1
|
Arcoleo A, Bianchi F, Careri M. A sensitive microextraction by packed sorbent-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in Antarctic surface snow. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131082. [PMID: 34470154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For the first time an eco-friendly method involving microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for the determination of the 16 US-EPA priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as indicators of anthropogenic contamination in snow samples collected in polar regions. MEPS was carried out by using C8 sorbent material packed in a barrel insert and needle (BIN) and integrated in the eVol® semi-automatic device. For optimization purposes a Face Centred Design and the multicriteria method of the desirability functions were performed to investigate the effect of some parameters affecting the MEPS extraction efficiency, i.e. the number of loading cycles and the number of elution cycles. The developed MEPS-GC-MS method proved to be suitable for PAHs analysis at ultra-trace level by extracting small sample volumes achieving detection limits for 16 PAHs in the 0.3-5 ng L-1 range, repeatability and intermediate precision below 11% and 15%, respectively, and good recovery rates in the 77.6 (±0.1)-120.8 (±0.1)% range for spiked blank snow samples. Enrichment factors in the 64 (±7)-129 (±18) range were calculated. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of PAHs in surface snow samples collected in 2020-2021 from four locations of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Local emission sources such as ships and research stations were found to influence PAHs concentrations in the surface snow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arcoleo
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area Delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gearhart-Serna LM, Tacam M, Slotkin TA, Devi GR. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon intake in the US adult population from NHANES 2005-2014 identifies vulnerable subpopulations, suggests interaction between tobacco smoke exposure and sociodemographic factors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111614. [PMID: 34216610 PMCID: PMC9922165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a toxic and ubiquitous class of environmental chemicals, products of fuel combustion from human and natural sources. The objective of this study was to identify vulnerable populations for high PAH exposure and variability, to better understand where to target PAH exposure reduction initiatives. Urinary metabolite data were collected from 9517 individuals from the U.S. CDC National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2005-2014 for four parental PAHs naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. We utilized these urinary biomarkers to estimate PAH intake, and regression models were fit for multiple demographic and lifestyle variables, to determine variable effects, interactions, odds of high versus low PAH intake. Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure accounted for the largest PAH intake rate variability (25.62%), and there were strongest interactions between race/ethnicity and smoking or SHS exposure, reflected in a much greater contribution of smoking to PAH intake in non-Hispanic Whites as compared to other races/ethnicities. Increased odds of high PAH intake were seen in older age groups, obese persons, college graduates, midrange incomes, smokers, and those who were SHS exposed. Among the non-smoking population, effects of other demographic factors lessened, suggesting a highly interactive nature. Our results suggest that there are demographic subpopulations with high PAH intake as a result of different smoking behaviors and potentially other exposures. This has human health, environmental justice, and regulatory implications wherein smoking cessation programs, SHS exposure regulations, and public health initiatives could be better targeted towards vulnerable subpopulations to meaningfully reduce PAH exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M Gearhart-Serna
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Moises Tacam
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Gayathri R Devi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Women's Cancer Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pawlak F, Koziol K, Polkowska Z. Chemical hazard in glacial melt? The glacial system as a secondary source of POPs (in the Northern Hemisphere). A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:145244. [PMID: 33832784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of compounds belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is widely known, and their re-emission from glaciers has been conclusively demonstrated. However, the harmful effects associated with such secondary emissions have yet to be thoroughly understood, especially in the spatial and temporal context, as the existing literature has a clear sampling bias with the best recognition of sites in the European Alps. In this review, we elaborated on the hazards associated with the rapid melting of glaciers releasing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To this end, we collated knowledge on: (1) the varying glacier melt rate across the Northern Hemisphere, (2) the content of POPs in the glacial system components, including the less represented areas, (3) the mechanisms of POPs transfer through the glacial system, including the importance of immediate emission from snow melt, (4) risk assessment associated with POPs re-emission. Based on the limited existing information, the health risk of drinking glacial water can be considered negligible, but consuming aquatic organisms from these waters may increase the risk of cancer. Remoteness from emission sources is a leading factor in the presence of such risk, yet the Arctic is likely to be more exposed to it in the future due to large-scale processes shifting atmospheric pollution and the continuous supply of snow. For future risk monitoring, we recommend to explore the synergistic toxic effects of multiple contaminants and fill the gaps in the spatial distribution of data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pawlak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Koziol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Zaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang X, Wang C, Gong P, Wang X, Zhu H, Gao S. Century-long record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tree rings in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125152. [PMID: 33540264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies have been carried out on the historical variations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in remote regions of the world. In this study, century-long record of PAHs (1916-2018) were reconstructed from tree rings in the remote southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The total concentrations of 15 PAHs varied from 27.5 to 6.05 × 102 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 1.40 × 102 ng/g dw. Higher levels of PAHs were observed during World War Ⅱ and the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, and increasing trends were observed starting from rapid industrialization in India. Both the isomer ratios and the positive matrix factorization model results indicated biomass and coal combustion were the dominant sources of PAHs. The carcinogenic risk of PAHs to local residents was assessed, which might have been negligible in most past periods and lower than in other regions of the world. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 21st century, the cancer risk has been increasing year by year, indicating more actions are needed to reduce emissions of PAHs. This study provides an idea for reconstructing the pollution history of PAHs at the global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; South-East Tibetan Plateau Station for Integrated Observation and Research of Alpine Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nyingchi 860119, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arcoleo A, Bianchi F, Careri M. Helical multi-walled carbon nanotube-coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at ultra-trace levels in ice and snow samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1631:461589. [PMID: 33022570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) detected in polar environment are recognized tracers of anthropogenic pollution. High sensitivity and selectivity are required for their analysis in ice and snow samples due to the presence at ultra-trace levels. In this study a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneous determination of the 16 US-EPA priority pollutant PAHs in polar snow and ice samples was developed and validated. Helical multiwalled carbon nanotubes (HMWCNTs) were proposed for the first time as novel SPME coating. For optimization purposes a Central Composite Design and the multicriteria method of the desirability functions were applied to investigate the influence of extraction parameters, i.e. time and temperature as main factors. The optimal values were 68 °C for the extraction temperature and 60 min for the extraction time. The developed SPME-GC-MS method exhibited detection limits of 16 PAHs in the 0.1-1.2 ng/L range, a repeatability and an intermediate precision within 15% and 22% relative standard deviation, respectively, and good recovery rates in the 93.7 (± 0.1)-119.7 (± 0.2)% range for real spiked water sample, showing better analytical performance compared to commercial PDMS fibers. Enrichment factors in the 2670 (± 290)-142120 (± 580) range were calculated and a long fiber shelf-life with the possibility to reuse the fiber more than 200 times was achieved. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of PAHs in surface snow samples collected in April 2019 at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Its application to the detection of PAHs in samples collected during monitoring campaigns in the polar regions is expected in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Arcoleo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vecchiato M, Gambaro A, Kehrwald NM, Ginot P, Kutuzov S, Mikhalenko V, Barbante C. The Great Acceleration of fragrances and PAHs archived in an ice core from Elbrus, Caucasus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10661. [PMID: 32606351 PMCID: PMC7327048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Great Acceleration of the anthropogenic impact on the Earth system is marked by the ubiquitous distribution of anthropogenic materials throughout the global environment, including technofossils, radionuclides and the exponential increases of methane and carbon dioxide concentrations. However, personal care products as direct tracers of human domestic habits are often overlooked. Here, we present the first research combining fragrances, as novel personal care products, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as combustion and industrial markers, across the onset of the Great Acceleration in the Elbrus, Caucasus, ice core. This archive extends from the 1930s to 2005, spanning the profound changes in the relationship between humans and the environment during the twentieth century. Concentrations of both fragrances and PAHs rose throughout the considered period, reflecting the development of the Anthropocene. However, within this rising trend, remarkable decreases of the tracers track the major socioeconomic crises that occurred in Eastern Europe during the second half of the twentieth century.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vecchiato
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, Venezia-Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy. .,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia-Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia-Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Natalie M Kehrwald
- Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 980, Denver, CO, 80225, USA
| | - Patrick Ginot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, G-INP, Institut Des Géosciences de L'Environnement (IGE), 38402, Grenoble, France
| | - Stanislav Kutuzov
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119017
| | | | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP-CNR), Via Torino 155, Venezia-Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy.,Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia-Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khaustov A, Redina M. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Snow Cover of Moscow (Case Study of the RUDN University Campus). Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1645707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Khaustov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita Redina
- Department of Applied Ecology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fuoco R, Giannarelli S. Integrity of aquatic ecosystems: An overview of a message from the South Pole on the level of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Sharma BM, Melymuk L, Bharat GK, Přibylová P, Sáňka O, Klánová J, Nizzetto L. Spatial gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, atmospheric deposition, and surface water of the Ganges River basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:1495-1504. [PMID: 30857111 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous semi-volatile organic pollutants. Their environmental occurrence is of global concern as some of them are carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens. In this study, concentrations and distributions of 16 priority PAHs (∑PAHs) were measured in air, atmospheric deposition, and surface water at various locations in Himalayan, Middle, and Lower Reaches of the Ganges River, covering a spatial transect of 2500km, during two seasons (pre-monsoon and monsoon). The concentration of ∑PAHs ranged between 2.2 and 182.2ngm-3 in air, between 186 and 8810ngm-2day-1 in atmospheric deposition, and between 0.05 and 65.9ngL-1 in surface water. Air concentrations were strongly correlated with human population density. In the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Ganges River, atmospheric PAHs were mainly attributed to fossil fuel combustion sources. In the Himalayan Reach the influence of forest fire or biomass combustion was evident during the dry pre-monsoon season. Seasonality in concentrations of PAHs in river water was evident in the Himalayan Reach of the river, as a probable consequence of climate-modulated secondary source intensity (i.e. releases from glacier melting). Seasonality faded in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Ganges where water contamination is expected to mainly reflect anthropogenic primary sources. Ambient air concentrations were used to calculate the probabilistic incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). It was expectedly found to be higher in the Middle and Lower Reaches compared to the Himalayan Reach. The strong correlation between population density and air concentrations suggests population density may be used as a surrogate variable to assess human health risk in data-sparse regions such as the Ganges River basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brij Mohan Sharma
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - Girija K Bharat
- Mu Gamma Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Sector-50, Gurgaon, Haryana 122018, India; The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hamid N, Syed JH, Kamal A, Aziz F, Tanveer S, Ali U, Cincinelli A, Katsoyiannis A, Yadav IC, Li J, Malik RN, Zhang G. A Review on the Abundance, Distribution and Eco-Biological Risks of PAHs in the Key Environmental Matrices of South Asia. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 240:1-30. [PMID: 26809717 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are consistently posing high risks to human/biota in developing countries of South Asia where domestic areas are exposed to biomass burning and commercial/industrial activities. This review article summarized the available data on PAHs occurrence, distribution, potential sources and their possible risks in the key environmental matrices (i.e., Air, Soil/Sediments, Water) from South Asian Region (SAR). Available literature reviewed suggested that PAHs concentration levels were strongly influenced by the monsoonal rainfall system in the region and it has been supported by many studies that higher concentrations were measured during the winter season as compared to summer. Biomass burning (household and brick kilns activities), open burning of solid wastes and industrial and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in the region. Regional comparison revealed that the contamination levels of PAHs in the water bodies and soil/sediments in SAR remained higher relatively to the reports from other regions of the world. Our findings highlight that there is still a general lack of reliable data, inventories and research studies addressing PAHs related issues in the context of environmental and human health in SAR. There is therefore a critical need to improve the current knowledge base, which should build upon the research experience from other regions which have experienced similar situations in the past. Further research into these issues in South Asia is considered vital to help inform future policies/control strategies as already successfully implemented in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hamid
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Faiqa Aziz
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sundas Tanveer
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- CNR, Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, Via Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14 NO, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Ren J, Yao T. A review of current knowledge and future prospects regarding persistent organic pollutants over the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:139-154. [PMID: 27565527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the turn of the century, our understanding of the quantities, transport pathways, and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the largest and highest plateau on Earth, has greatly enhanced. We begin in this article by reviewing the available literature on the levels of POPs over the TP. In general, the levels of most POPs are similar or lower than values reported for other background regions. However, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) levels in air and soil far exceed those measured in other mountainous areas. The East Asian monsoon, Indian Monsoon and westerly winds are responsible for the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and arrival of POPs over the TP. Surface soil and vegetation act as "final sinks" for DDTs and other high molecular weight POPs. Linked to the continuous use of POPs in surrounding counties, LRAT and "cold trapping" by the TP can happen following emission-transport-deposition events, leading to the enrichment of POPs in the TP environment. Bioaccumulation of DDTs and high chlorinated PCBs have been found in Tibetan terrestrial and aquatic food chains, and newly emerging compounds such as polyfluoroalkyl substances and hexabromocyclododecanes have been widely detected in wild fish species. The corresponding ecological risks should be of great concern. Climate change, such as increased temperatures and changing coverage of snow and glaciers, has the potential to affect the behavior and distribution of POPs. Therefore, long-term monitoring data are required. Ineffective regulation regarding POPs has been reported for countries in South Asia, emissions patterns, the outflow of POPs, and their seasonal and inter-annual variability should therefore be clarified. Estimating the loading of POPs, as well as how they move, within the TP, especially under the impact of glacial melt and global warming, should be a priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kirchgeorg T, Dreyer A, Gabrielli P, Gabrieli J, Thompson LG, Barbante C, Ebinghaus R. Seasonal accumulation of persistent organic pollutants on a high altitude glacier in the Eastern Alps. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:804-812. [PMID: 27554981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal accumulations of perfluorinated substances (PFAS), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in a 10 m shallow firn core from a high altitude glacier at Mt. Ortles (Italy, 3830 m above sea level) in South Tyrol in the Italian Eastern Alps. The most abundant persistent organic pollutants of each group were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (for PFASs); BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 209 (for PBDEs) and phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA) and pyrene (PYR) (for PAHs). All compounds show different extents of seasonality, with higher accumulation during summer time compared to winter. This seasonal difference mainly reflects meteorological conditions with a low and stable atmospheric boundary layer in winter and strong convective activity in summer, transformation processes during the transport of chemicals and/or post-depositional alterations. Change in the composition of the water-soluble PFCAs demonstrates the influence of meltwater percolation through the firn layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kirchgeorg
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Venice, Italy; Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - A Dreyer
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany; Air Monitoring, Eurofins GfA GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Gabrielli
- Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center and School of Earth Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Gabrieli
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Council of Research (IDPA-CNR), Venice, Italy
| | - L G Thompson
- Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center and School of Earth Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Barbante
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, National Council of Research (IDPA-CNR), Venice, Italy
| | - R Ebinghaus
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cong J, Gao C, Zhang Y, Zhang S, He J, Wang G. Dating the period when intensive anthropogenic activity began to influence the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22153. [PMID: 26907560 PMCID: PMC4764887 DOI: 10.1038/srep22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dating the start of intensive anthropogenic influence on ecosystems is important for identifying the conditions necessary for ecosystem recovery. However, few studies have focused on determining when anthropogenic influences on wetland began through sedimentary archives. To fill this critical gap in our knowledge, combustion sources and emission intensities, reconstructed via black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in two wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China. 14C provided age control for the sedimentary records. By combining previous sedimentary and archaeological studies, we attempt to date the beginning of intensive anthropogenic influences on the Sanjiang Plain. Our results showed that BC deposition fluxes increased from 0.02 to 0.7 g C/m2.yr during the last 10,000 years. An upward trend was apparent during the last 500 years. Before 1200 cal yr BP, human activities were minor, such that the wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain before this period may represent the reference conditions that for the recovery of these wetlands. As the human population increased after 1200 cal yr BP, combustion sources changed and residential areas became a major source of BC and PAHs. In this way, the wetland ecosystem gradually became more heavily influenced by human activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China.,ILÖK, Hydrology Group, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Jiabao He
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130102, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharma BM, Nizzetto L, Bharat GK, Tayal S, Melymuk L, Sáňka O, Přibylová P, Audy O, Larssen T. Melting Himalayan glaciers contaminated by legacy atmospheric depositions are important sources of PCBs and high-molecular-weight PAHs for the Ganges floodplain during dry periods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:588-596. [PMID: 26312740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Melting glaciers are natural redistributors of legacy airborne pollutants, affecting exposure of pristine proglacial environments. Our data shows that melting Himalayan glaciers can be major contributors of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for surface water in the Gangetic Plain during the dry season. Glacial emissions can exceed in some cases inputs from diffuse sources within the catchment. We analyzed air, deposition and river water in several sections along the Ganges River and its major headwaters. The predominant glacial origin of these contaminants in the Himalayan reach was demonstrated using air-water fugacity ratios and mass balance analysis. The proportion of meltwater emissions compared to pollutant discharge at downstream sections in the central part of the Gangetic Plain was between 2 and 200%. By remobilizing legacy pollutants from melting glaciers, climate change can enhance exposure levels over large and already heavily impacted regions of Northern India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brij Mohan Sharma
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic.
| | - Girija K Bharat
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Shresth Tayal
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070, India; The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo, 0349, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
George C, Ammann M, D’Anna B, Donaldson DJ, Nizkorodov S. Heterogeneous photochemistry in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4218-58. [PMID: 25775235 PMCID: PMC4772778 DOI: 10.1021/cr500648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergey
A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luo S, Chen B, Lin L, Wang X, Tam NFY, Luan T. Pyrene degradation accelerated by constructed consortium of bacterium and microalga: effects of degradation products on the microalgal growth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13917-13924. [PMID: 25382552 DOI: 10.1021/es503761j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Abundant microbes including bacteria, fungi, or algae are capable of biodegrading polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, pure cultures never occur in the contaminated environments. This study aimed to understand the general potential mechanisms of interactions between microbes under pollution stress by constructing a consortium of PAH-degrading microalga (Selenastrum capricornutum) and bacterium (Mycobacterium sp. strain A1-PYR). Bacteria alone could grow on the pyrene, whereas the growth of algae alone was substantially inhibited by the pyrene of 10 mg L(-1). In the mixing culture of algae and bacteria, the growth rate of algae was significantly increased from day 4 onward. Rapid bacterial degradation of pyrene might mitigate the toxicity of pyrene to algae. Phenolic acids, the bacterial degradation products of pyrene, could serve as the phytohormone for promoting algal growth in the coculture of algae and bacteria. In turn, bacterial growth was also enhanced by the algae presented in the mixing culture. Consequently, the fastest degradation of pyrene among all biodegradation systems was achieved by the consortium of algae and bacteria probably due to such interactions between the two species by virtue of degradation products. This study reveals that the consortium containing multiple microbial species is high potential for microbial remediation of pyrene-contaminated environments, and provides a new strategy to degrade the recalcitrant PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Magi E, Tanwar S. 'Extreme mass spectrometry': the role of mass spectrometry in the study of the Antarctic environment. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:1071-1085. [PMID: 25395123 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A focus on the studies of the Antarctic environment that have been performed by mass spectrometry is presented herein; our aim is to give evidence of the essential role of this instrumental technique in the framework of the scientific research in Antarctica, with a comprehensive review on the main literature of the last two decades. Due to the wideness of the topic, the present review is limited to the determination of organic pollutants, natural molecules and biomarkers in Antarctica, thus excluding elemental analysis and studies on inorganic species. The work has been divided into five sections, on the basis of the considered environmental compartment: air; ice and snow; seawater, pack ice and lakes; soil and sediments; and organisms and biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Review of progress in solvent-extraction techniques for the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons as airborne pollutants. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
19
|
The Alps in the age of the Anthropocene: the impact of human activities on the cryosphere recorded in the Colle Gnifetti glacier. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-014-0292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Leorri E, Mitra S, Irabien MJ, Zimmerman AR, Blake WH, Cearreta A. A 700 year record of combustion-derived pollution in northern Spain: tools to identify the Holocene/Anthropocene transition in coastal environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:240-247. [PMID: 24135492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an uneven geographical distribution of historic records of atmospheric pollutants from SW Europe and those that exist are very limited in temporal extent. Alternative data source is required to understand temporal trends in human impacts on atmospheric pollution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metal content and stable Pb isotopic ratios in a sediment core from a salt marsh in northern Spain were used to reconstruct the regional history of contaminant inputs over the last 700 years. Pre-1800s concentrations of Pb and PAHs represented baseline concentrations, i.e. pre-Industrial, conditions. During the initial stages of the Industrial Revolution, 1800s to 1860s, PAH concentrations increased by a factor of about two above baseline levels in the sediment column. By the 1930s, PAH levels reached ca. 10 times pre-Industrial levels and, along with Pb, reached a peak at ca. 1975 CE. Since then, sedimentary PAH and Pb concentrations decreased significantly. A combination of PAH isomer and Pb stable isotope ratios suggests that the contaminant sources are regional, likely derived partially from wood, but mainly coal used by the metallurgic industry in the Basque country since the 1800s and until the 1970s when leaded petrol saw increased use. This chronology of regional atmosphere-derived pollution expands current southwest Europe emission records and shows coastal salt marsh sediments to be useful in reconstructing the Anthropocene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Leorri
- Department of Geological Sciences, East Carolina University, Graham Building 103B, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Mitra
- Department of Geological Sciences, East Carolina University, Graham Building 103B, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - María Jesús Irabien
- Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, P.O. Box 112120, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - William H Blake
- Consolidated Radioisotope Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
| | - Alejandro Cearreta
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang X, Halsall C, Codling G, Xie Z, Xu B, Zhao Z, Xue Y, Ebinghaus R, Jones KC. Accumulation of perfluoroalkyl compounds in tibetan mountain snow: temporal patterns from 1980 to 2010. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:173-81. [PMID: 24320138 DOI: 10.1021/es4044775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of snow and ice cores as recorders of environmental contamination is particularly relevant for per- and polyfluoroalky substances (PFASs) given their production history, differing source regions and varied mechanisms driving their global distribution. In a unique study perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were analyzed in dated snow-cores obtained from high mountain glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). One snow core was obtained from the Mt Muztagata glacier (accumulation period of 1980-1999), located in western Tibet and a second core from Mt. Zuoqiupo (accumulation period: 1996-2007) located in southeastern Tibet, with fresh surface snow collected near Lake Namco in 2010 (southern Tibet). The higher concentrations of ∑PFAAs were observed in the older Mt Muztagata core and dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (61.4-346 pg/L) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (40.8-243 pg/L), whereas in the Mt Zuoqiupu core the concentrations were lower (e.g., PFOA: 37.8-183 pg/L) with PFOS below detection limits. These differences in PFAA concentrations and composition profile likely reflect the upwind sources affecting the respective sites (e.g., European/central Asian sources for Mt Muztagata and India sources for Mt Zuoqiupu). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) dominated the recent surface snowpack of Lake Namco which is mainly associated with India sources where the shorter chain volatile PFASs precursors predominate. The use of snow cores in different parts of Tibet provides useful recorders to examine the influence of different PFASs source regions and reflect changing PFAS production/use in the Northern Hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
AbstractIce could play a role in identifying and defining the Anthropocene. The recurrence of northern hemisphere glaciation and the stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet are both potentially vulnerable to human impact on the environment. However, only a very long hiatus in either would be unusual in the context of the Quaternary Period, requiring the definition of a geological boundary. Human influence can clearly be discerned in several ice-core measurements. These include a sharp boundary in radioactivity due to atmospheric nuclear testing; increases, unprecedented at least in the Holocene, in Greenland concentrations of sulphate, nitrate and metals such as lead; the appearance in ice-core air bubbles of previously undetectable compounds such as SF6; and the rise, unprecedented in the last 800 ka, in concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane. Some combination of these changes could be used by future generations to clearly identify the onset of a new epoch defined at a particular calendar date. However, it is not yet clear what the character of the fully developed Anthropocene will be, and it might be wise to let future generations decide, with hindsight, when the Anthropocene started, acknowledging only that we are in the transition towards it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Wolff
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Manzetti S. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment: Environmental Fate and Transformation. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.781042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Kirchgeorg T, Dreyer A, Gabrieli J, Kehrwald N, Sigl M, Schwikowski M, Boutron C, Gambaro A, Barbante C, Ebinghaus R. Temporal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in alpine snow. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 178:367-374. [PMID: 23607941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and temporal variation of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the European Alps was investigated in a 10 m shallow firn core from Colle Gnifetti in the Monte Rosa Massif (4455 m above sea level). The firn core encompasses the years 1997-2007. Firn core sections were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PFASs) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PBDEs). We detected 12 PFASs and 8 PBDEs in the firn samples. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA; 0.3-1.8 ng L(-1)) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 0.2-0.6 ng L(-1)) were the major PFASs while BDE 99 (<MQL-4.5 ng L(-1)) and BDE 47 (n.d.-2.6 ng L(-1)) were the major PBDEs. This study demonstrates the occurrence of PFASs and PBDEs in the European Alps and provides the first evidence that PFASs compositions may be changing to PFBA-dominated compositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Kirchgeorg
- Department for Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cheng X, Forsythe J, Peterkin E. Some factors affecting SPME analysis and PAHs in Philadelphia's urban waterways. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:2331-2340. [PMID: 23453588 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) opened up a new era in separation science and the technique has developed quickly over the past two decades. However, there are still aspects deserving more study. In this study, the effects of salt-addition, SPME fiber thickness and sample vial size on the analysis of PAHs in the aqueous phase were evaluated. An analytical method based on EPA Method 8272 was devised for the analysis of PAHs in environmental water. PAHs were analyzed in selected waterways of the greater Philadelphia area. The results show the feasible application of this method to determine the range, spatial variation of PAH concentration, composition profile and relationship with dissolved organic matter for the Philadelphia watershed. Based on above information, PAH pollution sources were evaluated along with their dynamic backgrounds. Comparison of PAH concentration in the studied area with those of other urban waterways worldwide shows that PAHs in the studied waterways were found, in this study, to be within the low range of reported concentrations and meet the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). The results also demonstrate that this method is suitable and reliable in monitoring PAH concentrations in environmental water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Cheng
- Philadelphia Water Department, Organics Laboratory, Bureau of Laboratory Services, 1500 E. Hunting Park Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19124, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Keyte IJ, Harrison RM, Lammel G. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9333-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
27
|
Melymuk L, Robson M, Helm PA, Diamond ML. PCBs, PBDEs, and PAHs in Toronto air: spatial and seasonal trends and implications for contaminant transport. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 429:272-80. [PMID: 22578845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Toronto, Canada and the surrounding suburban/rural area were examined. A series of temporally- and spatially-distributed air samples was collected over a 1-year period with a high-volume active air sampler at one downtown site and polyurethane foam passive air samplers at 19 sites. Passive sampler air concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 0.27 to 51 ng/m³. Concentrations of ΣPCBs ranged from 6.0 to 1300 pg/m³, and concentrations of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.47 to 110 pg/m³. All compounds exhibited the highest concentrations in the urban core, and lowest concentrations in the surrounding rural areas, however the exact ratio depended on location since concentrations varied considerably within the city. Results from the application of a radial dilution model highlighted the influence of the central business district (CBD) of the city as a source of contaminants to the surrounding environment, however the radial dilution comparison also demonstrated that sources outside the CBD have a significant influence on regional contaminant concentrations. A strong relationship between temperature and partial pressure of the gas-phase PCBs, low molecular weight PBDEs and less-reactive PAHs suggested that their dominant emissions originated from temperature-controlled processes such as volatilization from local sources of PCBs, PAHs and PBDEs at warm temperatures, condensation and deposition of emissions at cold temperatures, and ventilation of indoor air with elevated concentrations. The relationship between temperature and atmospheric PAH concentrations varied along the urban-rural gradient, which suggested that in highly urbanized areas, such as downtown Toronto, temperature-related processes have a significant impact on air concentrations, whereas winter emissions from domestic heating have a greater influence in areas with less impervious surface coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bigler M, Svensson A, Kettner E, Vallelonga P, Nielsen ME, Steffensen JP. Optimization of high-resolution continuous flow analysis for transient climate signals in ice cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4483-4489. [PMID: 21504155 DOI: 10.1021/es200118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, continuous flow analysis (CFA) systems have been refined and widely used to measure aerosol constituents in polar and alpine ice cores in very high-depth resolution. Here we present a newly designed system consisting of sodium, ammonium, dust particles, and electrolytic meltwater conductivity detection modules. The system is optimized for high-resolution determination of transient signals in thin layers of deep polar ice cores. Based on standard measurements and by comparing sections of early Holocene and glacial ice from Greenland, we find that the new system features a depth resolution in the ice of a few millimeters which is considerably better than other CFA systems. Thus, the new system can resolve ice strata down to 10 mm thickness and has the potential of identifying annual layers in both Greenland and Antarctic ice cores throughout the last glacial cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bigler
- Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bogdal C, Bucheli TD, Agarwal T, Anselmetti FS, Blum F, Hungerbühler K, Kohler M, Schmid P, Scheringer M, Sobek A. Contrasting temporal trends and relationships of total organic carbon, black carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural low-altitude and remote high-altitude lakes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1316-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Pan D, Chen C, Yang F, Long Y, Cai Q, Yao S. Titanium wire-based SPE coupled with HPLC for the analysis of PAHs in water samples. Analyst 2011; 136:4774-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15435d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Gabrieli J, Decet F, Luchetta A, Valt M, Pastore P, Barbante C. Occurrence of PAH in the seasonal snowpack of the Eastern Italian Alps. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:3130-3137. [PMID: 20685018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PAH concentrations have been determined in 47 seasonal snowpack samples collected in the Valbelluna valley and in the Bellunesi Dolomites National Park, in the Italian North-Eastern Alps, during the winter of 2005. The SigmaPAH concentration in high-altitude alpine sites (above 1700 m) was 32+/-20 ng/kg while in valley bottom urban areas it was 165+/-54 ng/kg with maximum values of 290 ng/kg. The GIS mapping technique was employed to produce a PAH spatial distribution. The urbanized Valbelluna valley, and in particular the SW part, had the highest accumulation of all PAH, with values an order of magnitude more than those in rural and alpine areas. This behaviour is consistent with urban air quality data, and is due to geo-morphological and meteorological factors such as the deeper shape of the valley at the position of the town of Feltre and the low altitude of the boundary layer during the winter season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Gabrieli
- Chemical Science Department, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1/A, 35100 Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|