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Mandal A, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Bajpai S, Yadav AK, Banerjee S. Transition Metal Complexes as Antimalarial Agents: A Review. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300326. [PMID: 37436090 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In antimalarial drug development research, overcoming drug resistance has been a major challenge for researchers. Nowadays, several drugs like chloroquine, mefloquine, sulfadoxine, and artemisinin are used to treat malaria. But increment in drug resistance has pushed researchers to find novel drugs to tackle drug resistance problems. The idea of using transition metal complexes with pharmacophores as ligands/ligand pendants to show enhanced antimalarial activity with a novel mechanism of action has gained significant attention recently. The advantages of metal complexes include tunable chemical/physical properties, redox activity, avoiding resistance factors, etc. Several recent reports have successfully demonstrated that the metal complexation of known organic antimalarial drugs can overcome drug resistance by showing enhanced activities than the parent drugs. This review has discussed the fruitful research works done in the past few years falling into this criterion. Based on transition metal series (3d, 4d, or 5d), the antimalarial metal complexes have been divided into three broad categories (3d, 4d, or 5d metal-based), and their activities have been compared with the similar control complexes as well as the parent drugs. Furthermore, we have also commented on the potential issues and their possible solution for translating these metal-based antimalarial complexes into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit Bajpai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
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2
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Venkatachalam TK, Bernhardt PV, Stimson DHR, Pierens GK, Bhalla R, Reutens DC. A Novel Strategy to Introduce 18F, a Positron Emitting Radionuclide, into a Gallium Nitrate Complex: Synthesis, NMR, X-Ray Crystal Structure, and Preliminary Studies on Radiolabelling with 18F. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A hexan-3,4-dione bis(4N-phenylthiosemicarbazone) gallium nitrate complex was synthesised and the structure was confirmed by NMR studies. The complex was prepared using an appropriately substituted dithiosemicarbazone and sodium methoxide in anhydrous methanol. The structure was further confirmed using single crystal X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of gallium nitrate complex of diphenylthiosemicarbazone comprise a planar configuration of the tetradentate coordinated thiosemicarbazone with the Ga3+ ion, with the nitrate ligand occupying the apical coordination site. The X-ray structure of the gallium fluoride complex of pentan-2,3-dione bis(4N-phenylthiosemicarbazone) has been determined and confirms exchange of the nitrate can be achieved with fluoride. We show facile exchange of 18F, a positron emitter, to form the 18F-gallium complex under mild conditions, thus providing confirmation that such a transformation can be used to introduce 18F directly into nitrate-coordinated complexes of gallium-thiosemicarbozone complexes, a new labelling strategy for the preparation of imaging agents.
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3
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Tapanelli S, Habluetzel A, Pellei M, Marchiò L, Tombesi A, Capparè A, Santini C. Novel metalloantimalarials: Transmission blocking effects of water soluble Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I) phosphane complexes on the murine malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 166:1-4. [PMID: 27815977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The water soluble phosphane complexes [M(L)4]PF6 (M=Cu(I), Ag(I)) and [Au(L)4]Cl (L=thp (tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphane) or PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane)) showed notable in vitro activity against Plasmodium early sporogonic stages, the sexual forms of the malaria parasite that are responsible for infection of the mosquito vector. Effects varied according to both, the type of metal and phosphane ligands. [Ag(thp)4]PF6 was the best performing complex exhibiting a half inhibitory concentration (IC50) value in the low micromolar range (0.3-15.6μM). The silver complex [Ag(thp)4]PF6 was characterized by X-ray crystallography revealing that the structure comprises the cationic complex [Ag(thp)4]+, the PF6- anion, and a water molecule of crystallization. Our results revealed that Cu(I), Ag(I) and Au(I) phosphanes complexes elicited similar activity profiles showing potential for the development of antimalarial, transmission blocking compounds. Molecules targeting the sexual parasite stages in the human and/or mosquito host are urgently needed to complement current artemisinin based treatments and next generation antimalarials in a vision not only to cure the disease but to interrupt its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tapanelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Piazza dei Costanti, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Maura Pellei
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessia Tombesi
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Ambra Capparè
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Carlo Santini
- School of Science and Technology - Chemistry Division, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, Camerino, MC, Italy
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4
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Beckford FA, Brock A, Gonzalez-Sarrías A, Seeram NP. Cytotoxic gallium complexes containing thiosemicarbazones derived from 9-anthraldehyde: Molecular docking with biomolecules. J Mol Struct 2016; 1121:156-166. [PMID: 27980346 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a trio of gallium complexes bearing 9-anthraldehyde thiosemicarbazones. The complexes were assessed for their anticancer activity and their biophysical reactivity was also investigated. The three complexes displayed good cytotoxic profiles against two human colon cancer cell lines, HCT-116 and Caco-2. The IC50 ranged from 4.7 - 44.1 μM with the complex having an unsubstituted amino group on the thiosemicarbazone being the most active. This particular complex also showed a high therapeutic index. All three complexes bind strongly to DNA via intercalation with binding constants ranging from 7.46 × 104 M-1 to 3.25 × 105 M-1. The strength of the binding cannot be directly related to the level of anticancer activity. The complexes also bind strongly to human serum albumin with binding constants on the order of 104 - 105 M-1 as well. The complexes act as chemical nucleases as evidenced by their ability to cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA. The binding constants along with the cleavage results may suggest that the extent of DNA interaction is not directly correlated with anticancer activity. The results of docking studies with DNA, ribonucleotide reductase and human serum albumin, however showed that the complex with the best biological activity had the largest binding constant to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Brock
- Science Division, Lyon College, Batesville, AR 72501, USA
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Sarrías
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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5
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Synthesis, characterization and DFT study of new water-soluble aluminum(III), gallium(III) and indium(III) Schiff base complexes: effect of metal on the binding propensity with bovine serum albumin in water. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Silva F, Campello MPC, Gano L, Fernandes C, Santos IC, Santos I, Ascenso JR, João Ferreira M, Paulo A. Chemical, radiochemical and biological studies of new gallium(iii) complexes with hexadentate chelators. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3342-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02274b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New Ga3+ complexes with hexadentate chelators were prepared using natural gallium and radiogallium, and showed some favorable features for radiopharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias e Nucleares
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 2695-066 Bobadela LRS
- Portugal
| | - Maria Paula C. Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias e Nucleares
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 2695-066 Bobadela LRS
- Portugal
| | - Lurdes Gano
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias e Nucleares
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 2695-066 Bobadela LRS
- Portugal
| | - Célia Fernandes
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias e Nucleares
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 2695-066 Bobadela LRS
- Portugal
| | - Isabel C. Santos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias e Nucleares
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 2695-066 Bobadela LRS
- Portugal
| | - Isabel Santos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias e Nucleares
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 2695-066 Bobadela LRS
- Portugal
| | - José R. Ascenso
- Centro de Quimica Estrutural
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - M. João Ferreira
- Centro de Quimica Estrutural
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias e Nucleares
- IST
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 2695-066 Bobadela LRS
- Portugal
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma F. Salas
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christoph Herrmann
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced
Applied Physics Solutions, TRIUMF, 4004
Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry
Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia
V6T 1Z1, Canada
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9
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Herrmann C, Salas PF, Patrick BO, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Adam MJ, Orvig C. 1,2-Disubstituted ferrocenyl carbohydrate chloroquine conjugates as potential antimalarial agents. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6431-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Biot C, Castro W, Botté CY, Navarro M. The therapeutic potential of metal-based antimalarial agents: Implications for the mechanism of action. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:6335-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt12247b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Bahl D, Athar F, Soares MBP, de Sá MS, Moreira DRM, Srivastava RM, Leite ACL, Azam A. Structure–activity relationships of mononuclear metal–thiosemicarbazone complexes endowed with potent antiplasmodial and antiamoebic activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6857-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Assey G, Butcher RJ, Gultneh Y, Yisgedu T. [2,2'-(2,6,9,13-Tetra-azatetra-decane-1,14-di-yl)diphenolato]iron(III) iodide. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:m711-2. [PMID: 21579344 PMCID: PMC2979518 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810018787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The title FeIII complex, [Fe(C22H32N4O2)]I, contains a six-coordinate FeN4O2 cation in which the ligand is a reduced Schiff base resulting from the NaBH4 reduction of the condensation product between salicylaldehyde and 1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane. In spite of the increased flexibility of the saturated backbone of the ligand compared to the Schiff base from which it was synthesized, the complex adopts a cis-FeN4O2 conformation for the phenolic O-atom donors, which contrasts with the trans conformation adopted by the analogous ClO4− salt [Yisgedu et al. (2009 ▶). J. Chem. Crystallogr.39, 315–319]. In addition to extensive N—H⋯I hydrogen bonding between the amine H atoms and the anion there is a weak C—H⋯I interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervas Assey
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, 525 College Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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13
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Potentially Multidentate Tripodal Amine Catechol Ligands as Chelators for Ga(III) and In(III). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.9.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Paunesku T, Vogt S, Maser J, Lai B, Woloschak G. X-ray fluorescence microprobe imaging in biology and medicine. J Cell Biochem 2007; 99:1489-502. [PMID: 17006954 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic X-ray fluorescence is a technique that can be used to establish elemental concentrations for a large number of different chemical elements simultaneously in different locations in cell and tissue samples. Exposing the samples to an X-ray beam is the basis of X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). This technique provides the excellent trace element sensitivity; and, due to the large penetration depth of hard X-rays, an opportunity to image whole cells and quantify elements on a per cell basis. Moreover, because specimens prepared for XFM do not require sectioning, they can be investigated close to their natural, hydrated state with cryogenic approaches. Until several years ago, XFM was not widely available to bio-medical communities, and rarely offered resolution better then several microns. This has changed drastically with the development of third-generation synchrotrons. Recent examples of elemental imaging of cells and tissues show the maturation of XFM imaging technique into an elegant and informative way to gain insight into cellular processes. Future developments of XFM-building of new XFM facilities with higher resolution, higher sensitivity or higher throughput will further advance studies of native elemental makeup of cells and provide the biological community including the budding area of bionanotechnology with a tool perfectly suited to monitor the distribution of metals including nanovectors and measure the results of interactions between the nanovectors and living cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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15
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Ferreira CL, Ewart CB, Barta CA, Little S, Yardley V, Martins C, Polishchuk E, Smith PJ, Moss JR, Merkel M, Adam MJ, Orvig C. Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Activity of Ferrocenyl Carbohydrate Conjugates. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:8414-22. [PMID: 16999442 DOI: 10.1021/ic061166p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven ferrocenyl carbohydrate conjugates were synthesized. Coupling reactions of monosaccharide derivatives with ferrocene carbonyl chloride produced {6-N-(methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)}-1-ferrocene carboxamide (3), {1-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranose)}-1-ferrocene carboxylate (4), and {6-O-(1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose)}-1-ferrocene carboxylate (5). Similarly, 1,1'-bis(carbonyl chloride)ferrocene was coupled with the appropriate sugars to produce the disubstituted analogues bis{6-N-(methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)}-1,1'-ferrocene carboxamide (8), bis{1-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-D-glucopyranose)}-1,1'-ferrocene carboxylate (9), and bis{6-O-(1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose)}-1,1'-ferrocene carboxylate (10). {6-N-(Methyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)}-1-ferrocene carboxamide monohydrate (12) was synthesized via amide coupling of an activated ferrocenyl ester with the corresponding carbohydrate. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. X-ray crystallography confirmed the solid-state structure of three ferrocenyl carbohydrate conjugates: 2-N-(1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose)-1-ferrocene carboxamide (1), 1-S-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-deoxy-1-thio-D-glucopyranose)-1-ferrocene carboxylate (2), and 12. The above compounds, along with bis{2-N-(1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose)}-1,1'-ferrocene carboxamide (6), bis{1-S-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-deoxy-1-thio-D-glucopyranose)}-1,1'-ferrocene carboxylate (7), and 2-N-(2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose)-1-ferrocene carboxamide (11) were examined for cytotoxicity in cell lines (L1210 and HTB-129) and for antimalarial activity in Plasmodium falciparum strains (D10, 3D7, and K1, a chloroquine-resistant strain). In general, the compounds were nontoxic in the human cell line tested (HTB-129), and compounds 4, 7, and 9 showed moderate antimalarial activity in one or more of the P. falciparum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Ferreira
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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16
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Shakya R, Peng F, Liu J, Heeg MJ, Verani CN. Synthesis, Structure, and Anticancer Activity of Gallium(III) Complexes with Asymmetric Tridentate Ligands: Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction of Cisplatin-Resistant Neuroblastoma Cells. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:6263-8. [PMID: 16878935 DOI: 10.1021/ic060106g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Five gallium(III) complexes described as [Ga(III)(LX)2]ClO4, where (LX)- is the deprotonated form of a series of asymmetric ligands containing pyridine and 4,6-substituted phenol moieties, were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. Phenol substituents encompass the electron-withdrawing and electron-donating methoxy (1), nitro (2), chloro (3), bromo (4), and iodo (5) groups. Complexes 1 and 3 have had their molecular structure solved by X-ray crystallography and show distinct coordination modes. Complexes 1-5 were tested for growth-inhibition activity on cisplatin-resistant human neuroblastoma cells; those containing halogen substituents on the phenolate rings, i.e., 3-5, showed activity superior to that observed for cisplatin and induced apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. Nitro-containing 2 suppressed proliferation of the neuroblastoma cells but induced apoptosis less effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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17
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Pradines B, Orlandi-Pradines E, Henry M, Bogreau H, Fusai T, Mosnier J, Baret E, Durand C, Bouchiba H, Penhoat K, Rogier C. [Metallocenes and malaria: a new therapeutic approach]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2005; 63:284-94. [PMID: 16142129 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(05)82293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid development of significant resistance to antimalarial drugs has been a major force driving research to identify and develop new compounds. The use of synthetic organometallic complexes seems to be promising for treatment of malaria infections. Recent progress in identification and development of new drugs promises to lead to a much greater range of antimalarial agents. Organometallic complexes and metalloporphyrins have shown in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Ferroquine (ferrocenyl chloroquine) is more active than chloroquine against strains and isolates of P. falciparum and shows efficacy against murine parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pradines
- Unité de recherche en biologie et épidémiologie parasitaires, Institut de médecine tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, Parc le Pharo, BP46, Marseille, France.
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18
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Fadeev EA, Luo M, Groves JT. Synthesis, structure, and molecular dynamics of gallium complexes of schizokinen and the amphiphilic siderophore acinetoferrin. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 126:12065-75. [PMID: 15382941 DOI: 10.1021/ja048145j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new general synthesis of the citrate-based siderophores acinetoferrin (Af) and schizokinen (Sz) and their analogues is described. The molecular structure of gallium schizokinen, GaSz, was determined by combined (1)H NMR, Hartree-Fock ab initio calculations, DFT, and empirical modeling of vicinal proton NMR spin-spin couplings. The metal-coordination geometry of GaSz was determined from NOE contacts to be cis-cis with respect to the two chelating hydroxamates. One diaminopropane adopts a single chairlike conformation while another is a mixture of two ring pucker arrangements. Both amide hydrogens are internally hydrogen bonded to metal-ligating oxygen atoms. The acyl methyl groups are directed away from each other with an average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. The kinetics of GaSz racemization were followed by selective, double spin-echo inversion-recovery (1)H NMR spectroscopy over the temperature range of 10-45 degrees C. The racemization proceeds by a multistep mechanism that is proton independent between pD 5 and 12 (k(0) = 1.47 (0.15 s(-1))) and acid catalyzed below pD 4 (k(1) = 2.25 (0.15) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)). The activation parameters found for the two sequential steps of the proton independent pathway were DeltaH(++) = 25 +/- 3 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 25 +/- 7 cal M(-1) K(-1) and DeltaH(++) = 17.1 +/- 0.2 kcal M(-1), DeltaS(++) = 0.3 +/- 2.7 cal M(-1) K(-1). The first step of the proton-independent mechanism was assigned to the dissociation of the carboxyl group. The second step was assigned to complex racemization. The proton-assisted step was assigned to a complete dissociation of the alpha-hydroxy carboxyl group at pD < 4. The ab initio modeling of gallium acinetoferrin, GaAf, and analogues derived from the structure of GaSz has shown that the pendant trans-octenoyl fragments are oriented in opposite directions with the average planar angle of ca. 130 degrees. This arrangement prevents GaAf from adopting a phospholipid-like structural motif. Significantly, iron siderophore complex FeAf was found to be disruptive to phospholipid vesicles and is considerably more hydrophilic than Af, with an eight-fold smaller partition coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Fadeev
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Ocheskey JA, Harpstrite SE, Oksman A, Goldberg DE, Sharma V. Metalloantimalarials: synthesis and characterization of a novel agent possessing activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1622-4. [PMID: 15770280 DOI: 10.1039/b415771k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and antimalarial potency of an amine-phenol complex of gallium(III), [{1,12-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-(quinolin-3-yl)-benzyl)-1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane}-gallium(III)]+, [Ga-3-M-5-Quadd]+ (7) is described; a novel agent that targets Plasmodium falciparum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Ocheskey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA
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20
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Bera M, Wong WT, Aromi G, Ribas J, Ray D. A Novel μ4-Oxo Bridged Copper Tetrahedron Derived by Self-Assembly: First Example of Double Helical Bis(Tridentate) Coordination of a Hexadentate Amine Phenol Ligand. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:4787-9. [PMID: 15285644 DOI: 10.1021/ic049817+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In methanol, the reaction of Cu(ClO(4))(2).6H(2)O and the hexadentate amine phenol ligand (H(2)bahped) in the presence of triethylamine affords a tetranuclear copper(II) complex having the formula [Cu(4)(mu(4)-O)(bahped)(2)](ClO(4))(2). The X-ray structure of this complex shows a tetrahedral central [Cu(II)(4)(mu(4)-O)]unit coordinated to two hexadentate bridging (via the central ethylenediamine part) ligands. The compound is the first example of a mu(4)-oxo tetranuclear copper(II) complex without any bridging ligand along the six tetrahedral edges. Variable-temperature magnetic data clearly show an S(t) = 0 spin ground state for antiferromagnetic interactions between four (2)B(2) copper(II) ions in a dimer of dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manindranath Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721 302, India
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