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Rodríguez-Corrales JÁ, Wang J, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Mechanistic Investigation into DNA Modification by a Ru II ,Rh III Bimetallic Complex. Chembiochem 2018; 19:2216-2224. [PMID: 30088850 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the treatment of cancer, there remains an urgent need for more effective therapies that also have less impact on patient wellbeing. Photodynamic therapy employs targeted light activation of a photosensitizer in selected tissues, thereby reducing off-target toxicity. Our group previously reported a RuII ,RhIII bimetallic architecture that displays multifunctional covalent photomodification of DNA in the therapeutic window in an oxygen-independent manner, features that are essential for treating deep and hypoxic tumors. Herein, we explore the mechanism by which a new analogue, [(phen)2 Ru(dpp)Rh(phen)Cl2 ]3+ , or RuII -RhIII , interacts with DNA. We established that RuII -RhIII exhibits "light switch" behavior in the presence of DNA, undergoing strong electrostatic interactions that might involve groove binding. Furthermore, these noncovalent interactions play a major role in the covalent photobinding and photocleavage of DNA, which occur according to an oxygen-independent mechanism. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that covalent modification of DNA by RuII -RhIII , especially photobinding, is critical to inhibiting amplification, thus suggesting that the complex could exert its toxic activity by interfering with DNA replication in cells. This new structural motif, with phenanthroline at all three terminal ligand positions, has a number of properties that are promising for the continued refinement of photodynamic-therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
| | - Brenda S J Winkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
| | - Karen J Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0212, USA
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Canterbury TR, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ, Moore RB. Probing Co-Assembly of Supramolecular Photocatalysts and Polyelectrolytes Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6238-6244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
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Manbeck GF, Fujita E, Brewer KJ. Tetra- and Heptametallic Ru(II),Rh(III) Supramolecular Hydrogen Production Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7843-7854. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Manbeck
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry
Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Sayre HJ, White TA, Brewer KJ. Increased photocatalytic activity in Ru(II),Rh(III) supramolecular bimetallic complexes with terminal ligand substitution. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hopkins SL, Stepanyan L, Vahidi N, Jain A, Winkel BS, Brewer KJ. Visible light induced antibacterial properties of a Ru(II)–Pt(II) bimetallic complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhu J, Rodríguez-Corrales JÁ, Prussin R, Zhao Z, Dominijanni A, Hopkins SL, Winkel BSJ, Robertson JL, Brewer KJ. Exploring the activity of a polyazine bridged Ru(ii)–Pt(ii) supramolecule in F98 rat malignant glioma cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:145-148. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07978d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)PtCl2]Cl2exhibits multiple light-dependent cytotoxicity pathways that preferentially target DNA, offering promise for the development of novel photodynamic therapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | | | - Reece Prussin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | | | | | | | - John L. Robertson
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
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Kosgei GK, Livshits MY, Canterbury TR, Rack JJ, Brewer KJ. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of a Ru polypyridine phenothiazine dyad. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Padilla R, Rodriguez-Corrales JA, Donohoe LE, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. A new class of Ru(II) polyazine agents with potential for photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2705-8. [PMID: 26756042 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08682e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Appending anthracene units to [(bpy)2Ru(dpp)](2+) results in Ru(II) agents that exhibit dynamic photoreactivity towards DNA and protein. [(Anthbpy)(bpy)Ru(dpp)](2+) and [(Anthbpy)2Ru(dpp)](2+) are the first metal-organic Ru(II) agent with dpp ligands shown to photomodify DNA in the presence or absence of oxygen, while also binding protein in an oxygen-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Padilla
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - José A Rodriguez-Corrales
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - Lauren E Donohoe
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - Brenda S J Winkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA.
| | - Karen J Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
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Padilla R, Maza WA, Dominijanni AJ, Winkel BS, Morris AJ, Brewer KJ. Pushing the limits of structurally-diverse light-harvesting Ru(II) metal-organic chromophores for photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Canterbury TR, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ, Moore RB. A new hydrophilic supramolecular photocatalyst for the production of H2 in aerobic aqueous solutions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:8663-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03370a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Addition of sulfonated ligands into a Ru,Rh,Ru photocatalyst increases solubility and H2 production in aqueous aerobic solutions.
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Rogers HM, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. Enhancement of Solar Fuel Production Schemes by Using a Ru,Rh,Ru Supramolecular Photocatalyst Containing Hydroxide Labile Ligands. Chemistry 2015; 21:16948-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Canterbury TR, Arachchige SM, Moore RB, Brewer KJ. Increased Water Reduction Efficiency of Polyelectrolyte-Bound Trimetallic [Ru,Rh,Ru] Photocatalysts in Air-Saturated Aqueous Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Canterbury TR, Arachchige SM, Moore RB, Brewer KJ. Increased Water Reduction Efficiency of Polyelectrolyte-Bound Trimetallic [Ru,Rh,Ru] Photocatalysts in Air-Saturated Aqueous Solutions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12819-22. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Manbeck GF, Canterbury T, Zhou R, King S, Nam G, Brewer KJ. Electrocatalytic H2 Evolution by Supramolecular RuII–RhIII–RuII Complexes: Importance of Ligands as Electron Reservoirs and Speciation upon Reduction. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8148-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Manbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Theodore Canterbury
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Rongwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Skye King
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Wagner AT, Zhou R, Quinn KS, White TA, Wang J, Brewer KJ. Tuning the Photophysical Properties of Ru(II) Monometallic and Ru(II),Rh(III) Bimetallic Supramolecular Complexes by Selective Ligand Deuteration. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6781-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b02836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alec T. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Rongwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Kevan S. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
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Rogers HM, White TA, Stone BN, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. Nonchromophoric Halide Ligand Variation in Polyazine-Bridged Ru(II),Rh(III) Bimetallic Supramolecules Offering New Insight into Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Water. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3545-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brittany N. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Abstract
Ion-exchange of large multivalent cations in Nafion® membranes: kinetics of exchange and implications for more open morphological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise M. Naughton
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Mingqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Diego Troya
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Department of Chemistry
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science
- Blacksburg
- USA
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Abstract
New RuRuPt complexes photocatalytically reduce H2O to H2 with enhanced efficiency and stability compared to Ru2RuPt analogues.
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Zhou R, Manbeck GF, Wimer DG, Brewer KJ. A new RuIIRhIII bimetallic with a single Rh–Cl bond as a supramolecular photocatalyst for proton reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:12966-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Photoinitiated electron collection on the RhIII center bearing only one photo-labile Rh–Cl bond resulted in an active RuRhI species for proton reduction. The results opened a new approach to designing RuIIRhIII photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
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White TA, Mallalieu HE, Wang J, Brewer KJ. Mechanistic Insight into the Electronic Influences Imposed by Substituent Variation in Polyazine-Bridged Ruthenium(II)/Rhodium(III) Supramolecules. Chemistry 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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White TA, Mallalieu HE, Wang J, Brewer KJ. Cover Picture: Mechanistic Insight into the Electronic Influences Imposed by Substituent Variation in Polyazine-Bridged Ruthenium(II)/Rhodium(III) Supramolecules (Chem. Eur. J. 27/2014). Chemistry 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201490107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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White TA, Mallalieu HE, Wang J, Brewer KJ. Mechanistic Insight into the Electronic Influences Imposed by Substituent Variation in Polyazine-Bridged Ruthenium(II)/Rhodium(III) Supramolecules. Chemistry 2014; 20:8265-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhou R, Sedai B, Manbeck GF, Brewer KJ. New Supramolecular Structural Motif Coupling a Ruthenium(II) Polyazine Light Absorber to a Rhodium(I) Center. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13314-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4006828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0212, United States
| | - Baburam Sedai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0212, United States
| | - Gerald F. Manbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0212, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0212, United States
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Knoll JD, Higgins SLH, White TA, Brewer KJ. Subunit Variation to Uncover Properties of Polyazine-Bridged Ru(II), Pt(II) Supramolecules with Low Lying Charge Separated States Providing Insight into the Functioning as H2O Reduction Photocatalysts to Produce H2. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9749-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ic4004406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Knoll
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | | | - Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
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Wang J, Newman J, Higgins SLH, Brewer KM, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Red-Light-Induced Inhibition of DNA Replication and Amplification by PCR with an Os/Rh Supramolecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1262-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wang J, Newman J, Higgins SLH, Brewer KM, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Red-Light-Induced Inhibition of DNA Replication and Amplification by PCR with an Os/Rh Supramolecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wang J, Zigler DF, Hurst N, Othee H, Winkel BS, Brewer KJ. A new, bioactive structural motif: Visible light induced DNA photobinding and oxygen independent photocleavage by RuII, RhIII bimetallics. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 116:135-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Higgins SLH, Brewer KJ. Designing Red-Light-Activated Multifunctional Agents for the Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11420-2. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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White TA, Knoll JD, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. A Series of Supramolecular Complexes for Solar Energy Conversion via Water Reduction to Produce Hydrogen: An Excited State Kinetic Analysis of Ru(II),Rh(III),Ru(II) Photoinitiated Electron Collectors. Materials (Basel) 2011; 5:27-46. [PMID: 28817031 PMCID: PMC5448952 DOI: 10.3390/ma5010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-metal supramolecular complexes have been designed that photochemically absorb solar light, undergo photoinitiated electron collection and reduce water to produce hydrogen fuel using low energy visible light. This manuscript describes these systems with an analysis of the photophysics of a series of six supramolecular complexes, [{(TL)₂Ru(dpp)}₂RhX₂](PF₆)₅ with TL = bpy, phen or Ph₂phen with X = Cl or Br. The process of light conversion to a fuel requires a system to perform a number of complicated steps including the absorption of light, the generation of charge separation on a molecular level, the reduction by one and then two electrons and the interaction with the water substrate to produce hydrogen. The manuscript explores the rate of intramolecular electron transfer, rate of quenching of the supramolecules by the DMA electron donor, rate of reduction of the complex by DMA from the ³MLCT excited state, as well as overall rate of reduction of the complex via visible light excitation. Probing a series of complexes in detail exploring the variation of rates of important reactions as a function of sub-unit modification provides insight into the role of each process in the overall efficiency of water reduction to produce hydrogen. The kinetic analysis shows that the complexes display different rates of excited state reactions that vary with TL and halide. The role of the MLCT excited state is elucidated by this kinetic study which shows that the ³MLCT state and not the ³MMCT is likely that key contributor to the photoreduction of these complexes. The kinetic analysis of the excited state dynamics and reactions of the complexes are important as this class of supramolecules behaves as photoinitiated electron collectors and photocatalysts for the reduction of water to hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA.
| | - Jessica D Knoll
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA.
| | | | - Karen J Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA.
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Higgins SLH, Tucker AJ, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Metal to ligand charge transfer induced DNA photobinding in a Ru(II)-Pt(II) supramolecule using red light in the therapeutic window: a new mechanism for DNA modification. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 48:67-9. [PMID: 22075568 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Ru(II)-Pt(II) supramolecular complex, [(Ph(2)phen)(2)Ru(dpp)PtCl(2)](2+), displays a new mechanism for DNA modification: photobinding through a (3)MLCT excited state. Gel shift analysis, selective DNA precipitation, and DNA melting point experiments support efficient covalent DNA binding following visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L H Higgins
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Chemistry, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
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White TA, Higgins SLH, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in a Single-Component System Using Ru,Rh,Ru Supramolecules Containing 4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-Phenanthroline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:12209-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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White TA, Higgins SLH, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production in a Single-Component System Using Ru,Rh,Ru Supramolecules Containing 4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-Phenanthroline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zapiter JMD, Tissue BM, Brewer KJ. Synthesis and characterization of iridium polypyridyl complexes with ester groups with potential applications in covalent attachment to metal oxide surfaces. J COORD CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2011.616928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Marie D. Zapiter
- a Department of Chemistry , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061–0212, USA
| | - Brian M. Tissue
- a Department of Chemistry , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061–0212, USA
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- a Department of Chemistry , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061–0212, USA
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White TA, Whitaker BN, Brewer KJ. Discovering the Balance of Steric and Electronic Factors Needed To Provide a New Structural Motif for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Water. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15332-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja206782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Brittany N. Whitaker
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
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Knoll JD, Arachchige SM, Wang G, Rangan K, Miao R, Higgins SLH, Okyere B, Zhao M, Croasdale P, Magruder K, Sinclair B, Wall C, Brewer KJ. Electrochemical, Spectroscopic, and Photophysical Properties of Structurally Diverse Polyazine-Bridged Ru(II),Pt(II) and Os(II),Ru(II),Pt(II) Supramolecular Motifs. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8850-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Knoll
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Shamindri M. Arachchige
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Guangbin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Krishnan Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Ran Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Samantha L. H. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Benjamin Okyere
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Meihua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Paul Croasdale
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Katherine Magruder
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Brian Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Candace Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, United States
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Arachchige SM, Shaw R, White TA, Shenoy V, Tsui HM, Brewer KJ. High turnover in a photocatalytic system for water reduction to produce hydrogen using a Ru, Rh, Ru photoinitiated electron collector. ChemSusChem 2011; 4:514-518. [PMID: 21438156 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Covalent coupling of Ru(II) light absorbers to a Rh(III) electron collecting site through polyazine bridging ligands affords photocatalytic production of H(2) in the presence of visible light and a sacrificial electron donor. A robust photocatalytic system displaying a high turnover of the photocatalyst has been developed using the photoinitiated electron collector [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhBr(2)](5+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; dpp=2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) and N,N-dimethylaniline in DMF/H(2)O. Studies have shown that increased [DMA], the headspace volume, and the use of DMF solvent improves the systems performance and stability providing mechanistic insight into the deactivation routes of the photocatalytic system. Photolysis of the system at 460 nm generates 20 mL of H(2) in 19.5 h with a maximum Φ=0.023 based on H(2) produced and an overall Φ=0.014 and 280 turnovers of the photocatalyst. The photocatalytic system also displays long-term photostability with 30 mL of H(2) generated and 420 turnovers in 50 h under the same conditions. Prolonged photolysis provides 820 mol H(2) per mole of catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamindri M Arachchige
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0212, USA
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Knoll JD, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. A structurally diverse Ru(II),Pt(II) tetrametallic motif for photoinitiated electron collection and photocatalytic hydrogen production. ChemSusChem 2011; 4:252-261. [PMID: 21328554 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Coupling a reactive metal to light absorbers affords molecular devices for photoinitiated electron collection and photocatalytic conversion of substrates to fuels. A new Ru(II),Pt(II) tetrametallic supramolecule, [{(phen)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)PtCl(2)](PF(6))(6), and the trimetallic precursors, [{(phen)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RuCl(2)](PF(6))(4) and [{(phen)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)](PF(6))(6), have been synthesized, and their redox, spectroscopic, spectroelectrochemical, photophysical and photocatalytic properties studied. They efficiently absorb UV and visible light. The electrochemistry of [{(phen)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)PtCl(2)](PF(6))(6) suggests a lowest-lying terminal Ru→dpq charge-separated state that quenches the emission of the parent complex with non-unity population of the emissive (3)MLCT excited state. Photolysis of [{(phen)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)Ru(dpq)PtCl(2)](6+) at 470 nm with DMA gives multielectron reduction, storing electrons in a new manner on the central (dpp)(2)Ru(II)(dpq) moiety. Addition of H(2)O to the photolysis system produces 21 μmol of H(2) in 5 h, with 115 turnovers of the tetrametallic photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Knoll
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 107 Davidson Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
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Wang J, Higgins SLH, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. A new Os,Rh bimetallic with O2 independent DNA cleavage and DNA photobinding with red therapeutic light excitation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9786-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang J, White TA, Arachchige SM, Brewer KJ. A new structural motif for photoinitiated electron collection: Ru,Rh bimetallics providing insight into H2 production via photocatalysis of water reduction by Ru,Rh,Ru supramolecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:4451-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05157h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Higgins SLH, White TA, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Redox, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties of Ru-Pt mixed-metal complexes incorporating 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline as efficient DNA binding and photocleaving agents. Inorg Chem 2010; 50:463-70. [PMID: 21155537 DOI: 10.1021/ic100958r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The redox, spectroscopic, and photophysical properties as well as DNA interactions of the new bimetallic complexes [(Ph2phen)2Ru(BL)PtCl2](2+) (Ph2phen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and BL (bridging ligand) = dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine, or dpq = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline) were investigated. These Ru-polyazine chromophores with Ph2phen TLs (terminal ligands) and polyazine BLs are efficient light absorbers. The [(Ph2phen)2Ru(BL)PtCl2](2+) complexes display reversible Ru(II/III) oxidations at 1.57 (dpp) and 1.58 (dpq) V vs SCE (saturated calomel electrode) with an irreversible Pt(II/IV) oxidation occurring prior at 1.47 V vs SCE. Four, reversible ligand reductions occur at -0.50 dpp(0/-), -1.06 dpp(-/2-), -1.37 Ph2phen(0/-), and -1.56 V vs SCE Ph2phen(0/-). For the [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpq)PtCl2](2+) complex, the first two reductions shift to more positive potentials at -0.23 and -0.96 V vs SCE. The electronic absorption spectroscopy is dominated in the UV region by π → π* ligand transitions and in the visible region by metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions at 517 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)PtCl2](2+) and 600 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpq)PtCl2](2+). Emission spectroscopy shows that upon attaching Pt to the Ru monometallic precursor the λmax(em) shifts from 664 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)](2+) to 740 nm for [(Ph2phen)2Ru(dpp)PtCl2](2+). The cis-Pt(II)Cl2 bioactive site offers the potential of targeting DNA by covalently binding the mixed-metal complex to DNA bases. The multifunctional interactions with DNA were assayed using both linear and circular plasmid pUC18 DNA gel shift assays. Both title complexes can bind to and photocleave DNA with dramatically enhanced efficiency relative to previously reported systems. The impact of the Ph2phen TL on photophysics and bioreactivity is somewhat surprising given the Ru → BL charge transfer (CT) nature of the photoreactive state in the complexes.
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White TA, Arachchige SM, Sedai B, Brewer KJ. Emission Spectroscopy as a Probe into Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Polyazine Bridged Ru(II),Rh(III) Supramolecular Complexes. Materials (Basel) 2010; 3:4328-4354. [PMID: 28883332 PMCID: PMC5445835 DOI: 10.3390/ma3084328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy are valuable tools to probe photochemical processes of metal-ligand, coordination complexes. Ru(II) polyazine light absorbers are efficient light harvesters absorbing in the UV and visible with emissive 3MLCT excited states known to undergo excited state energy and electron transfer. Changes in emission intensity, energy or band-shape, as well as excited state lifetime, provide insight into excited state dynamics. Photophysical processes such as intramolecular electron transfer between electron donor and electron acceptor sub-units may be investigated using these methods. This review investigates the use of steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy to measure excited state intramolecular electron transfer in polyazine bridged Ru(II),Rh(III) supramolecular complexes. Intramolecular electron transfer in these systems provides for conversion of the emissive 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) excited state to a non-emissive, but potentially photoreactive, 3MMCT (metal-to-metal charge transfer) excited state. The details of the photophysics of Ru(II),Rh(III) and Ru(II),Rh(III),Ru(II) systems as probed by steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A White
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - Shamindri M Arachchige
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - Baburam Sedai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA
| | - Karen J Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0212, USA.
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White TA, Rangan K, Brewer KJ. Synthesis, characterization, and study of the photophysics and photocatalytic properties of the photoinitiated electron collector [{(phen)2Ru(dpp)}2RhBr2](PF6)5. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jain A, Wang J, Mashack ER, Winkel BSJ, Brewer KJ. Multifunctional DNA Interactions of Ru−Pt Mixed Metal Supramolecular Complexes with Substituted Terpyridine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:9077-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic900190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brenda S. J. Winkel
- Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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Arachchige SM, Brown JR, Chang E, Jain A, Zigler DF, Rangan K, Brewer KJ. Design considerations for a system for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water employing mixed-metal photochemical molecular devices for photoinitiated electron collection. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:1989-2000. [PMID: 19235960 DOI: 10.1021/ic8017387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular complexes coupling Ru(II) or Os(II) polyazine light absorbers through bridging ligands to Rh(III) or Ir(III) allow the study of factors impacting photoinitiated electron collection and multielectron water reduction to produce hydrogen. The [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpb)}(2)IrCl(2)](PF(6))(5) system represents the first photoinitiated electron collector in a molecular system (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dpb = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzoquinoxaline). The [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5) system represents the first photoinitiated electron collector that affords photochemical hydrogen production from water in the presence of an electron donor, N,N-dimethylaniline (dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine). The complexes [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5), [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhBr(2)](PF(6))(5), [{(phen)(2)Ru(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5), [{(bpy)(2)Os(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(5), [{(tpy)RuCl(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(3), [{(tpy)OsCl(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(3), and [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpb)}(2)IrCl(2)](PF(6))(5) are herein evaluated with respect to their functioning as hydrogen photocatalysts (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). With the exceptions of [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpb)}(2)IrCl(2)](PF(6))(5) and [{(tpy)OsCl(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(3), all other complexes demonstrate photocatalytic activity. The functioning systems possess a rhodium localized lowest unoccupied molecular orbital that serves as the site of electron collection and a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT) and/or metal-to-metal charge-transfer ((3)MMCT) excited-state with sufficient driving force for excited-state reduction by the electron donor. The lack of photocatalytic activity by [{(bpy)(2)Ru(dpb)}(2)IrCl(2)](PF(6))(5), although photoinitiated electron collection occurs, establishes the significance of the rhodium center in the photocatalytic system. The lack of photocatalytic activity of [{(tpy)OsCl(dpp)}(2)RhCl(2)](PF(6))(3) is attributed to the lower-energy (3)MLCT state that does not possess sufficient driving force for excited-state reduction by the electron donor. The variation of electron donor showed the photocatalysis efficiency to decrease in the order N,N-dimethylaniline > triethylamine > triethanolamine. The general design considerations for development of supramolecular assemblies that function as water reduction photocatalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamindri M Arachchige
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212, USA
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Brewer KJ. Spectroelectrochemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9009887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prussin AJ, Zhao S, Jain A, Winkel BS, Brewer KJ. DNA interaction studies of tridentate bridged Ru(II)–Pt(II) mixed-metal supramolecules. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:427-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zigler DF, Wang J, Brewer KJ. Ruthenium(II)-Polyazine Light Absorbers Bridged to Reactive cis-Dichlororhodium(III) Centers in a Bimetallic Molecular Architecture. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:11342-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8007602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David F. Zigler
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Karen J. Brewer
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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Jain A, Slebodnick C, Winkel BS, Brewer KJ. Enhanced DNA photocleavage properties of Ru(II) terpyridine complexes upon incorporation of methylphenyl substituted terpyridine and/or the polyazine bridging ligand dpp (2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine). J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1854-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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