], nitrification inhibitors [NI] and combined inhibitors) on crop yields and gaseous N loss (ammonia [NH3 ] and nitrous oxide [N2 O] emissions) and explored their responses to different management and environmental factors including inhibitor application timing, fertilization regime, cropping system, water management, soil properties and climatic conditions using subgroup meta-analysis, meta-regression and multivariate analyses. The UI were most effective in enhancing crop yields (by 5%) and reducing NH3 volatilization (by 51%), whereas NI were most effective at reducing N2 O emissions (by 49%). The application of UI mitigates NH3 loss and increases crop yields especially in high NH3 -N loss scenarios, whereas NI application would minimize the net N2 O emissions and the resultant environmental impacts especially in low NH3 -N loss scenarios. Alternatively, the combined application of UI and NI enables producers to balance crop production and environmental conservation goals without pollution tradeoffs. The inhibitor efficacy for decreasing gaseous N loss was dependent upon soil and climatic conditions and management practices. Notably, both meta-regression and multivariate analyses suggest that inhibitors provide a greater opportunity for reducing fertilizer N inputs in high-N-surplus systems and presumably favor crop yield enhancement under soil N deficiency situations. The pursuit of an improved understanding of the interactions between plant-soil-climate-management systems and different types of inhibitors should continue to optimize the effectiveness of inhibitors for reducing environmental losses while increasing productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijia Fan
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentian He
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ward N Smith
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig F Drury
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rong Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Brian B Grant
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yaoyao Shi
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daping Song
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyuan Zou
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Particulate Matter and Ammonia Pollution in the Animal Agricultural-Producing Regions of North Carolina: Integrated Ground-Based Measurements and Satellite Analysis. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intensive animal agriculture is an important part of the US and North Carolina’s (NC’s) economy. Large emissions of ammonia (NH3) gas emanate from the handling of animal wastes at these operations contributing to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) around the state causing a variety of human health and environmental effects. The objective of this research is to provide the relationship between ammonia, aerosol optical depth and meteorology and its effect on PM2.5 concentrations using satellite observations (column ammonia and aerosol optical depth (AOD)) and ground-based meteorological observations. An observational-based multiple linear regression model was derived to predict ground-level PM2.5 during the summer months (JJA) from 2008–2017 in New Hanover County, Catawba County and Sampson County. A combination of the Cumberland and Johnston County models for the summer was chosen and validated for Duplin County, NC, then used to predict Sampson County, NC, PM2.5 concentrations. The model predicted a total of six 24 h exceedances over the nine-year period. This indicates that there are rural areas of the state that may have air quality issues that are not captured for a lack of measurements. Moreover, PM2.5 chemical composition analysis suggests that ammonium is a major component of the PM2.5 aerosol.
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Abstract
Animal production is a significant contributor of organic and inorganic contaminants in air, soil, and water systems. These pollutants are present beginning in animal houses and impacts continue through manure storage, treatment, and land application. As the industry is expected to expand, there is still a lack of affordable, sustainable solutions to many environmental concerns in animal production. Biochar is a low-cost, sustainable biomaterial with many environmental remediation applications. Its physicochemical properties have been proven to provide environmental benefits via the adsorption of organic and inorganic contaminants, promote plant growth, improve soil quality, and provide a form of carbon sequestration. For these reasons, biochar has been researched regarding biochar production, and application methods to biological systems have a significant influence on the moisture content, pH, microbial communities, and carbon and nitrogen retention. There remain unanswered questions about how we can manipulate biochar via physical and chemical activation methods to enhance the performance for specific applications. This review article addresses the positive and negative impacts of biochar addition at various stages in animal production from feed intake to manure land application.
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16
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Pedersen J, Feilberg A, Nyord T. Effect of storage and field acidification on emissions of NH 3, NMVOC, and odour from field applied slurry in winter conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 310:114756. [PMID: 35217449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Land spreading of liquid animal manure (slurry) is a major source of atmospheric emissions. Ammonia (NH3) emission is of concern, as it is one of the main contributors to ambient air pollution and nitrogen deposition. Storage and field acidification of the slurry prior to application is used to mitigate NH3 emission, but the effect of acidification on emissions of odorous non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) has not been investigated, and there is a scarcity of data investigating the effect of field acidification. Four field experiments, two with cattle slurry and two with pig slurry, were performed. Ammonia and NMVOC emissions were measured simultaneously in a system of dynamic chambers and online measurements by cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The system allowed for a high time resolution and low variation. All four experiments were performed under cold conditions (<10°C average temperature). Storage and field acidification significantly lowered the NH3 emission by 79 ± 18% and 30 ± 6% on average, respectively. The NMVOC cumulative emission increased by 202 ± 133% and 17 ± 16% on average after storage and field acidification, respectively, even if the increase was only significant for storage acidification. Storage acidification significantly increased the emissions of odour at most measuring times. The increases of cumulative NMVOC emissions and odour was primarily caused by higher emissions of volatile fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pedersen
- Aarhus University, Dept. of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Denmark.
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Aarhus University, Dept. of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Denmark.
| | - Tavs Nyord
- Aarhus University, Dept. of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Denmark
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17
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Qiu Y, Felix JD. Hurricane/tropical storm rainwater chemistry in the US (from 2008 to 2019). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149009. [PMID: 34325146 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rainwater chemistry of extreme rain events is not well characterized. This is despite an increasing trend in intensity and frequency of extreme events and the potential excess loading of elements to ecosystems that can rival annual loading. Thus, an assessment of the loading imposed by hurricane/tropical storm (H/TS) can be valuable for future resiliency strategies. Here the chemical characteristics of H/TS and normal rain (NR) in the US from 2008 to 2019 were determined from available National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) data by correlating NOAA storm tracks with NADP rain collection locations. It found the average pH of H/TS (5.37) was slightly higher (p < 0.05) than that of NR (5.12). On average, H/TS events deposited 14% of rain volume during hurricane season (May to October) at affected collection sites with a maximum contribution reaching 47%. H/TS events contributed a mean of 12% of Ca2+, 22% of Mg2+, 18% of K+, 25% of Na+, 7% of NH4+, 6% of NO3-, 25% of Cl- and 11% of SO42- during hurricane season with max loading of 77%, 62%, 94%, 65%, 39%, 34%, 64% and 60%, respectively, which can lead to ecosystems exceeding ion-specific critical loads. Four potential sources (i.e., marine, soil dust, agriculture and industry/fossil fuel) were indicated by PCA. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) suggested Mg2+, Na+ and Cl- were primarily marine-originated in both event types, while 36% more sea-salt Ca2+ and 33% more sea-salt SO42- were deposited during H/TS. Agriculture and industry/fossil fuel were the main sources of NH4+ and NO3-, respectively, in both rain event types. However the NH4+ contribution from industry/fossil fuel increased by 13% during H/TS indicating a potential vehicle source associated with emergency evacuations. This work provides a comprehensive assessment of the rainwater chemistry of H/TS and insight to expected ecosystem loading for future extreme events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Qiu
- Physical and Environmental Sciences Department, Texas A & M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A & M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America.
| | - Joseph David Felix
- Physical and Environmental Sciences Department, Texas A & M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A & M University - Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America
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Zhang R, Han Y, Shi A, Sun X, Yan X, Huang Y, Wang Y. Characteristics of ambient ammonia and its effects on particulate ammonium in winter of urban Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62828-62838. [PMID: 34218374 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of winter fine aerosol pollution in Beijing, we conducted continuous measurements of the atmospheric trace gas ammonia (NH3), PM2.5, and inorganic ions in PM2.5 at an urban site in Beijing from February 13 to March 17, 2015. The hourly average concentration of NH3 throughout the campaign was 15.4 ± 17.5 ppb. NH3 concentrations correlated well with NH4+ in PM2.5, indicating the dominant precursor role of NH3 on NH4+ formation. The diurnal profile indicated an increase in NH3 concentrations during the morning rush hours, which was likely due to vehicle emissions. The mean ammonium conversion ratio (NHR) was 0.26, with the highest value of 0.32 in the afternoon. Elevated NHR, nitrate oxidation ratio (NOR), and NH4+ coincided with the significant increase in O3 levels in the afternoon, indicating the large daytime formation of NH4NO3 via photochemical reactions. Moreover, higher NHR values occurred under higher relative humidity (RH >60%) and lower temperature (0-10 °C). NHR increased during the nighttime and correlated well with RH, indicating the dominant role of heterogeneous reactions on gas-particle partitioning. The sulfate oxidation ratio (SOR) and NOR showed positive correlations with RH, which suggests that the conversions of SO2 to SO42- and NO2 to NO3- were sensitive to changes in RH. The sustained increase in SO42- concentrations at RH >60% suggests that RH had a higher influence on SO42- formation than on NO3- formation. As the sole precursor of NH4+, NH3 significantly enhanced daytime NH4NO3 formation via homogeneous gas-phase reactions and also promoted sulfate formation via both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Moreover, the back trajectory results inferred a high contribution of southwestern air masses to atmospheric NH3 and NH4+ aerosol variations in Beijing. The result suggests the need for controlling the vehicle emissions to reduce the high levels of NH3 and alleviate PM2.5 pollution in winter in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuhua Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Aijun Shi
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xuesong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Xiao Yan
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yuhu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Environmental Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
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19
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Casanova-Chafer J, Umek P, Acosta S, Bittencourt C, Llobet E. Graphene Loading with Polypyrrole Nanoparticles for Trace-Level Detection of Ammonia at Room Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:40909-40921. [PMID: 34410097 PMCID: PMC8576760 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding versatility of graphene for surface functionalization has been exploited by its decoration with synthesized polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (NPs). A green, facile, and easily scalable for mass production nanocomposite development was proposed, and the resulting PPy@Graphene was implemented in chemoresistive gas sensors able to detect trace levels of ammonia (NH3) under room-temperature conditions. Gas exposure for 5 min revealed that the presence of nanoparticles decorating graphene entail greater sensitivity (13-fold) in comparison to the bare graphene performance. Noteworthy, excellent repeatability (0.7% of relative error) and a low limit of detection of 491 ppb were obtained, together with excellent long-term stability. Besides, an extensive material characterization was conducted, and vibration bands obtained via Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of PPy NPs, while X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the relative abundance of the different species, as polarons and bipolarons. Additionally, XPS analyses were conducted before and after NH3 exposure to assess the PPy aging and the changes induced in their physicochemical and electronic properties. Specifically, the gas sensor was tested during a 5-month period, demonstrating significant stability over time, since just a slight decrease (11%) in the responses was registered. In summary, the present work reports for the first time the use of PPy NPs decorating graphene for gas-sensing purposes, revealing promising properties for the development of unattended gas-sensing networks for monitoring air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Casanova-Chafer
- Microsystems
Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Polona Umek
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, 10000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Selene Acosta
- Chimie
des Interactions Plasma−Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute
for Materials Science and Engineering, Université
de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chimie
des Interactions Plasma−Surface (ChIPS), Research Institute
for Materials Science and Engineering, Université
de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Eduard Llobet
- Microsystems
Nanotechnologies for Chemical Analysis (MINOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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20
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Assessment of Single- vs. Two-Stage Process for the Anaerobic Digestion of Liquid Cow Manure and Cheese Whey. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14175423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in processes that involve biomass conversion to renewable energy, such as anaerobic digestion, has stimulated research in this field in order to assess the optimum conditions for biogas production from abundant feedstocks, like agro-industrial wastes. Anaerobic digestion is an attractive process for the decomposition of organic wastes via a complex microbial consortium and subsequent conversion of metabolic intermediates to hydrogen and methane. The present study focused on the exploitation of liquid cow manure (LCM) and cheese whey (CW) as noneasily and easily biodegradable sources, respectively, using continuous stirred-tank reactors for biogas production, and a comparison was presented between single- and two-stage anaerobic digestion systems. No significant differences were found concerning LCM treatment, in a two-stage system compared to a single one, concluding that LCM can be treated by implementing a single-stage process, as a recalcitrant substrate, with the greatest methane production rate of 0.67 L CH4/(LR·d) at an HRT of 16 d. On the other hand, using the easily biodegradable CW as a monosubstrate, the two-stage process was considered a better treatment system compared to a single one. During the single-stage process, operational problems were observed due to the limited buffering capacity of CW. However, the two-stage anaerobic digestion of CW produced a stable methane production rate of 0.68 L CH4/(LR·d) or 13.7 L CH4/Lfeed, while the total COD was removed by 76%.
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21
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Pedersen J, Nyord T, Feilberg A, Labouriau R. Analysis of the effect of air temperature on ammonia emission from band application of slurry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117055. [PMID: 33836294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Field application of liquid animal manure (slurry) is a significant source of ammonia (NH3) emission to the atmosphere. It is well supported by theory and previous studies that air temperature effects NH3 flux from field applied slurry. The objectives of this study was to statistically model the response of temperature at the time of application on cumulative NH3 emission. Data from 19 experiments measured with the same system of dynamic chambers and online measurements were included. A generalized additive model allowing to represent non-linear functional dependences of the emission on the temperature revealed that a positive response of the cumulative NH3 emission on the temperature at the time of application up to a temperature of approximately 14 °C. Above that, the temperature effect is insignificant. Average temperature over the measuring period was not found to carry any additional information on the cumulative NH3 emission. The lack of emission response on temperature above a certain point is assumed to be caused by drying out of the slurry and possible crust formation. This effect is hypothesized to create a physical barrier that reduce diffusion of NH3 to the soil surface, thereby lowering the emission rate. Furthermore, the effect of the interaction between soil type and application technique and the effect of dry matter content of the slurry was derived from the model, and found to be significant on cumulative NH3 emission predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pedersen
- Aarhus University, Dept. of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Denmark.
| | - Tavs Nyord
- Aarhus University, Dept. of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Denmark.
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Aarhus University, Dept. of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Denmark.
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Morganti D, Leonardi AA, Lo Faro MJ, Leonardi G, Salvato G, Fazio B, Musumeci P, Livreri P, Conoci S, Neri G, Irrera A. Ultrathin Silicon Nanowires for Optical and Electrical Nitrogen Dioxide Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1767. [PMID: 34361153 PMCID: PMC8308154 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ever-stronger attention paid to enhancing safety in the workplace has led to novel sensor development and improvement. Despite the technological progress, nanostructured sensors are not being commercially transferred due to expensive and non-microelectronic compatible materials and processing approaches. In this paper, the realization of a cost-effective sensor based on ultrathin silicon nanowires (Si NWs) for the detection of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is reported. A modification of the metal-assisted chemical etching method allows light-emitting silicon nanowires to be obtained through a fast, low-cost, and industrially compatible approach. NO2 is a well-known dangerous gas that, even with a small concentration of 3 ppm, represents a serious hazard for human health. We exploit the particular optical and electrical properties of these Si NWs to reveal low NO2 concentrations through their photoluminescence (PL) and resistance variations reaching 2 ppm of NO2. Indeed, these Si NWs offer a fast response and reversibility with both electrical and optical transductions. Despite the macro contacts affecting the electrical transduction, the sensing performances are of high interest for further developments. These promising performances coupled with the scalable Si NW synthesis could unfold opportunities for smaller sized and better performing sensors reaching the market for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Morganti
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy; (D.M.); (A.A.L.); (G.S.); (B.F.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.J.L.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonio Alessio Leonardi
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy; (D.M.); (A.A.L.); (G.S.); (B.F.)
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.J.L.F.); (P.M.)
- CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria José Lo Faro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.J.L.F.); (P.M.)
- CNR-IMM UoS Catania, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Leonardi
- Institute of Advanced Technologies for Energy (ITAE)—CNR, Salita Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Salvato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy; (D.M.); (A.A.L.); (G.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Barbara Fazio
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy; (D.M.); (A.A.L.); (G.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Paolo Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.J.L.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrizia Livreri
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Ed.9, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche, ed Ambientali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Degli Studi di Messina, C.da Di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessia Irrera
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy; (D.M.); (A.A.L.); (G.S.); (B.F.)
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Modelling Spatial Heterogeneity in the Effects of Natural and Socioeconomic Factors, and Their Interactions, on Atmospheric PM2.5 Concentrations in China from 2000–2015. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, atmospheric PM2.5 pollution in China has become increasingly severe and exploring the relationships among its influencing factors is important in the prevention and control of air pollution. Although previous studies have identified complexity in variations in PM2.5 concentrations and recognized the interaction of multiple factors, little quantitative information is available on the evolution of the relationships among these factors, their spatial heterogeneity, and the multiscale interactions between them. In this study, geographical detector and multiscale geographically weighted regression models have been used to explore the multiscale interactions among natural and socioeconomic factors and PM2.5 concentration in China over the period 2000–2015. The results indicate that the relationship between natural factors and PM2.5 concentration is stronger than that for socioeconomic factors. The type of interaction between each factor is dominated by bivariate and nonlinear enhancement, exhibiting strong interactions between natural factors and anthropogenic factors. Although the effect of each factor on PM2.5 is complex, the relative influence of both human activities and social factors is shown to have gradually increased over time and population, agriculture, urbanization, and socioeconomic activities in general make important contributions to PM2.5. In addition, the scale of effects related to natural factors is smaller and more stable compared to the influence of human activities during the period 2000-2015. There are significant differences in the way natural factors and socioeconomic factors affect PM2.5, and there is strong non-stationarity of spatial relationships. Factors associated with topography, vegetation (NDVI), climate (temperature), natural sources, and agricultural activity are shown to be important determinants of PM2.5 across China and warrant significant attention in terms of managing atmospheric pollution. The study demonstrates that spatial differences in the direction, intensity, and scale of each factor should be accounted for to improve prevention and control measures and alleviate regional PM2.5 pollution.
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Singh GK, Rajeev P, Paul D, Gupta T. Chemical characterization and stable nitrogen isotope composition of nitrogenous component of ambient aerosols from Kanpur in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143032. [PMID: 33131840 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), water-soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN), water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) and ẟ15NTN (total N) was carried out on PM2.5 aerosol samples during wintertime to understand the major sources of ambient nitrogenous species at a heavily polluted location of Kanpur in north India. During the nighttime sampling campaign, WSON and NH4+_N contributed dominantly to the WSTN. Ammonium-rich condition persisted during sampling (NH4+/SO42- average equivalent mass ratio = 3.1 ± 0.7), suggesting complete neutralization of SO42- and formation of NH4NO3, which is stable in winter due to low temperature and high relative humidity (RH). Stagnant atmospheric conditions during wintertime enhanced concentrations of ionic species (SO42-, NH4+, and NO3-) at this location. Good correlations between NO3-_N, NH4+_N and biomass burning tracer K+BB (and also between NO3-_N, NH4+_N and SO42-) suggests a strong impact of biomass burning activities. Multi-linear regression (MLR) analysis shows a strong dependence of ẟ15N on NO3-_N, SO42- and WSON in night-1 (10:00 pm to 2:00 am) and on NO3-_N and SO42- in night-2 (2:00 am to 6:00 am) depicting different formation and removal mechanism of aerosols during both the time-periods. ẟ15NTN in PM2.5 varied from +8.8 to +15.5‰ (10.8 ± 1.3), similar to the variability observed for many urban locations in India and elsewhere. NH4+_N and WSON control the final ẟ15N value of nitrogenous aerosols. High relative humidity during nighttime enhanced the secondary organic aerosols formation due to aqueous-phase formation and gas to particle-phase partitioning. Isotopic fractionations associated with multi-phase reactions during gas to particle conversion of NH3 would result in an increase in ẟ15N by ~48‰ to 51‰ (at T of 5.4 °C to 15.4 °C) than that of the emission source(s), which indicates the most likely N-emission sources at Kanpur to be from agriculture activities and waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyanesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India.
| | - Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Debajyoti Paul
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India; APTL at Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering (CESE), Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, India
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Hassan A, Ilyas SZ, Agathopoulos S, Hussain SM, Jalil A, Ahmed S, Baqir Y. Evaluation of adverse effects of particulate matter on human life. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05968. [PMID: 33665396 PMCID: PMC7903305 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM2.5) has a severe impact on human health. The concentration of PM2.5, related to air-quality changes, may be associated with perceptible effects on people's health. In this study, computer intelligence was used to assess the negative effects of PM2.5. The input data, used for the evaluation, were grid definitions (shape-file), PM2.5, air-quality data, incidence/prevalence rates, a population dataset, and the (Krewski) health-impact function. This paper presents a local (Pakistan) health-impact assessment of PM2.5 in order to estimate the long-term effects on mortality. A rollback-to-a-standard scenario was based on the PM2.5 concentration of 15 μg m-3. Health benefits for a population of about 73 million people were calculated. The results showed that the estimated avoidable mortality, linked to ischemic heart disease and lung cancer, was 2,773 for every 100,000 people, which accounts for 2,024,290 preventable deaths of the total population. The total cost, related to the above mortality, was estimated to be US $ 1,000 million. Therefore, a policy for a PM2.5-standard up to 15 μg m-3 is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ather Hassan
- Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Zafar Ilyas
- Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Simeon Agathopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR-451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Abdul Jalil
- Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yadullah Baqir
- Department of Agriculture, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Low-Cost Fluorescence Sensor for Ammonia Measurement in Livestock Houses. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051701. [PMID: 33801224 PMCID: PMC7957887 DOI: 10.3390/s21051701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of ammonia with inexpensive and reliable sensors are necessary to obtain information about e.g., ammonia emissions. The concentration information is needed for mitigation technologies and documentation of existing technologies in agriculture. A flow-based fluorescence sensor to measure ammonia gas was developed. The automated sensor is robust, flexible and made from inexpensive components. Ammonia is transferred to water in a miniaturized scrubber with high transfer efficiency (>99%) and reacts with o-phthalaldehyde and sulfite (pH 11) to form a fluorescent adduct, which is detected with a photodiode. Laboratory calibrations with standard gas show good linearity over a dynamic range from 0.03 to 14 ppm, and the detection limit of the analyzer based on three-times the standard deviation of blank noise was approximately 10 ppb. The sampling frequency is 0.1 to 10 s, which can easily be changed through serial commands along with UV LED current and filter length. Parallel measurements with a cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzer in a pig house show good agreement (R2 = 0.99). The fluorescence sensor has the potential to provide ammonia gas measurements in an agricultural environment with high time resolution and linearity over a broad range of concentrations.
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Volta M, Turrini E, Carnevale C, Valeri E, Gatta V, Polidori P, Maione M. Co-benefits of changing diet. A modelling assessment at the regional scale integrating social acceptability, environmental and health impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143708. [PMID: 33302065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Several commentaries have suggested that the overconsumption of animal foods exerts several detrimental effects on human and environmental health. However, no studies have accurately estimated the impact of a reduction in animal food consumption on mortality due to the direct effects on metabolic health (i.e. animal protein and saturated fat intake as modulators of pathways leading to cardiovascular disease, cancer and accelerated ageing), and indirect effects on health due to excessive exposure to pollutants (i.e. PM10 concentrations originated by livestock ammonia emissions). The proposed modelling approach is innovative since it integrates social acceptability, environmental and health impacts. It is adopted to investigate different scenarios at a regional scale presenting the Lombardy region case study. The work focuses on the impact on the human and environmental health of diets characterized by three different animal protein intake levels. Our integrated assessment modelling approach faces the issue from two points of view. On one side, it estimates the mortality due to the population exposure to PM10 concentrations including the inorganic fraction originated by livestock ammonia emissions, on the other, it evaluates the mortality (i.e. total, cardiovascular and cancer) due to high dietary animal protein and/or saturated fat intake. The impacts of the mentioned animal protein intake levels of diets are also estimated through the people willingness to change their eating behaviour. The importance of putting in place end-of-pipe and energy measures in order to reduce ammonia and methane emissions from the breeding activities, going further the current EU legislation on air quality and climate, is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Volta
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - E Turrini
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Carnevale
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Valeri
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Energy, Transport and Climate Directorate, Seville, Spain
| | - V Gatta
- Department of Political Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - P Polidori
- Department of Law, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - M Maione
- Department of Pure and Applied Science, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
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Móring A, Hooda S, Raghuram N, Adhya TK, Ahmad A, Bandyopadhyay SK, Barsby T, Beig G, Bentley AR, Bhatia A, Dragosits U, Drewer J, Foulkes J, Ghude SD, Gupta R, Jain N, Kumar D, Kumar RM, Ladha JK, Mandal PK, Neeraja CN, Pandey R, Pathak H, Pawar P, Pellny TK, Poole P, Price A, Rao DLN, Reay DS, Singh NK, Sinha SK, Srivastava RK, Shewry P, Smith J, Steadman CE, Subrahmanyam D, Surekha K, Venkatesh K, Varinderpal-Singh, Uwizeye A, Vieno M, Sutton MA. Nitrogen Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural and Environmental Science in India. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.505347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last six decades, the consumption of reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the form of fertilizer in India has been growing rapidly, whilst the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cropping systems has been decreasing. These trends have led to increasing environmental losses of Nr, threatening the quality of air, soils, and fresh waters, and thereby endangering climate-stability, ecosystems, and human-health. Since it has been suggested that the fertilizer consumption of India may double by 2050, there is an urgent need for scientific research to support better nitrogen management in Indian agriculture. In order to share knowledge and to develop a joint vision, experts from the UK and India came together for a conference and workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Nitrogen Science in India.” The meeting concluded with three core messages: (1) Soil stewardship is essential and legumes need to be planted in rotation with cereals to increase nitrogen fixation in areas of limited Nr availability. Synthetic symbioses and plastidic nitrogen fixation are possibly disruptive technologies, but their potential and implications must be considered. (2) Genetic diversity of crops and new technologies need to be shared and exploited to reduce N losses and support productive, sustainable agriculture livelihoods. (3) The use of leaf color sensing shows great potential to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use (by 10–15%). This, together with the usage of urease inhibitors in neem-coated urea, and better management of manure, urine, and crop residues, could result in a 20–25% improvement in NUE of India by 2030.
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Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the lockdown reduced anthropogenic emissions of NO2 in Paris. NO2 concentrations recorded in 2020 were the lowest they have been in the past 5 years. Despite these low-NO2 levels, Paris experienced PM2.5 pollution episodes, which were investigated here based on multi-species and multi-platform measurements. Ammonia (NH3) measurements over Paris, derived from a mini-DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) instrument and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite, revealed simultaneous enhancements during the spring PM2.5 pollution episodes. Using the IASI maps and the FLEXPART model, we show that long-range transport had a statistically significant influence on the degradation of air quality in Paris. In addition, concentrations of ammonium (NH4+) and PM2.5 were strongly correlated for all episodes observed in springtime 2020, suggesting that transport of NH3 drove a large component of the PM2.5 pollution over Paris. We found that NH3 was not the limiting factor for the formation of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and we suggest that the conversion of ammonia to ammonium may have been the essential driver.
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Trushna T, Diwan V, Nandi SS, Aher SB, Tiwari RR, Sabde YD. A mixed-methods community-based participatory research to explore stakeholder's perspectives and to quantify the effect of crop residue burning on air and human health in Central India: study protocol. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1824. [PMID: 33256650 PMCID: PMC7706198 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Crop residue burning adversely affects air quality and consequently human health. India, being one of the largest agro-economies of the world, produces around 500 Million tonnes of crop residue annually most of which is burnt on-farm. However, integrated studies that simultaneously quantify the effects of crop residue burning while exploring the subjective determinants of the practice are lacking in India. This paper describes the protocol for a longitudinal mixed methods research study employing a community-based participatory approach to fill this gap. Methods Both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected in a rural setting of the central Indian province of Madhya Pradesh, over 1 year. A steering committee comprising of the research team and community representatives will be formed. The proportion of cultivable land burnt in one crop burning season will be estimated. The association between crop residue burning, level of ambient air pollutants, and pulmonary function of village residents will be determined. Focus groups, interviews, and participatory rural appraisal methods will be used to explore stakeholder perspectives about crop residue burning. Potential barriers and opportunities for substituting burning with an alternative crop residue management technique will be ascertained as the basis for future interventions. Ethics approval has been obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (No: NIREH/BPL/IEC/2019–20/1494, dt 06/01/2020). Discussion This manuscript describes the protocol for a novel community-based participatory study to investigate thoroughly the phenomenon of crop residue burning from the perspective of the agricultural community through their active collaboration. The lack of comprehensive evidence regarding the factors responsible for crop residue burning in India underlines the importance of implementing this study protocol to fill in this critical gap in knowledge. While acknowledging that findings of this study will be not generalizable to agricultural communities other than the one studied, it is expected that the study will generate baseline evidence that might be beneficial in developing and implementing an appropriate intervention strategy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-020-09844-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwi Trushna
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Department of Environmental Monitoring And Exposure Assessment (Water and Soil), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. .,Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Subroto Shambhu Nandi
- Department of Environmental Monitoring And Exposure Assessment (Air), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Satish Bhagwatrao Aher
- Department of Environmental Monitoring And Exposure Assessment (Air), ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Yogesh Damodar Sabde
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Grehn C, Eschenhagen P, Temming S, Düesberg U, Neumann K, Schwarz C. Urban Life as Risk Factor for Aspergillosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:601834. [PMID: 33224902 PMCID: PMC7667220 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.601834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) frequently colonizes the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and can cause severe diseases, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Af bronchitis or even Af pneumonia. However, risk factors, including environmental factors, for acquiring Af in the respiratory tract of patients with CF are rarely studied and described. The aim of this study was to investigate whether urban or rural life could affect colonization with Af in the respiratory tract of patients with CF. Due to privacy policy, registry data are usually not linked to patients´ home addresses. It is therefore very difficult to analyze the influence of the patient´s residential environment. This prospective questionnaire survey was carried out in 31 German CF centers in 2018. Only completed surveys, including a clearly assigned type of residential area were included. Statistical analysis was performed by chi-squared test and logistic regression models. A total of 1016 questionnaires were analyzed (Patients` age: 23 ± 13; 0–88 years; female gender: n=492; 48%). The majority of patients with CF live in large cities (n =314; 30.9%) or urban districts (n=461; 45.4%). Prevalence of 30.2% was found for Af, within the 12 months of investigation period. Af colonization was significantly associated with urban life (p=0.004). Urban live should be considered as possible new risk factor for colonization with Af in the respiratory tract of patients with CF. These new results may raise the awareness of the influence of environmental factors on patient outcomes and should be included in patient guidance and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Grehn
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, CF Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patience Eschenhagen
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, CF Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Temming
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, CF Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Konrad Neumann
- Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwarz
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, CF Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hamrani A, Akbarzadeh A, Madramootoo CA. Machine learning for predicting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140338. [PMID: 32610233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) models are increasingly used to study complex environmental phenomena with high variability in time and space. In this study, the potential of exploiting three categories of ML regression models, including classical regression, shallow learning and deep learning for predicting soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from an agricultural field was explored. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes, as well as various environmental, agronomic and soil data were measured at the site over a five-year period in Quebec, Canada. The rigorous analysis, which included statistical comparison and cross-validation for the prediction of CO2 and N2O fluxes, confirmed that the LSTM model performed the best among the considered ML models with the highest R coefficient and the lowest root mean squared error (RMSE) values (R = 0.87 and RMSE = 30.3 mg·m-2·hr-1 for CO2 flux prediction and R = 0.86 and RMSE = 0.19 mg·m-2·hr-1 for N2O flux prediction). The predictive performances of LSTM were more accurate than those simulated in a previous study conducted by a biophysical-based Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2). The classical regression models (namely RF, SVM and LASSO) satisfactorily simulated cyclical and seasonal variations of CO2 fluxes (R = 0.75, 0.71 and 0.68, respectively); however, they failed to reasonably predict the peak values of N2O fluxes (R < 0.25). Shallow ML was found to be less effective in predicting GHG fluxes than other considered ML models (R < 0.7 for CO2 flux and R < 0.3 for estimating N2O fluxes) and was the most sensitive to hyperparameter tuning. Based on this comprehensive comparison study, it was elicited that the LSTM model can be employed successfully in simulating GHG emissions from agricultural soils, providing a new perspective on the application of machine learning modeling for predicting GHG emissions to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrachid Hamrani
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X3V9, Canada.
| | - Chandra A Madramootoo
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H9X3V9, Canada.
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Integrated Ammonia Sensor Using a Telecom Photonic Integrated Circuit and a Hollow Core Fiber. PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics7040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a fully integrated optical ammonia sensor, based on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) with a tunable laser source and a hollow-core fiber (HCF) as gas interaction cell. The PIC also contains a photodetector that can be used to record the absorption signal with the same device. The sensor targets an ammonia absorption line at 1522.45 nm, which can be reached with indium phosphide-based telecom compatible PICs. A 1.65-m long HCF is connected on both ends to a single-mode fiber (SMF) with a mechanical splice that allows filling and purging of the fiber within a few minutes. We show the detection of a 5% ammonia gas concentration, as a proof of principle of our sensor and we show the potential to even detect much lower concentrations. This work paves the way towards a low-cost, integrated and portable gas sensor with potential applications in environmental gas sensing.
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Quantification of Atmospheric Ammonia Concentrations: A Review of Its Measurement and Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3), the most prevalent alkaline gas in the atmosphere, plays a significant role in PM2.5 formation, atmospheric chemistry, and new particle formation. This paper reviews quantification of [NH3] through measurements, satellite-remote-sensing, and modeling reported in over 500 publications towards synthesizing the current knowledge of [NH3], focusing on spatiotemporal variations, controlling processes, and quantification issues. Most measurements are through regional passive sampler networks. [NH3] hotspots are typically over agricultural regions, such as the Midwest US and the North China Plain, with elevated concentrations reaching monthly averages of 20 and 74 ppbv, respectively. Topographical effects dramatically increase [NH3] over the Indo-Gangetic Plains, North India and San Joaquin Valley, US. Measurements are sparse over oceans, where [NH3] ≈ a few tens of pptv, variations of which can affect aerosol formation. Satellite remote-sensing (AIRS, CrIS, IASI, TANSO-FTS, TES) provides global [NH3] quantification in the column and at the surface since 2002. Modeling is crucial for improving understanding of NH3 chemistry and transport, its spatiotemporal variations, source apportionment, exploring physicochemical mechanisms, and predicting future scenarios. GEOS-Chem (global) and FRAME (UK) models are commonly applied for this. A synergistic approach of measurements↔satellite-inference↔modeling is needed towards improved understanding of atmospheric ammonia, which is of concern from the standpoint of human health and the ecosystem.
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Investigation of the Impact of Land-Use Distribution on PM 2.5 in Weifang: Seasonal Variations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145135. [PMID: 32708629 PMCID: PMC7400403 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As air pollution becomes highly focused in China, the accurate identification of its influencing factors is critical for achieving effective control and targeted environmental governance. Land-use distribution is one of the key factors affecting air quality, and research on the impact of land-use distribution on air pollution has drawn wide attention. However, considerable studies have mostly used linear regression models, which fail to capture the nonlinear effects of land-use distribution on PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns) and to show how impacts on PM2.5 vary with land-use magnitudes. In addition, related studies have generally focused on annual analyses, ignoring the seasonal variability of the impact of land-use distribution on PM2.5, thus leading to possible estimation biases for PM2.5. This study was designed to address these issues and assess the impacts of land-use distribution on PM2.5 in Weifang, China. A machine learning statistical model, the boosted regression tree (BRT), was applied to measure nonlinear effects of land-use distribution on PM2.5, capture how land-use magnitude impacts PM2.5 across different seasons, and explore the policy implications for urban planning. The main conclusions are that the air quality will significantly improve with an increase in grassland and forest area, especially below 8% and 20%, respectively. When the distribution of construction land is greater than around 10%, the PM2.5 pollution can be seriously substantially increased with the increment of their areas. The impact of gardens and farmland presents seasonal characteristics. It is noted that as the weather becomes colder, the inhibitory effect of vegetation distribution on the PM2.5 concentration gradually decreases, while the positive impacts of artificial surface distributions, such as construction land and roads, are aggravated because leaves drop off in autumn (September-November) and winter (December-February). According to the findings of this study, it is recommended that Weifang should strengthen pollution control in winter, for instance, expand the coverage areas of evergreen vegetation like Pinus bungeana Zucc. and Euonymus japonicus Thunb, and increase the width and numbers of branches connecting different main roads. The findings also provide quantitative and optimal land-use planning and strategies to minimize PM2.5 pollution, referring to the status of regional urbanization and greening construction.
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Leifer I, Melton C, Tratt DM, Buckland KN, Chang CS, Clarisse L, Franklin M, Hall JL, Brian Leen J, Lundquist T, Van Damme M, Vigil S, Whitburn S. Estimating exposure to hydrogen sulfide from animal husbandry operations using satellite ammonia as a proxy: Methodology demonstration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:134508. [PMID: 31927425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Husbandry trace gases that have climate change implications such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) can be quantified through remote sensing; however, many husbandry gases with health implications such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), cannot. This pilot study demonstrates an approach to derive H2S concentrations by coupling in situ and remote sensing data. Using AMOG (AutoMObile trace Gas) Surveyor, a mobile air quality and meteorology laboratory, we measured in situ concentrations of CH4, CO2, NH3, H2S, and wind at a southern California university research dairy. Emissions were 0.13, 1.93, 0.022 and 0.0064 Gg yr-1; emission factors (EF) were 422, 6333, 74, and 21 kg cow-1 yr-1, respectively, for the 306 head herd. Contributing to these strong EF were spillway emissions from a grate between the main cowshed and the waste lagoon identified in airborne remote sensing data acquired by the hyperspectral thermal infrared imager, Mako. NH3 emissions from the Chino Dairy Complex, also in southern California, were calculated from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) satellite data for 2008-2017 using average morning winds, yielding a flushing time of 2.7 h, and 8.9 Gg yr-1. The ratio of EF(H2S) to EF(NH3) for the research dairy from AMOG data were applied to IASI NH3 emissions to derive H2S exposure concentration maps for the Chino area, which ranged to 10-30 ppb H2S for many populated areas. Combining remote sensing with in situ concentrations of multiple emitted gases can allow derivation of emissions at the sub-facility, facility, and larger scales, providing spatial and temporal coverage that can translate into exposure estimates for use in epidemiology studies and regulation development. Furthermore, with high fidelity information at the sub-facility level we can identify best practices and opportunities to sustainably and holistically reduce husbandry emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Leifer
- Bubbleology Research International (BRI), Solvang, CA 93463, USA.
| | | | - David M Tratt
- The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA 90245, USA
| | | | | | - Lieven Clarisse
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Meredith Franklin
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | - Tryg Lundquist
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Martin Van Damme
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sam Vigil
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Simon Whitburn
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Brussels, Belgium
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Ozbayram EG, Kleinsteuber S, Nikolausz M. Biotechnological utilization of animal gut microbiota for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:489-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ni JQ, Shi C, Liu S, Richert BT, Vonderohe CE, Radcliffe JS. Effects of antibiotic-free pig rearing on ammonia emissions from five pairs of swine rooms in a wean-to-finish experiment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104931. [PMID: 31319291 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic use and ammonia (NH3) emissions during animal production are two environmental issues of worldwide concern. However, the role of antibiotics on NH3 emissions is still unknown. This study evaluated the effects of rearing pigs without antibiotics on NH3 emissions from a swine experimental building starting with 657 piglets during a wean-to-finish production cycle of 154 days. Pigs were reared in two groups of 10 rooms that were divided into five 2-room pairs (P1-P5) and fed in nine dietary phases. Each pair consisted of one room without antibiotics (no antibiotics in the diet, water, or injectable) and another room as a positive control. Control animals were fed diets containing carbadox-10 (phases 1-4), chlortetracycline (CTC, phase 5), lincomix (phases 6-7), and tylan 40 (phases 8-9). Temperatures in the pig living space and the under-floor manure pit headspace were continuously measured. Ventilation rates at all wall fans and pit fans were obtained by continuous monitoring. Ammonia concentrations in the wall and pit fan exhaust air, and in room inlet air were measured with two multi-gas monitors. Only days that contained at least 18 h of data each day were validated and used. The study generated 1337 room-days of valid data of NH3 emission rates, with a data completeness of 88.6%. Daily mean NH3 emission patterns demonstrated large variations between the paired rooms and among different pairs. Within the individual 2-room pairs, no NH3 emission differences were found in P1 (rooms 1 and 2, p = 0.34) and P2 (rooms 3 and 4, p = 0.44). Significant differences were found in P3-P5 (p < 0.01). The antibiotic-free rooms emitted more NH3 from P3 and P4, but less NH3 from P5. However, the combined cycle mean NH3 emissions from the group of five antibiotic-free rooms and the group of five control rooms were 41.6 ± 10.5 and 39.4 ± 10.6 g d-1 AU-1 (mean ± standard deviation. AU = 500 kg live body weight), respectively. Therefore, there was no statistical difference in combined cycle mean NH3 emissions from rearing pigs with or without antibiotics (p = 0.78). This study also revealed that experiments with multiple replicates and long NH3 monitoring durations were necessary to avoid potential misinterpretation of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qin Ni
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shule Liu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian T Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Caitlin E Vonderohe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - John S Radcliffe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Shah HA, Huxley P, Elmes J, Murray KA. Agricultural land-uses consistently exacerbate infectious disease risks in Southeast Asia. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4299. [PMID: 31541099 PMCID: PMC6754503 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture has been implicated as a potential driver of human infectious diseases. However, the generality of disease-agriculture relationships has not been systematically assessed, hindering efforts to incorporate human health considerations into land-use and development policies. Here we perform a meta-analysis with 34 eligible studies and show that people who live or work in agricultural land in Southeast Asia are on average 1.74 (CI 1.47-2.07) times as likely to be infected with a pathogen than those unexposed. Effect sizes are greatest for exposure to oil palm, rubber, and non-poultry based livestock farming and for hookworm (OR 2.42, CI 1.56-3.75), malaria (OR 2.00, CI 1.46-2.73), scrub typhus (OR 2.37, CI 1.41-3.96) and spotted fever group diseases (OR 3.91, CI 2.61-5.85). In contrast, no change in infection risk is detected for faecal-oral route diseases. Although responses vary by land-use and disease types, results suggest that agricultural land-uses exacerbate many infectious diseases in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral A Shah
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Grantham Institute-Climate Change and the Environment-Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Paul Huxley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Grantham Institute-Climate Change and the Environment-Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jocelyn Elmes
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kris A Murray
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Grantham Institute-Climate Change and the Environment-Imperial College London, London, UK
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Loftus C, Afsharinejad Z, Sampson P, Vedal S, Torres E, Arias G, Tchong-French M, Karr C. Estimated time-varying exposures to air emissions from animal feeding operations and childhood asthma. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 223:187-198. [PMID: 31543304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Industrial-scale animal feeding operations (AFOs) have adverse impacts on regional air quality. Air emissions include endotoxins and other pro-inflammatory components, and exposure may cause airway inflammation and respiratory effects in susceptible individuals residing nearby. We aimed to develop and validate metrics for estimating time-varying exposure to AFO air pollution in surrounding communities and, secondly, to determine whether exposure is associated with health effects in children with asthma. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal panel study of N = 58 children with asthma in an agricultural region of Washington State with a high density of dairy AFOs. Children were followed for up to 26 months with repeated measures of respiratory health (N = 2023 interviews; N = 3853 lung function measurements); urine was collected in a subcohort (N = 16) at six-day intervals over three months and analyzed for leukotriene E4 (LTE4), a biomarker of systemic inflammation (N = 138 measurements). We developed an approach to estimate daily exposure to AFO airborne emissions based on distance to AFOs, AFO size, and daily wind speed and direction, and validated the estimates against direct measurements of ammonia, a chemical marker of AFO emissions, measured biweekly at 18 sites across the region for 14 months. Short-term relationships between AFO pollutant exposure and outcomes were assessed using regression models accounting for within-participant correlation and several potential confounders. RESULTS Estimates of daily AFO air pollution correlated moderately well with outdoor ammonia measurements (N = 842; r = 0.62). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) as percent of predicted was 2.0% (95% CI: 0.5, 3.5) lower with each interquartile increase in previous day exposure, but no associations with asthma symptoms were observed. There was suggestive evidence that LTE4 concentrations were higher following days of elevated exposure to AFO emissions (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS A simple metric of time-varying exposure to AFO emissions was correlated with daily outdoor ammonia levels. Children with asthma may be adversely affected by exposure to AFO emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Loftus
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Box 357234, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States.
| | - Zahra Afsharinejad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Box 357234, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Paul Sampson
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Box 354322, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Sverre Vedal
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Box 357234, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Elizabeth Torres
- Northwest Communities Education Center, Radio KDNA, 121 Sunnyside Ave, Granger, WA, 98932, United States
| | - Griselda Arias
- Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic, Yakima, WA, United States
| | - Maria Tchong-French
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Box 357234, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
| | - Catherine Karr
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Box 357234, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Box 356320, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States
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Abstract
1. Dietary glycine equivalents (Glyequi) for glycine and serine represent the first-limiting non-essential amino acid in poultry diets. Targeted adjustment of essential amino acids and Glyequi in diets can considerably decrease crude protein (CP) in poultry diets below the limit of CP reduction when only essential amino acids are adjusted. 2. The level to which CP can be reduced in diets adequate in Glyequi depends on the objective; which includes reducing dietary CP without affecting performance and increasing nitrogen utilisation efficiency. Dietary CP can be reduced to ~15-16% in diets for up to 21 d old broiler chicken without affecting growth performance compared to responses to diets with currently common CP concentrations by considering Glyequi in the diet formulation. Dietary CP can be further reduced to maximise nitrogen utilisation efficiency; however, this leads to reduced growth performance. 3. The dietary Glyequi requirement of poultry varies depending on other dietary constituents. In broiler chickens up to 21 days of age, the dietary Glyequi requirement is estimated to be between 11 and 20 g/kg. This estimate is influenced by the concentrations of Cys and the endogenous Glyequi precursors, threonine and choline. Urinary nitrogen excretion seems to be a major determinant of the response to dietary Glyequi, because it is needed for uric acid formation. 4. The variable requirement for dietary Glyequi means that its static recommendation in poultry diets would lead to high safety margins in Glyequi supply or the risk of Glyequi deficiency. Variable recommendations for dietary Glyequi concentrations would help to supply birds based on their specific requirements and could reduce nitrogen emissions originating from poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Siegert
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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Characterizing the joint effects of pesticide exposure and criteria ambient air pollutants on pediatric asthma morbidity in an agricultural community. Environ Epidemiol 2019; 3:e046. [PMID: 31342006 PMCID: PMC6571181 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Environmental contributions to pediatric asthma morbidity have been studied extensively in urban settings; exposures characteristic of agricultural and rural communities have received less attention despite a comparable burden of morbidity. Methods: We obtained repeated urine samples (n = 139) from 16 school-age children with asthma in the Yakima Valley of Washington State between July and October 2012. Biomarkers of organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure (dialkyl phosphates [DAPs]) and asthma exacerbation (leukotriene E4 [LTE4]) were analyzed in samples. Corresponding 24-hour average particulate matter <2.5 μg (PM2.5) and maximum 8-hour ozone concentration data for the study period were available from local monitoring stations. We evaluated the independent and multi-pollutant associations between LTE4 and exposure to ambient air pollutants and DAPs using generalized estimating equations. For multi-domain and multi-pollutant models, we created categorized pollution combination levels and estimated the relative health impact of exposure to pollutant mixtures. Results: In single-pollutant models, an interquartile range increase in exposures to DAPs was associated with increase in LTE4 levels (β: 4.1 [0.6–7.6] pg/mg). PM2.5 and ozone were also associated with increase in LTE4, though confidence intervals contained the null value. Increase in LTE4 levels was consistently associated with increase in median-dichotomized multi-pollutant combination exposures; the highest effect estimates were observed with joint highest (vs. the lowest) category of the three-pollutant exposure (PM2.5, ozone, and OP; β: 53.5, 95% confidence interval = 24.2, 82.8 pg/mg). Conclusion: Concurrent short-term exposure to criteria air pollutants and OPs in an agricultural community was associated with an increase in a marker of asthma morbidity.
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Benka-Coker W, Loftus C, Karr C, Magzamen S. Association of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and a Marker of Asthma Morbidity in an Agricultural Community. J Agromedicine 2019; 25:106-114. [PMID: 31130077 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2019.1619644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: We explored the short-term impact of pesticide exposure on asthma exacerbation among children with asthma in an agricultural community.Methods: We obtained repeated urine samples from a subset of 16 school-age children with asthma (n = 139 samples) as part of the Aggravating Factors of Asthma in a Rural Environment (AFARE) study cohort. Biomarkers of organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure (dialkylphosphates (DAPs)), and asthma exacerbation (leukotriene E4 (uLTE4)) were assessed in urine samples. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the association of summed measures of creatinine-adjusted DAPs (total dimethyl alkylphosphate (EDM), total diethyl alkylphosphate (EDE), and total dialkylphosphate pesticides (EDAP)) and uLTE4 concentration, adjusting for multiple confounders, yielding beta-coefficients with 95% CIs.Results: A total of 139 observations were obtained from the 16 children over the study period, the total number of samples per subject ranged from 1 to 12 (median: 10.5). The geometric mean (GM) of creatinine-adjusted EDE, EDM, and EDAP in this population were 81.0, 71.8 and 168.0 nmol/g, respectively. Increase in uLTE4 levels was consistently associated with increased exposures to DAPs (interquartile range in μg/g): βEDE: 8.7 (95%CI: 2.8, 14.6); βEDM: 1.1 (0.5, 1.7); βEDAP: 4.1 (0.7, 7.5).Conclusion: This study suggests that short-term OP exposure is associated with a higher risk of asthma morbidity, as indicated by increased uLTE4 levels in this cohort of children with asthma in an agricultural community. Additional studies are required to confirm these adverse effects, and explore the mechanisms underlying this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wande Benka-Coker
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christine Loftus
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine Karr
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Nikmaram N, Rosentrater KA. Overview of Some Recent Advances in Improving Water and Energy Efficiencies in Food Processing Factories. Front Nutr 2019; 6:20. [PMID: 31001534 PMCID: PMC6454086 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of food factories in both developed and developing countries, owing to continued growth in the world population, plays a critical role in the food supply chain, including environmental issues such as pollution, emissions, energy and water consumption, and thus food system sustainability. The objective of this study was to briefly review various environmental aspects of food processing operations, including aquatic, atmospheric, and solid waste generation, and also to discuss several strategies that many companies are using to reduce these negative impacts as well as to improve water and energy efficiency. To obtain higher energy efficiencies in food processing factories, two key operations can play critical roles: non-thermal processing (e.g., high pressure processing) and membrane processes. For higher water efficiency, reconditioning treatments resulting in water reuse for other purposes can be conducted through chemical and/or physical treatments. With regards to reducing volumes of processing food waste, two approaches include value-added by-product applications (e.g., animal feed) and/or utilization of food waste for energy production. Finally, we present trends for lowering operational costs in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Nikmaram
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kurt A. Rosentrater
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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45
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Chang Y, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Deng C, Hu J, Shi Z, Dore AJ, Collett JL. Assessing Contributions of Agricultural and Nonagricultural Emissions to Atmospheric Ammonia in a Chinese Megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1822-1833. [PMID: 30645946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is the predominant alkaline gas in the atmosphere contributing to formation of fine particles-a leading environmental cause of increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prior findings suggest that NH3 in the urban atmosphere derives from a complex mixture of agricultural (mainly livestock production and fertilizer application) and nonagricultural (e.g., urban waste, fossil fuel-related emissions) sources; however, a citywide holistic assessment is hitherto lacking. Here we show that NH3 from nonagricultural sources rivals agricultural NH3 source contributions in the Shanghai urban atmosphere. We base our conclusion on four independent approaches: (i) a full-year operation of a passive NH3 monitoring network at 14 locations covering urban, suburban, and rural landscapes; (ii) model-measurement comparison of hourly NH3 concentrations at a pair of urban and rural supersites; (iii) source-specific NH3 measurements from emission sources; and (iv) localized isotopic signatures of NH3 sources integrated in a Bayesian isotope mixing model to make isotope-based source apportionment estimates of ambient NH3. Results indicate that nonagricultural sources and agricultural sources are both important contributors to NH3 in the urban atmosphere. These findings highlight opportunities to limit NH3 emissions from nonagricultural sources to help curb PM2.5 pollution in urban China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Anthony J Dore
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh , Bush Estate, Penicuik , Midlothian EH26 0QB , United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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Julin J, Murphy BN, Patoulias D, Fountoukis C, Olenius T, Pandis SN, Riipinen I. Impacts of Future European Emission Reductions on Aerosol Particle Number Concentrations Accounting for Effects of Ammonia, Amines, and Organic Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:692-700. [PMID: 29185762 PMCID: PMC6056894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although they are currently unregulated, atmospheric ultrafine particles (<100 nm) pose health risks because of, e.g., their capability to penetrate deep into the respiratory system. Ultrafine particles, often minor contributors to atmospheric particulate mass, typically dominate aerosol particle number concentrations. We simulated the response of particle number concentrations over Europe to recent estimates of future emission reductions of aerosol particles and their precursors. We used the chemical transport model PMCAMx-UF, with novel updates including state-of-the-art descriptions of ammonia and dimethylamine new particle formation (NPF) pathways and the condensation of organic compounds onto particles. These processes had notable impacts on atmospheric particle number concentrations. All three emission scenarios (current legislation, optimized emissions, and maximum technically feasible reductions) resulted in substantial (10-50%) decreases in median particle number concentrations over Europe. Consistent reductions were predicted in Central Europe, while Northern Europe exhibited smaller reductions or even increased concentrations. Motivated by the improved NPF descriptions for ammonia and methylamines, we placed special focus on the potential to improve air quality by reducing agricultural emissions, which are a major source of these species. Agricultural emission controls showed promise in reducing ultrafine particle number concentrations, although the change is nonlinear with particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Julin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David Patoulias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Fountoukis
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation , P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology , GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Lei XJ, Cheong JY, Park JH, Kim IH. Supplementation of protease, alone and in combination with fructooligosaccharide to low protein diet for finishing pigs. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1987-1993. [PMID: 28730711 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Effects of adding protease with or without fructooligosaccharide (FOS) to low protein diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal noxious gas emission were evaluated in 160 finishing pigs (57.70 ± 1.16 kg) in a 9-week study. Pigs were randomly divided into four dietary treatments, PC: positive control diet (15.97% crude protein (CP)); NC: negative control diet (12.94% CP); PRO: NC supplemented with 0.05% protease; PROFOS: NC supplemented with 0.05% protease and 0.1% FOS. During weeks 4-9 and weeks 0-9, gain : feed ratio was impaired (P < 0.05) in pigs fed NC diet compared with those fed PC, PRO and PROFOS diets. Pigs fed PC, PRO and PROFOS diets had higher (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP than pigs fed NC diet. Pigs fed PROFOS diet had reduced (P < 0.05) ammonia emissions compared to pigs fed NC and PRO diets. These data indicate that reducing dietary CP concentrations impaired growth performance, decreased ATTD of CP and reduced ammonia emissions. Supplementation of protease in low CP diet improved growth performance and increased ATTD of CP. Dietary supplementation with protease and FOS in low CP diet improved growth performance, increased ATTD of CP and decreased fecal ammonia emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jian Lei
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Cheong
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
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48
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Chen W, Tong DQ, Dan M, Zhang S, Zhang X, Pan Y. Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 54:101-113. [PMID: 28391918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the mass concentrations of PM2.5, O3, SO2 and NOx at one urban, one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 27 2013. Major chemical components of PM2.5 at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO2 (7-82μg/m3), O3 (27-171μg/m3) and NOx (14-213μg/m3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in China. However, PM2.5 concentrations (143-168μg/m3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS. Higher PM2.5 concentrations (~150μg/m3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site, while PM2.5 concentrations significantly increased from 250 to 400μgm-3 at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites, PM2.5 components were dominated by organic carbon (OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). Compared with rural sites, urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium (K+ and K) contribution to PM2.5. Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions (e.g., biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions. Furthermore, coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region, as follows: secondary aerosol (39%), biomass burning (20%), supply heating (18%), soil/road dust (14%) and traffic (9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiWei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Daniel Q Tong
- Cooperative Institute for Climate & Satellites, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA; Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Mo Dan
- Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing 100054, China
| | - ShiChun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - XueLei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - YuePeng Pan
- State key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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49
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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50
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Hou J, Li M, Xia T, Hao Y, Ding J, Liu D, Xi B, Liu H. Simultaneous removal of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases using biofilter media from the biodehydration stage and curing stage of composting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20628-20636. [PMID: 27464668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration of NH3 and H2S with different packing media, biodehydration stage compost (BSC), and curing stage compost (CSC) was studied. Meanwhile, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy was used to characterize the conversion mechanisms of organic matter during these biofiltration processes. Both biofilters were effective for the simultaneous removal of NH3 and H2S when inlet concentrations of NH3 and H2S were 0-50 and 50-250 mg/m3, respectively. An abrupt increase in the inlet gas concentrations of NH3 and H2S to 100-150 and 200-250 mg/m3, respectively, caused the decrease in the removal efficiencies (REs) of NH3 and H2S in the BSC biofilter, followed by a slow upturn. By contrast, relatively steady REs of both NH3 and H2S were observed in the CSC biofilter. After 60 days of operation, the average REs of NH3 and H2S were more than 95 % in the CSC biofilter. During the operation of CSC, nitrate and nitrite peaked around the 30th day, whereas sulfate showed a steady increase. The excitation-emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) indicated that the simultaneous inlet of NH3 and H2S facilitated the degradation of protein-like substances, whereas humic-like substances played an important role in the packing filters for the treatment of the two odorous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 8, Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Tianming Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 8, Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Beijing, 100875, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Hongliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 8, Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Beijing, 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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