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Pothanamkandathil V, Fortunato J, Gorski CA. Electrochemical Desalination Using Intercalating Electrode Materials: A Comparison of Energy Demands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3653-3662. [PMID: 32048848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One approach for desalinating brackish water is to use electrode materials that electrochemically remove salt ions from water. Recent studies found that sodium-intercalating electrode materials (i.e., materials that reversibly insert Na+ ions into their structures) have higher specific salt storage capacities (mgsalt/gmaterial) than carbon-based electrode materials over smaller or similar voltage windows. These observations have led to the hypothesis that energy demands of electrochemical desalination systems can be decreased by replacing carbon-based electrodes with intercalating electrodes. To test this hypothesis and directly compare intercalation materials, we examined nine electrode materials thought to be capable of sodium intercalation in an electrochemical flow cell with respect to volumetric energy demands (W·h·L-1) and thermodynamic efficiencies as a function of productivity (i.e., the rate of water desalination, L·m-2·h-1). We also examined how the materials' charge-storage capacities changed over 50 cycles. Intercalation materials desalinated brackish water more efficiently than carbon-based electrodes when we assumed that no energy recovery occurred (i.e., no energy was recovered when the cell produced electrical power during cycling) and exhibited similar efficiencies when we assumed complete energy recovery. Nickel hexacyanoferrate exhibited the lowest energy demand among all of the materials and exhibited the highest stability over 50 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Pothanamkandathil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jenelle Fortunato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher A Gorski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Wang X, Yao Z, Hwang S, Pan Y, Dong H, Fu M, Li N, Sun K, Gan H, Yao Y, Aspuru-Guzik A, Xu Q, Su D. In Situ Electron Microscopy Investigation of Sodiation of Titanium Disulfide Nanoflakes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9421-9430. [PMID: 31386342 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal sulfides show great promise for their potential applications as electrode materials of sodium ion-batteries because of the weak interlayer van der Waals interactions, which allow the reversible accommodation and extraction of sodium ions. The sodiation of metal sulfides can undergo a distinct process compared to that of lithiation, which is determined by their metal and structural types. However, the structural and morphological evolution during their electrochemical sodiation is still unclear. Here, we studied the sodiation reaction dynamics of TiS2 by employing in situ transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations. During the sodium-ion intercalation process, we observed multiple intermediate phases (phase II, phase Ib, and phase Ia), different from its lithiation counterpart, with varied sodium occupation sites and interlayer stacking sequences. Further insertion of Na ions prompted a multistep extrusion reaction, which led to the phase separation of Ti metal from the Na2S matrix, with its 2D morphology expanded to a 3D morphology. In contrast to regular conversion electrodes, TiS2 still maintained a compact structure after a full sodiation. First-principles calculations reveal that the as-identified phases are thermodynamically preferred at corresponding intercalation/extrusion stages compared to other possible phases. The present work provides the fundamental mechanistic understanding of the sodiation process of 2D transition metal sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Physics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Maosen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710000 , China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology jointly with College of Science, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
| | - Ke Sun
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Hong Gan
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Computer Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1M1 , Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Senior Fellow , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1M1 , Canada
| | - Qingyu Xu
- School of Physics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
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Stoliaroff A, Jobic S, Latouche C. Optoelectronic Properties of TiS 2: A Never Ended Story Tackled by Density Functional Theory and Many-Body Methods. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:1949-1957. [PMID: 30649871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein is reported a thorough computational investigation on the bulk TiS2 material with the CdI2 structure type and the ideal 1:2 Ti:S stoichiometry. Computations were performed using some of the most refined models, e.g., a hybrid functional together with dispersion effects (Grimme's), the GW ansatz, and the Bethe-Salpether equation for the optical properties. We showed that switching from Perdew-Berke-Enzerhof (PBE) to PBE0 leads to a gap opening. Moreover, our results demonstrate unambiguously that van der Waals interactions must be properly treated with dispersion effects in order to retrieve the experimental crystal structure and the appropriate c/ a ratio. Indeed, the calculations prove that when one uses a highly accurate computational protocol, the bulk hexagonal TiS2 is a semiconductor with a small gap, whereas using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) PBE functional leads to a semimetal. Furthermore, the band structure is significantly modified when dispersion parameters are taken into account. Pressure effects were also investigated, and they fully describe the previously simulated electronic transition behavior of the material, e.g., TiS2 becomes semimetallic under strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Stoliaroff
- Institut des matériaux Jean Rouxel , Université de Nantes, CNRS , 2 rue de la Houssinière , BP 32229, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 , France
| | - Stéphane Jobic
- Institut des matériaux Jean Rouxel , Université de Nantes, CNRS , 2 rue de la Houssinière , BP 32229, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 , France
| | - Camille Latouche
- Institut des matériaux Jean Rouxel , Université de Nantes, CNRS , 2 rue de la Houssinière , BP 32229, 44322 Nantes, Cedex 3 , France
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Kajiyama S, Szabova L, Sodeyama K, Iinuma H, Morita R, Gotoh K, Tateyama Y, Okubo M, Yamada A. Sodium-Ion Intercalation Mechanism in MXene Nanosheets. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3334-41. [PMID: 26891421 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MXene, a family of layered compounds consisting of nanosheets, is emerging as an electrode material for various electrochemical energy storage devices including supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. However, the mechanism of its electrochemical reaction is not yet fully understood. Herein, using solid-state (23)Na magic angle spinning NMR and density functional theory calculation, we reveal that MXene Ti3C2Tx in a nonaqueous Na(+) electrolyte exhibits reversible Na(+) intercalation/deintercalation into the interlayer space. Detailed analyses demonstrate that Ti3C2Tx undergoes expansion of the interlayer distance during the first sodiation, whereby desolvated Na(+) is intercalated/deintercalated reversibly. The interlayer distance is maintained during the whole sodiation/desodiation process due to the pillaring effect of trapped Na(+) and the swelling effect of penetrated solvent molecules between the Ti3C2Tx sheets. Since Na(+) intercalation/deintercalation during the electrochemical reaction is not accompanied by any substantial structural change, Ti3C2Tx shows good capacity retention over 100 cycles as well as excellent rate capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kajiyama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Lucie Szabova
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Keitaro Sodeyama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iinuma
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryohei Morita
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuma Gotoh
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Okubo
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Atsuo Yamada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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The specific behavior of MxTiS2 (x=1/4, M=Fe, Ni) surfaces probed by scanning microscopy (STM and AFM). Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(03)00148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brec R, Rouxel J. Reactivity and Phase Transitions in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Intercalation Chemistry. INTERCALATION IN LAYERED MATERIALS 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5556-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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