1
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Novák M, Turek J, Milasheuskaya Y, Syková M, Dostál L, Stalmans J, Růžičková Z, Jurkschat K, Jambor R. Tin(II) cations stabilized by non-symmetric N,N',O-chelating ligands: synthesis and stability. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2749-2761. [PMID: 36749616 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03563d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel non-symmetric neutral N,N',O-chelating ligands derived from the α-iminopyridine 2-(C(R1)N(C6H3-2,6-iPr2))-6-(R2R3PO)C5H3N (L1: R1 = H, R2 = R3 = Ph; L2: R1 = Me, R2 = R3 = Ph; L3: R1 = H; R2 = Ph, R3 = EtO; L4: R1 = Me, R2 = Ph, R3 = EtO; L5: R1 = H, R2 = R3 = iPrO; L6: R1 = Me, R2 = R3 = iPrO) were synthesized. Ligands L1-6 were reacted with SnCl2 and Sn(OTf)2 with the aim of studying the influence of different R2R3PO functional groups on the Lewis base mediated ionization of SnCl2 and Sn(OTf)2. While all ligands L1-6 provided the corresponding ionic tin(II) complexes [L1-6 → SnCl]+[SnCl3]- (1-6), only ligands L1, L4 and L6 were able to stabilize tin(II) dications [L1,4,6 → Sn(H2O)][OTf]2 (7-9). The auto-ionized compounds [L3-6 → SnCl]+[SnCl3]- possessing ethylphenyl phosphinate and diisopropylphosphite substituents undergo elimination of EtCl and iPrCl, respectively, yielding compounds 10-13. These can either be interpreted as neutral tin(II)phosphinate chloride (10, 11) and tin(II)phosphonate chloride (12, 13), respectively, containing Sn-O and Sn-Cl bonds, and a PO → SnCl2 interaction, or as zwitterionic compounds, where the positive charge of the central tin atom is compensated by an [OSnCl2]- anion. Finally, DFT studies were performed to better understand the steric and electronic properties of the ligands L1-6 as well as the nature of the bonds in the resulting products, with a particular focus on complexes 10-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Novák
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Turek
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yaraslava Milasheuskaya
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Syková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jesse Stalmans
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fäkultat für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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2
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Hu C, Liu LL. Utilization of a Tris(carbene)borate Ligand for Umpolung Reactivity of a Nucleophilic Tin(II) Cation Salt. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3592-3600. [PMID: 36763989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We show that a tris(carbene)borate (TCB) ligand, namely [PhB(tBuIm)3]- ([PhB(tBuIm)3]- = phenyltris(3-tert-butylimidazol-2-ylidene)borato), is capable of stabilizing an unprecedented nucleophilic Sn(II) cation salt. Unlike known Sn(II) cations, the strong electron-donating ability of [PhB(tBuIm)3]- makes the cationic tin atom electron-rich, σ-donating yet slightly π-accepting, which allows for the ensuing facile oxidation with o-chloranil and S8 as well as coordination with coinage metals. The former oxidations give the Sn(IV) cation salts, while the latter reactions produce the metal complexes. The electronic structures of these species are thoroughly probed by quantum chemical computations. These results uncover an added role for TCB ligands in isolating unprecedented p-block species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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3
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Novák M, Turek J, Milasheuskaya Y, Růžičková Z, Podzimek Š, Jambor R. N-Donor stabilized tin(II) cations as efficient ROP catalysts for the synthesis of linear and star-shaped PLAs via the activated monomer mechanism. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16039-16052. [PMID: 34651625 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Iminopyridine ligands L1 (2-(CHN(C6H2-2,4,6-Ph3))C5H4N), L2 (2-(CHN(C6H2-2,4,6-tBu3))C5H4N) and L3 (1,2-(C5H4N-2-CHN)2CH2CH2) differing by the steric demand of the substituent on the imine CHN group and by the number of donating nitrogen atoms were utilized to initiate a Lewis base mediated ionization of SnCl2 in an effort to prepare ionic tin(II) species [L1-3 → SnCl][SnCl3]. The reaction of L1 and L2 with SnCl2 led to the formation of neutral adducts [L1 → SnCl2] (2) and [L2 → SnCl2] (3). The preparation of the desired ionic compounds was achieved by subsequent reactions of 2 and 3 with an equivalent of SnCl2 or GaCl3. In contrast, ligand L3 containing four donor nitrogen atoms showed the ability to ionize SnCl2 and also Sn(OTf)2, yielding [L3 → SnCl][SnCl3] (7) and [L3 → Sn(H2O)][OTf]2 (8). The study thus revealed that the reaction is dependent on the type of the ligand. The prepared complexes 4-8 together with the previously reported [{2-((CH3)CN(C6H3-2,6-iPr2))-6-CH3O-C5H3N}SnCl][SnCl3] (1) were tested as catalysts for the ROP of L-lactide, which could operate via an activated monomer mechanism. Finally, a DFT computational study was performed to evaluate the steric and electronic properties of the ionic tin(II) species 1 and 4-8 together with their ability to interact with the L-lactide monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Novák
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Turek
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Yaraslava Milasheuskaya
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Podzimek
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic. .,Synpo, Ltd., S.K. Neumanna 1316, 53207 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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4
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Bourque JL, Nanni RA, Biesinger MC, Baines KM. Synthesis and Reactivity of Cationic Gallium(I) [12]Crown-4 Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14713-14720. [PMID: 34542994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and reactivity of a gallium(I) cationic complex using [12]crown-4 as a stabilizing ligand were explored. The synthesis of [Ga([12]crown-4)][GaCl4] was achieved in one step from commercially available starting materials. Anion exchange was utilized to replace the reactive tetrachlorogallate anion for the perfluorophenylborate anion. [Ga([12]crown-4)][B(C6F5)4] was analyzed using XPS, which allowed for the classification of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex as electron-deficient. Reactions of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex with Cp*K and cryptand[2.2.2] demonstrated the facile synthesis of a known gallium(I) compound as well as the generation of new gallium(I) complexes, highlighting the use of the gallium(I)-crown ether complex as an effective starting material for new gallium(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Robert A Nanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Mark C Biesinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.,Surface Science Western, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 0J3
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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5
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Mukherjee A, Ghule S, Tiwari MK, Vanka K. Unraveling the Hidden Role of the Counteranion in "Cation in a Cage" Systems. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8040-8049. [PMID: 32894677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The current work showcases general principles at play in systems consisting of cations present inside molecular cages. Such systems, relevant to chemistry and biology, have been carefully investigated by computational methods. The important Ge(II)-encapsulating cage systems have been studied first. The very fact that such compounds exist appears highly unlikely, given the highly reactive nature of the Ge(II) dication. Our studies reveal what really occurs in solution when such complexes are formed: the Ge(II) dications are actually present as [Ge-X]+ (where X is the "non-coordinating" counterion employed in such systems) during entry and subsequent existence at the center of the cage. Hence, what is actually present is a "pseudomonocation". Interestingly, such pseudomonocation-encapsulated cages are seen to be equally relevant in systems of biological importance, such as for dicationic s block-based ionophores. In explaining such cases, the concept of "isoionicity" is introduced, demonstrating that the counterion-coordinated dications are isoionic with a monocation, such as Li(I), isolated in the same ionophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagh Mukherjee
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Siddharth Ghule
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mrityunjay K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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6
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Lucier BEG, Terskikh VV, Guo J, Bourque JL, McOnie SL, Ripmeester JA, Huang Y, Baines KM. Chlorine-35 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as an Indirect Probe of the Oxidation Number of Tin in Tin Chlorides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:13651-13670. [PMID: 32883071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultrawideline 35Cl solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectra of a series of 12 tin chlorides were recorded. The magnitude of the 35Cl quadrupolar coupling constant (CQ) was shown to consistently indicate the chemical state (oxidation number) of the bound Sn center. The chemical state of the Sn center was independently verified by tin Mössbauer spectroscopy. CQ(35Cl) values of >30 MHz correspond to Sn(IV), while CQ(35Cl) readings of <30 MHz indicate that Sn(II) is present. Tin-119 SSNMR experiments would seem to be the most direct and effective route to interrogating tin in these systems, yet we show that ambiguous results can emerge from this method, which may lead to an incorrect interpretation of the Sn oxidation number. The accumulated 35Cl NMR data are used as a guide to assign the Sn oxidation number in the mixed-valent metal complex Ph3PPdImSnCl2. The synthesis and crystal structure of the related Ph3PPtImSnCl2 are reported, and 195Pt and 35Cl SSNMR experiments were also used to investigate its Pt-Sn bonding. Plane-wave DFT calculations of 35Cl, 119Sn, and 195Pt NMR parameters are used to model and interpret experimental data, supported by computed 119Sn and 195Pt chemical shift tensor orientations. Given the ubiquity of directly bound Cl centers in organometallic and inorganic systems, there is tremendous potential for widespread usage of 35Cl SSNMR parameters to provide a reliable indication of the chemical state in metal chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E G Lucier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Victor V Terskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Sarah L McOnie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John A Ripmeester
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.,Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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7
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Schröder J, Böttcher T. 2,6‐Bis(diazaboryl)pyridine – A Ligand with Hemilabile Donor and Lewis Acid Functionalities. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schröder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Tobias Böttcher
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
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8
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9
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Suter R, Swidan A, Macdonald CLB, Burford N, Ferguson MJ. Halogen and Sulfur Oxidation of Germanium and Tin Dications. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6238-6245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Suter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
| | - Ala’aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Charles L. B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Neil Burford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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10
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Gupta M, Sahana S, Sharma V, Bharadwaj PK. Benzothiazole integrated into a cryptand for ESIPT-based selective chemosensor for Zn2+ ions. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7801-7808. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00548j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel 2(2′-hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole-based cryptand (L) exhibits high fluorescence intensity in the presence of Zn2+ ions by stopping the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process with a detection limit of 0.20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Sunanda Sahana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Vivekanand Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
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11
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Raut RK, Sahoo P, Chimnapure D, Majumdar M. Versatile coordinating abilities of acyclic N4 and N2P2 ligand frameworks in conjunction with Sn[N(SiMe3)2]2. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:10953-10961. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00617f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conjoint effort of the –CH2–CH2– linker backbone and coordinating sites in the tetradentate ligand stabilizes a variety of stannylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K. Raut
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Padmini Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Dipti Chimnapure
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune-411008
- India
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12
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Karmakar A, Hazra S, Rúbio GMDM, Guedes da Silva MFC, Pombeiro AJL. Packing polymorphism in 3-amino-2-pyrazinecarboxylate based tin(ii) complexes and their catalytic activity towards cyanosilylation of aldehydes. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03805h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
3-Amino-2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid is used to synthesize two new mononuclear interconvertible packing polymorphs of tin(ii) which act as heterogeneous catalysts for the cyanosilylation of aldehydes with trimethylsilyl cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Karmakar
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- Lisbon
| | - Susanta Hazra
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- Lisbon
| | - Guilherme M. D. M. Rúbio
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- Lisbon
| | | | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Av. Rovisco Pais
- Lisbon
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13
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Beyond carbocations: Synthesis, structure and reactivity of heavier Group 14 element cations. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Schleep M, Hettich C, Kratzert D, Scherer H, Krossing I. Two synthetic approaches for the preparation of tin(ii) dications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10914-10917. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06201j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Facile access to weakly coordinated Sn(ii) salts is provided by reaction of NO[Al(ORF)4] with tin metal. Further use is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- Universität Freiburg
- Albertstr. 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Clarissa Hettich
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- Universität Freiburg
- Albertstr. 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Daniel Kratzert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- Universität Freiburg
- Albertstr. 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- Universität Freiburg
- Albertstr. 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- Universität Freiburg
- Albertstr. 21
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
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15
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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16
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Swamy VSVSN, Yadav S, Pal S, Das T, Vanka K, Sen SS. Facile access to a Ge(ii) dication stabilized by isocyanides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7890-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03789e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide with GeCl2 afforded a Ge(ii) dication, which is stabilized by four isonitrile ligands through σ-donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. V. S. N. Swamy
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Shiv Pal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Pune
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Tamal Das
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical and Material Chemistry Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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17
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Abstract
Notable aspects of the chemistry of polyether complexes of group 13 and 14 elements are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala'aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
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18
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Gawron M, Dietz C, Lutter M, Duthie A, Jouikov V, Jurkschat K. Different Complexation Behavior of P-Functionalized Ferrocene Derivatives Towards SnCl2 , SnCl4 and SnPh2 Cl2 : Auto-ionization and Redox-Type Reactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:16609-22. [PMID: 26480839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The novel phosphonyl-substituted ferrocene derivatives [Fe(η(5) -Cp)(η(5) -C5 H3 {P(O)(O-iPr)2 }2 -1,2)] (Fc(1,2) ) and [Fe{η(5) -C5 H4 P(O)(O-iPr)2 }2 ] (Fc(1,1') ) react with SnCl2 , SnCl4 , and SnPh2 Cl2 , giving the corresponding complexes [(Fc(1,2) )2 SnCl][SnCl3 ] (1), [{(Fc(1,1') )SnCl2 }n ] (2), [(Fc(1,1') )SnCl4 ] (3), [{(Fc(1,1') )SnPh2 Cl2 }n ] (4), and [(Fc(1,2) )SnCl4 ] (5), respectively. The compounds are characterized by elemental analyses, (1) H, (13) C, (31) P, (119) Sn NMR and IR spectroscopy, (31) P and (119) Sn CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy, cyclovoltammetry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and single-crystal as well as powder X-ray diffraction analyses. The experimental work is accompanied by DFT calculations, which help to shed light on the origin for the different reaction behavior of Fc(1,1') and Fc(1,2) towards tin(II) chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gawron
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Fakultät Chemie und Chemische Biologie der Technischen Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund (Germany)
| | - Christina Dietz
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Fakultät Chemie und Chemische Biologie der Technischen Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund (Germany)
| | - Michael Lutter
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Fakultät Chemie und Chemische Biologie der Technischen Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund (Germany)
| | - Andrew Duthie
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216 (Australia)
| | - Viatcheslav Jouikov
- Molecular Chemistry and Photonics, UMR 6226 ISCR, University of Rennes I, 35042 Rennes (France)
| | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II, Fakultät Chemie und Chemische Biologie der Technischen Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund (Germany).
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19
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Bouska M, Dostál L, Lutter M, Glowacki B, Ruzickova Z, Beck D, Jambor R, Jurkschat K. N-Coordinated Tin(II) Trifluoromethanesulfonates and Their Reactions with Transition Metal Carbonyls. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:6792-800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Lutter
- Lehrstuhl
für Anorganische Chemie II, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Britta Glowacki
- Lehrstuhl
für Anorganische Chemie II, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Lehrstuhl
für Anorganische Chemie II, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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20
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Bourque JL, Boyle PD, Baines KM. Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic Low-Valent Gallium Complexes of Cryptand[2.2.2]. Chemistry 2015; 21:9790-6. [PMID: 26037242 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Bourque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 310 A, Chemistry Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 (Canada)
| | - Paul D Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 310 A, Chemistry Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 (Canada)
| | - Kim M Baines
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Room 310 A, Chemistry Building, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7 (Canada).
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21
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Swamy VSVSN, Pal S, Khan S, Sen SS. Cations and dications of heavier group 14 elements in low oxidation states. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12903-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an introduction to the synthesis, properties, and reactivity of the cations and dications of the heavier group 14 elements in their low oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. S. V. S. N. Swamy
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
| | - Shiv Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science
- Education
- Research
- Pune 411008
| | - Sakya S. Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411008
- India
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22
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Jutzi P. The Pentamethylcyclopentadienylsilicon(II) Cation: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity. Chemistry 2014; 20:9192-207. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Hanson MA, Terskikh VV, Baines KM, Huang Y. Chlorine-35 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy as an Indirect Probe of Germanium Oxidation State and Coordination Environment in Germanium Chlorides. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7377-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500728w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Victor V. Terskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Kim M. Baines
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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24
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Jurca T, Hiscock LK, Korobkov I, Rowley CN, Richeson DS. The tipping point of the inert pair effect: experimental and computational comparison of In(I) and Sn(II) bis(imino)pyridine complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 43:690-697. [PMID: 24141972 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52227j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The autoionization reaction of neutral bis(imino)pyridine and SnX2 led to three compounds [{ArN[double bond, length as m-dash]CPh}2(NC5H3)]SnX(+)SnX3(-) (Ar = 2,6-(2,5-(t)Bu2C6H3), X = Cl, Br; Ar = 2,6-(2,6-Me2C6H3), X = Cl) which display, within the same species, cations and anions possessing Sn(ii) centers. Computational analysis compared the ligated Sn(ii) cations with bis(imino)pyridine In(i) complexes that showed unprecedented weak metal-ligand covalent interactions, consistent with the In(i) 5s(2) electrons remaining as an inert nonbonding pair. Analysis of the metal-ligand bonding indicates that the chloride ligand of the Sn(ii) complex induces promotion of the metal 5s(2) electron pair to a stereochemically active hybridized orbital, which, in turn, allows strong coordination of the bis(imino)pyridine to Sn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titel Jurca
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Lana K Hiscock
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ilia Korobkov
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Christopher N Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Darrin S Richeson
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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25
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Gurnani C, Hector AL, Jager E, Levason W, Pugh D, Reid G. Tin(ii) fluoride vs. tin(ii) chloride – a comparison of their coordination chemistry with neutral ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:8364-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50743b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Mansaray HB, Tang CY, Vidovic D, Thompson AL, Aldridge S. Interaction of In(I) and Tl(I) Cations with 2,6-Diaryl Pyridine Ligands: Cation Encapsulation within a Very Weakly Interacting N/Arene Host Environment. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:13017-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ic3021386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassanatu B. Mansaray
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South
Parks Road, Oxford, U.K.
OX1 3QR
| | - Christina Y. Tang
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South
Parks Road, Oxford, U.K.
OX1 3QR
| | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South
Parks Road, Oxford, U.K.
OX1 3QR
| | - Amber L. Thompson
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South
Parks Road, Oxford, U.K.
OX1 3QR
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South
Parks Road, Oxford, U.K.
OX1 3QR
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27
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Pell TP, Couchman SA, Ibrahim S, Wilson DJD, Smith BJ, Barnard PJ, Dutton JL. Diverse reactions of PhI(OTf)2 with common 2-electron ligands: complex formation, oxidation, and oxidative coupling. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:13034-40. [PMID: 23148595 DOI: 10.1021/ic302176f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of bis-pyridine stabilized iodine dications [PhI(pyr)(2)](2+) are reported as triflate salts, representing the first ligand supported iodine dications to be structurally characterized. The pyridine complexes are susceptible to ligand exchange in reaction with stronger N-based donors such as 4-dimethylaminopyridine. Attempts to extend this reactivity to N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine ligands, as has been accomplished in the earlier p-block groups, resulted in redox chemistry, with oxidation of the ligands rather than coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Pell
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086
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28
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Xiong Y, Yao S, Inoue S, Irran E, Driess M. The Elusive Silyliumylidene [ClSi:]+and Silathionium [ClSiS]+Cations Stabilized by Bis(Iminophosphorane) Chelate Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Xiong Y, Yao S, Inoue S, Irran E, Driess M. The Elusive Silyliumylidene [ClSi:]+and Silathionium [ClSiS]+Cations Stabilized by Bis(Iminophosphorane) Chelate Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10074-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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