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Saha S, Peña B, Dunbar KR. Partially Solvated Dinuclear Ruthenium Compounds Bridged by Quinoxaline-Functionalized Ligands as Ru(II) Photocage Architectures for Low-Energy Light Absorption. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14568-14576. [PMID: 31647230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium compounds with coordinated photolabile molecules that can be selectively released by irradiation with a visible light source are finding increasing applications in photoactivated chemotherapy (PCT) as photocages. Earlier photocages based on mononuclear Ru(II) compounds lack absorption in the therapeutic window (λ > 600 nm). In previous work, we synthesized the first partially solvated tppz bridged (tppz= 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine) dinuclear Ru(II) complex capable of photoinduced ligand exchange at both metal centers. To further explore the effect of the bridging ligand on Ru(II) photocage design, we used quinoxaline-functionalized bridging ligand platforms to prepare [{RuII(NCCH3)4}2(μ-BL)](PF6)4[BL = dpq, 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)quinoxaline (1); BL = dpb, 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[g]quinoxaline (2)]. The compounds are capable of absorbing green light with tails extending beyond 650 nm which can be exploited for applications as PCT agents. Experimental results were additionally verified by DFT calculations. The use of two Ru(II) centers equipped with quinoxaline-based bridging ligands is a promising design strategy for the synthesis of a new family of dinuclear Ru(II) photocage prototypes with the ability to absorb low-energy visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Bruno Peña
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
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Mutua GK, Bellam R, Jaganyi D, Mambanda A. The role of N,N-chelate ligand on the reactivity of (η6-p-cymene)Ru(II) complexes: kinetics, DNA and protein interaction studies. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1676893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gershom Kyalo Mutua
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Rajesh Bellam
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Deogratius Jaganyi
- School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Allen Mambanda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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3
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Puttock EV, Walden MT, Williams JG. The luminescence properties of multinuclear platinum complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Al Abdel Hamid AAG. Density-functional analysis of substituent effects on photochemistry of Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Culham S, Lanoë PH, Whittle VL, Durrant MC, Williams JAG, Kozhevnikov VN. Highly Luminescent Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes Incorporating Bis-Cyclometallating Pyrazine-Based Ligands: A Versatile Approach to Efficient Red Phosphors. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:10992-1003. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Culham
- Department of Applied
Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre-Henri Lanoë
- Department of Applied
Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marcus C. Durrant
- Department of Applied
Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valery N. Kozhevnikov
- Department of Applied
Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
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Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of heteroleptic cationic copper complexes bis-(diphenylphosphino)alkane-(2,2′-biquinoline)copper(I). Crystal structure of bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane-(2,2′-biquinoline)copper(I) perchlorate. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The mononuclear ruthenium(III)-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine complex [Ru(bpy)(tppz)Cl][PF6]2: synthesis, crystal structure, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical studies. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-009-9262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Halpin Y, Cleary L, Cassidy L, Horne S, Dini D, Browne WR, Vos JG. Spectroelectrochemical properties of homo- and heteroleptic ruthenium and osmium binuclear complexes: intercomponent communication as a function of energy differences between HOMO levels of bridge and metal centres. Dalton Trans 2009:4146-53. [DOI: 10.1039/b823104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Binuclear ruthenium and osmium mixed-valence complexes containing fused and flexible polypyridyl bridging ligands. Polyhedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Emission band shape probes of the mixed-valence excited state properties of polypyridyl-bridged bis-ruthenium(II) complexes. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Browne WR, Hage R, Vos JG. Tuning interaction in dinuclear ruthenium complexes: HOMO versus LUMO mediated superexchange through azole and azine bridges. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moya S, Guerrero J, Rodriguez-Nieto F, Wolcan E, Féliz M, Baggio R, Garland M. Influence of the 4-Substituted Pyridine Ligand L′ on both the Conformation and Spectroscopic Properties of the (2,2′-Biquinoline-κN1,κN1′)tricarbonyl(pyridine-κN1)rhenium(1+) Complex ([Re(CO)3-(bqui)(py)]+) and Its Derivatives [Re(CO)3(L)(L′)]+ (L = 2,2′-Biquinoline and 3,3′-(Ethane-1,2-diyl)-2,2′-biquinoline). Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Browne WR, O'Boyle NM, Henry W, Guckian AL, Horn S, Fett T, O'Connor CM, Duati M, De Cola L, Coates CG, Ronayne KL, McGarvey JJ, Vos JG. Ground- and Excited-State Electronic Structure of an Emissive Pyrazine-Bridged Ruthenium(II) Dinuclear Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:1229-41. [PMID: 15669862 DOI: 10.1021/ja046034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical, photophysical, and photochemical properties of the binuclear compounds [(Ru(H8-bpy)2)2((Metr)2Pz)](PF6)2 (1) and [(Ru(D8-bpy)2)2((Metr)2Pz)](PF6)2 (2), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and H2(Metr)2Pz is the planar ligand 2,5-bis(5'-methyl-4'H-[1,2,4]triaz-3'-yl)pyrazine, are reported. Electrochemical and spectro-electrochemical investigations indicate that the ground-state interaction between each metal center is predominantly electrostatic and in the mixed-valence form only a low level of ground-state delocalization is present. Resonance Raman, transient, and time-resolved spectroscopies enable a detailed assignment to be made of the excited-state photophysical properties of the complexes. Deuteriation is employed to both facilitate spectroscopic characterization and investigate the nature of the lowest excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R Browne
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry and luminescence studies of heterometallic gold(I)–rhenium(I) alkynyl complexes. J Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Endicott JF, Schlegel H, Uddin M, Seniveratne DS. MLCT excited states and charge delocalization in some ruthenium–ammine–polypyridyl complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(02)00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seneviratne DS, Uddin J, Swayambunathan V, Schlegel HB, Endicott JF. Characteristics and properties of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states in 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine and 2,2'-bypyridine ruthenium complexes. Perturbation-theory-based correlations of optical absorption and emission parameters with electrochemistry and thermal kinetics and related Ab initio calculations. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:1502-17. [PMID: 11896719 DOI: 10.1021/ic010172c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The absorption, emission, and infrared spectra, metal (Ru) and ligand (PP) half-wave potentials, and ab initio calculations on the ligands (PP) are compared for several [L(n)()Ru(PP)](2+) and [[L(n)Ru]dpp[RuL'(n)]](4+) complexes, where L(n) and L'(n) = (bpy)(2) or (NH(3))(4) and PP = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp), 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline (dpq), or 2,3-bis(2pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline (dpb). The energy of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption maximum (hnu(max)) varies in nearly direct proportion to the difference between Ru(III)/Ru(II) and (PP)/(PP)(-) half-wave potentials, DeltaE(1/2), for the monometallic complexes but not for the bimetallic complexes. The MLCT spectra of [(NH(3))(4)Ru(dpp)](2+) exhibit three prominent visible-near-UV absorptions, compared to two for [(NH(3))(4)Ru(bpy)](2+), and are not easily reconciled with the MLCT spectra of [[(NH(3))(4)Ru]dpp[RuL(n)]](4+). The ab initio calculations indicate that the two lowest energy pi orbitals are not much different in energy in the PP ligands (they correlate with the degenerate pi orbitals of benzene) and that both contribute to the observed MLCT transitions. The LUMO energies calculated for the monometallic complexes correlate strongly with the observed hnu(max) (corrected for variations in metal contribution). The LUMO computed for dpp correlates with LUMO + 1 of pyrazine. This inversion of the order of the two lowest energy pi orbitals is unique to dpp in this series of ligands. Configurational mixing of the ground and MLCT excited states is treated as a small perturbation of the overall energies of the metal complexes, resulting in a contribution epsilon(s) to the ground-state energy. The fraction of charge delocalized, alpha(DA)(2), is expected to attenuate the reorganizational energy, chi(reorg), by a factor of approximately (1 - 4alpha(DA)(2) + alpha(DA)(4)), relative to the limit where there is no charge delocalization. This appears to be a substantial effect for these complexes (alpha(DA)(2) congruent with 0.1 for Ru(II)/bpy), and it leads to smaller reorganizational energies for emission than for absorption. Reorganizational energies are inferred from the bandwidths found in Gaussian analyses of the emission and/or absorption spectra. Exchange energies are estimated from the Stokes shifts combined with perturbation--theory-based relationship between the reorganizational energies for absorption and emission values. The results indicate that epsilon(s) is dominated by terms that contribute to electron delocalization between metal and PP ligand. This inference is supported by the large shifts in the N-H stretching frequency of coordinated NH(3) as the number of PP ligands is increased. The measured properties of the bpy and dpp ligands seem to be very similar, but electron delocalization appears to be slightly larger (10-40%) and the exchange energy contributions appear to be comparable (e.g., approximately 1.7 x 10(3) cm(-1) in [Ru(bpy)(2)dpp](2+) compared to approximately 1.3 x 10(3) cm(-1) in the bpy analogue).
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Brewer KJ. Tridentate-Bridged Polyazine Complexes of Ruthenium(ll) and Osmium(ll) and their Application to the Development of Photochemical Molecular Devices. COMMENT INORG CHEM 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/02603599908012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Marcaccio M, Paolucci F, Paradisi C, Roffia S, Fontanesi C, Yellowlees LJ, Serroni S, Campagna S, Denti G, Balzani V. Electrochemistry of Multicomponent Systems. Redox Series Comprising up to 26 Reversible Reduction Processes in Polynuclear Ruthenium(II) Bipyridine-Type Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9916456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marcaccio
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Carmen Paradisi
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Sergio Roffia
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Lesley J. Yellowlees
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Scolastica Serroni
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Gianfranco Denti
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
| | - Vincenzo Balzani
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, U.K., Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università
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Photoinduced energy and electron transfer processes in rigidly bridged dinuclear Ru/Os complexes. Coord Chem Rev 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0010-8545(98)00198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Page SE, Gordon KC, Burrell AK. Altering the Balance between Ligand-Based Radical Anion Formation and Dechelation in Electrochemically Reduced Binuclear Copper(I) Complexes: A Resonance Raman Spectroelectrochemical Study. Inorg Chem 1998; 37:4452-4459. [PMID: 11670582 DOI: 10.1021/ic9715052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemistry and spectral properties of a series of mono- and binuclear complexes with bridging ligands based on 2,3-di(2-quinolyl)quinoxaline are reported. The ligands are 2,3-di(2-quinolyl)quinoxaline (dqq), 6,7-dimethyl-2,3-di(2-quinolyl)quinoxaline (dqqMe(2)), and 6,7-dichloro-2,3-di(2-quinolyl)quinoxaline (dqqCl(2)). The complexes are [Cu(dqq)(PPh(3))(2)]BF(4), 1.[BF(4)]; [Cu(dqqMe(2))(PPh(3))(2)]BF(4), 2.[BF(4)]; [Cu(dqqCl(2))(PPh(3))(2)]BF(4), 3.[BF(4)]; [(PPh(3))(2)Cu(dqq)Cu(PPh(3))(2)](BF(4))(2), 4.[BF(4)](2); [(PPh(3))(2)Cu(dqqMe(2))Cu(PPh(3))(2)](BF(4))(2), 5.[BF(4)](2); [(PPh(3))(2)Cu(dqqCl(2))Cu(PPh(3))(2)](BF(4))(2), 6.[BF(4)](2). The mononuclear complexes reduce at the metal and dechelate, as evidenced by UV/vis spectroelectrochemistry. Reduction of the binuclear complexes results in ligand-based radical anion formation for 4 and 6 but decomposition of 5 to 2. The reduction species are identified using resonance Raman spectroscopy. The structures of [Cu(PPh(3))(2)(C(26)H(14)Cl(2)N(4))][BF(4)] (3.[BF(4)]) and [(Cu(PPh(3))(2))(2)(C(26)H(14)Cl(2)N(4))][BF(4)](2).2CH(2)Cl(2) (6.[BF(4)](2)) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 3.[BF(4)] crystallized in the monoclinic space group P&onemacr; with cell dimensions a = 10.956(2) Å, b = 15.278(3) Å, c = 16.032(3) Å, alpha = 100.342(8) degrees, beta = 95.291(13) degrees, gamma = 93.968(12) degrees, Z = 2, rho(calcd) = 1.431 g/cm(3), and R(F(o)) = 0.0589. 6.[BF(4)](2) crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c with cell dimensions a = 21.295(4) Å, b = 24.322(5) Å, c = 20.034(4) Å, beta = 112.64(3) degrees, Z = 8, rho(calcd) = 1.486 g/cm(3), and R(F(o)) = 0.0422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Page
- Department of Chemistry, Massey University, Private Bag 11122, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Lee JD, Vrana LM, Bullock ER, Brewer KJ. A Tridentate-Bridged Ruthenium-Rhodium Complex as a Stereochemically Defined Light-Absorber-Electron-Acceptor Dyad. Inorg Chem 1998; 37:3575-3580. [PMID: 11670446 DOI: 10.1021/ic970892c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex [(tpy)Ru(tpp)RhCl(3)](PF(6))(2) (tpy = 2,2',6',2"-terpyridine and tpp = 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) has been prepared and its spectroscopic, electrochemical, and photophysical properties investigated. This complex couples a ruthenium light absorber to a rhodium electron acceptor to create the first tpp-bridged light-absorber-electron-acceptor dyad. This study illustrates the applicability of this (tpy)Ru(II)(&mgr;-tpp) chromophore in the construction of photochemical molecular devices. This system is of interest since the tpp ligand has been shown to provide stereochemically defined polymetallic complexes with reasonably long-lived metal to ligand charge transfer excited states. The complex [(tpy)Ru(tpp)RhCl(3)](PF(6))(2) displays a Ru-->tpp CT transition centered at 516 nm that is the lowest lying electronic transition. The electrochemistry of [(tpy)Ru(tpp)RhCl(3)](PF(6))(2) shows a Ru(II/III) couple at 1.60 V vs Ag/AgCl, an irreversible Rh(III/I) reduction at -0.23 V and, a tpp(0/)(-) couple at -0.60 V. This illustrates that although this complex has a lowest lying spin-allowed spectroscopic transition that is Ru-->tpp CT in nature, the lowest occupied molecular orbital is Rh based. Thus, following excitation of this [(tpy)Ru(tpp)RhCl(3)](PF(6))(2) complex into the Ru-->tpp CT state, electron transfer to the rhodium is thermodyamically favorable. This electron transfer leads to a quenching of the emission normally observed for this Ru-->tpp CT excited state. Emission quenching for [(tpy)Ru(tpp)RhCl(3)](PF(6))(2) via electron transfer is 80% efficient with a k(et) of 4 x 10(7) s(-)(1). Details of these studies are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Duck Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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Ceroni P, Paolucci F, Paradisi C, Juris A, Roffia S, Serroni S, Campagna S, Bard AJ. Dinuclear and Dendritic Polynuclear Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Polypyridine Complexes: Electrochemistry at Very Positive Potentials in Liquid SO2. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja980026e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ceroni
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Carmen Paradisi
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Alberto Juris
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Sergio Roffia
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Scolastica Serroni
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, Via Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, Italy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Reaction of [Os3(CO)10(MeCN)2] with 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine and pyrazyne. Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behavior of 1:1 and 1:2 ligand:cluster complexes. J Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(98)00401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jones SW, Vrana LM, Brewer KJ. Using spectroelectrochemistry to probe the light absorbing properties of polymetallic complexes containing the tridentate bridging ligand 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine. J Organomet Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Sherborne J, Scott SM, Gordon KC. Spectroelectrochemical studies of some ruthenium(II) complexes with polypyridyl bridging ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(96)05567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Brauns E, Jones SW, Clark JA, Molnar SM, Kawanishi Y, Brewer KJ. Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Synthetically Useful Supramolecular Light Absorbers with Mixed Polyazine Bridging Ligands. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:2861-2867. [PMID: 11669923 DOI: 10.1021/ic961302y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The trimetallic complexes [{(bpy)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)](6+) (M = Ru(II) or Os(II), bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, and dpq = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline) have been prepared and the details of their spectroscopic, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties investigated. These mixed bridging ligand complexes are a new group of synthons that can be useful for the construction of supramolecular devices for a wide variety of functions. It is the presence of the terminal dpq ligand that allows for their incorporation into larger supramolecular systems. This dpq ligand serves as an acceptor ligand that will possess a lower lying pi orbital than the dpp ligands once these chromophores are incorporated into larger systems. The [{(bpy)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)](6+) systems display overlapping terminal metal oxidations at 1.66 and 1.18 V vs Ag/AgCl for the Ru and Os systems, respectively. This indicates that within this framework, these terminal, M, metals are largely electronically uncoupled. No oxidative process for the central Ru metal center is observed within our solvent window. The [{(bpy)(2)M(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)](6+) systems have M --> dpp charge transfer (CT) lowest lying excited states. The [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)](6+) Ru --> dpp CT state displays an emission centered at 775 nm with a lifetime of 65 ns at room temperature in deoxygenated CH(3)CN solution. The details of the electrochemical, spectroscopic, and spectroelectrochemical studies of these supramolecular light absorbers and the dichloro synthons, [{(bpy)(2)M(dpp)}(2)RuCl(2)](4+), are reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Brauns
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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28
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Tresoldi G, Lo Schiavo S, Piraino P. Synthesis and separation of the mer and fac isomers of [Rh(bpp)3][PF6]3 (bpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine). Inorganica Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(96)05165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Spectroelectrochemical studies of ruthenium(II) diimine complexes with polypyridyl bridging ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(96)05168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Richter MM, Debad JD, Striplin DR, Crosby GA, Bard AJ. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. 59. Rhenium Complexes. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9606160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Richter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - Jeff D. Debad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - Durwin R. Striplin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - G. A. Crosby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630
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31
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Nallas GNA, Jones SW, Brewer KJ. Bipyrimidine-Bridged Mixed-Metal Trimetallic Complexes of Ruthenium(II) with Rhodium(III) or Iridium(III), {[(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)](2)MCl(2)}(5+). Inorg Chem 1996; 35:6974-6980. [PMID: 11666875 DOI: 10.1021/ic960792r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bipyrimidine-bridged trimetallic complexes of the form {[(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)](2)MCl(2)}(5+), where M = Rh(III) or Ir(III), bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, have been synthesized and characterized. These complexes are of interest in that they couple catalytically active rhodium(III) and iridium(III) metals with light-absorbing ruthenium(II) metals within a polymetallic framework. Their molecular composition is a light absorber-electron collector-light absorber core of a photochemical molecular device (PMD) for photoinitiated electron collection. The variation of the central metal has some profound effects on the observed properties of these complexes. The electrochemical data for the title trimetallics consist of a Ru(II/III) oxidation and sequential reductions assigned to the bipyrimidine ligands, Ir or Rh metal centers, and bipyridines. In both trimetallic complexes, the first oxidation is Ru based and the bridging ligand reductions occur prior to the central metal reduction. This illustrates that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is localized on the ruthenium metal center and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital resides on the bpm ligand. This bpm-based LUMO in {[(bpy)(2)Ru(bpm)](2)RhCl(2)}(5+) is in contrast with that observed for the monometallic [Rh(bpm)(2)Cl(2)](+) where the Rh(III)/Rh(I) reduction occurs prior to the bpm reduction. This orbital inversion is a result of bridge formation upon construction of the trimetallic complex. Both the Ir- and Rh-based trimetallic complexes exhibit a room temperature emission centered at 800 nm with tau = 10 ns. A detailed comparison of the spectroscopic, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties of these polymetallic complexes is described herein.
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32
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Serroni S, Campagna S, Denti G, Keyes TE, Vos JG. A Tetranuclear Ruthenium(II) Complex Containing both Electron-Rich and Electron-Poor Bridging Ligands. Absorption Spectrum, Luminescence, Redox Behavior, and Intercomponent Energy Transfer. Inorg Chem 1996; 35:4513-4518. [PMID: 11666673 DOI: 10.1021/ic950086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first luminescent and redox active multinuclear Ru(II) compound containing both electron-poor (2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, 2,3-dpp) and electron-rich (3,5-bis(pyridyn-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole, Hbpt) polypyridine bridging ligands has been synthesized. The novel compound is [(bpy)(2)Ru(&mgr;-bpt)Ru{(&mgr;-2,3-dpp)Ru(bpy)(2)}(2)](7+) (1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Its absorption spectrum, luminescence properties, and redox behavior have been studied and are compared with the properties of the parent complexes [Ru{(&mgr;-2,3-dpp)Ru(bpy)(2)}(3)](8+) (2) and [(bpy)(2)Ru(&mgr;-bpt)Ru(bpy)(2)](3+) (3). The absorption spectrum of 1 is dominated by ligand-centered bands in the UV region and by metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in the visible region. Excited states and oxidation and reduction processes are localized in specific sites of the multicomponent structure. However, perturbations of each component on the redox and excited states of the others, as well as electronic interactions between the chromophores, can be observed. Intercomponent energy transfer from the upper-lying (&mgr;-bpt)(bpy)Ru-->bpy CT excited state of the Ru(bpy)(2)(&mgr;-bpt)(+) component to the lower-lying (bpy)(2)Ru-->&mgr;-2,3-dpp CT excited state of the Ru(bpy)(2)(&mgr;-2,3-dpp)(2+) subunit(s) is efficient in 1 in fluid solution at room temperature, whereas this process is not observed in a rigid matrix at 77 K. A two-step energy transfer mechanism is proposed to explain the photophysical properties of the new compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scolastica Serroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Analitica e Struttura Molecolare dell'Università, via Sperone 31, I-98166 Vill. S. Agata, Messina, Italy, Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica, Istituto di Chimica Agraria dell'Università, via S. Michele degli Scalzi 2, I-50124 Pisa, Italy, and School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Balzani V, Juris A, Venturi M, Campagna S, Serroni S. Luminescent and Redox-Active Polynuclear Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 1996; 96:759-834. [PMID: 11848772 DOI: 10.1021/cr941154y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1749] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Balzani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Struttura Molecolare, Università di Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
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34
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Berger RM, Ellis DD. Unusual electrochemical and spectroscopic behavior in a ligand-bridged binuclear complex of ruthenium (II): tetrakis (2,2′-bipyridine)- (μ-2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)triazine)diruthenium(II). Inorganica Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(95)04771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Campagna S, Denti G, Serroni S, Juris A, Venturi M, Ricevuto V, Balzani V. Dendrimers of Nanometer Size Based on Metal Complexes: Luminescent and Redox-Active Polynuclear Metal Complexes Containing up to Twenty-Two Metal Centers. Chemistry 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19950010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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An electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical investigation of bis(2,2′-bipyridine)(2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)triazine)ruthenium(II): a potential building block for supramolecular systems. Inorganica Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(94)04369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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A comparative study of the spectroscopy and oxidative spectroelectrochemistry of a series of homo- and heterobimetallic Ru(II) and Os(II) polypyridine complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(94)04308-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Lee YF, Kirchhoff JR, Berger RM, Gosztola D. Spectroelectrochemistry and excited-state absorption spectroscopy of rhenium(I)α,α′-diimine complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9950003677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Giuffrida G, Campagna S. Influence of peripheral ligands on the metal-metal interaction in dinuclear metal complexes with N-heterocyclic bridging ligands. Coord Chem Rev 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0010-8545(94)80076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Du Preez JG, Gerber TIA, Jacobs R. COMPLEXES OF TECHNETIUM(V) AND RHENIUM(V) WTH 2,3-BIS(2-PYRIDYL)PYRAZINE (DPP) AND 2,3-BIS(2-PYRIDYL)QUINOXALINE (DPQ). EVIDENCE FOR SEVEN-MEMBERED CHELATE RING FORMATION IN DPQ COMPLEXES. J COORD CHEM 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/00958979408024273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Vogler LM, Franco C, Jones SW, Brewer KJ. Ruthenium chromophores containing terpyridine and a series of polyazine bridging ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1693(94)03975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Molnar SM, Jensen GE, Vogler LM, Jones SW, Laverman L, Bridgewater JS, Richter MM, Brewer KJ. Photochemical properties of mixed-metal supramolecular complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)01024-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Crutchley RJ. Intervalence Charge Transfer and Electron Exchange Studies of Dinuclear Ruthenium Complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(08)60174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Bridgewater JS, Vogler LM, Molnar SM, Brewer KJ. Tuning the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of polypyridyl bridged mixed-metal trimetallic ruthenium(II), iridium(III) complexes: a spectroelectrochemical study. Inorganica Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)85119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M, Kalyanasundaram K, Girling RB, Hester RE. Raman characterization of charge-transfer transitions in ligand-bridged binuclear polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium(II). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9930000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Microelectrode studies without supporting electrolyte: Model and experimental comparison for singly and multiply charged ions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)85012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Hayes MA, Meckel C, Schatz E, Ward MD. Derivatives of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) with pendant pyridyl or phenol ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1039/dt9920000703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Johnson JE, de Groff C, Ruminski RR. Synthesis and characterization of tetraammineruthenium(II) complexes bound to the bridging ligand 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine (bptz): comparative effects of σ and π peripheral ligands on electronic absorption and electrochemical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)82979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Kalsbeck WA, Thorp H. Electrochemical reduction of fullerenes in the presence of O2 and H2O: Polyoxygen adducts and fragmentation of the C60 framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(91)85451-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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