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Parsons LW, Berben LA. Expanding the Scope of Aluminum Chemistry with Noninnocent Ligands. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1087-1097. [PMID: 38581655 PMCID: PMC11025028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust at 8%, and it is also widely available domestically in many countries worldwide, which ensures a stable supply chain. To further the applications of aluminum (Al), such as in catalysis and electronic and energy storage materials, there has been significant interest in the synthesis and characterization of new Al coordination compounds that can support electron transfer (ET) and proton transfer (PT) chemistry. This has been achieved using redox and chemically noninnocent ligands (NILs) combined with the highly stable M(III) oxidation state of Al and in some cases the heavier group 13 ions, Ga and In.When ligands participate in redox chemistry or facilitate the breaking or making of new bonds, they are often termed redox or chemically noninnocent, respectively. Al(III) in particular supports rich ligand-based redox chemistry because it is so redox inert and will support the ligand across many charge and protonation states without entering into the reaction chemistry. To a lesser extent, we have reported on the heavier group 13 elements Ga and In, and this chemistry will also be included in this Account, where available.This Account is arranged into two technical sections, which are (1) Structures of Al-NIL complexes and (2) Reactivity of Al-NIL complexes. Highlights of the research work include reversible redox chemistry that has been enabled by ligand design to shut down radical coupling pathways and to prevent loss of H2 from unsaturated ligand sites. These reversible redox properties have in turn enabled the characterization of Class III electron delocalization through Al when two NIL are bound to the Al(III) in different charge states. Characterization of the metalloaromatic character of square planar Al and Ga complexes has been achieved, and characterization of the delocalized electronic structures has provided a model within which to understand and predict the ET and PT chemistry of the NIL group 13 compounds. The capacity of Al-NIL complexes to perform ET and PT has been employed in reactions that use ET or PT reactivity only or in reactions where coupled ET/PT affords hydride transfer chemistry. As an example, ligand-based PT reactions initiate metal-ligand cooperative bond activation pathways for catalysis: this includes acceptorless dehydrogenation of formic acid and anilines and transfer hydrogenation chemistry. In a complementary approach, ligand based ET/PT chemistry has been used in the study of dihydropyridinate (DHP-) chemistry where it was shown that N-coordination of group 13 ions lowers kinetic barriers to DHP- formation. Taken together, the discussion presented herein illustrates that the NIL chemistry of Al(III), and also of Ga(III) and In(III) holds promise for further developments in catalysis and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W.
T. Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Louise A. Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Yambulatov DS, Lutsenko IA, Nikolaevskii SA, Petrov PA, Smolyaninov IV, Malyants IK, Shender VO, Kiskin MA, Sidorov AA, Berberova NT, Eremenko IL. α-Diimine Cisplatin Derivatives: Synthesis, Structure, Cyclic Voltammetry and Cytotoxicity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238565. [PMID: 36500668 PMCID: PMC9737600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three new Pt(II) complexes [(dpp-DAD)PtCl2] (I), [(Mes-DAD(Me)2)PtCl2] (II) and [(dpp-DAD(Me)2)PtCl2] (III) were synthesized by the direct reaction of [(CH3CN)2PtCl2] and corresponding redox-active 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes (DAD). The compounds were isolated in a single crystal form and their molecular structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The purity of the complexes and their stability in solution was confirmed by NMR analysis. The Pt(II) ions in all compounds are in a square planar environment. The electrochemical reduction of complexes I-III proceeds in two successive cathodic stages. The first quasi-reversible reduction leads to the relatively stable monoanionic complexes; the second cathodic stage is irreversible. The coordination of 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadienes ligands with PtCl2 increases the reduction potential and the electron acceptor ability of the DAD ligands. The synthesized compounds were tested in relation to an adenocarcinoma of the ovary (SKOV3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy S. Yambulatov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.S.Y.); (S.A.N.); Tel./Fax: +7-(495)-955-4817 (S.A.N.)
| | - Irina A. Lutsenko
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Nikolaevskii
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.S.Y.); (S.A.N.); Tel./Fax: +7-(495)-955-4817 (S.A.N.)
| | - Pavel A. Petrov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Smolyaninov
- Department of Chemistry, Astrakhan State Technical University, 16 Tatisheva Str., 414056 Astrakhan, Russia
| | - Irina K. Malyants
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a M. Pirogovscaya, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria O. Shender
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a M. Pirogovscaya, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Kiskin
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Sidorov
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda T. Berberova
- Department of Chemistry, Astrakhan State Technical University, 16 Tatisheva Str., 414056 Astrakhan, Russia
| | - Igor L. Eremenko
- N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Recent Developments in the Syntheses of Aluminum Complexes Based on Redox-Active Ligands. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Redox-active ligands: Recent advances towards their incorporation into coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Iron tricarbonyl α-diimine complexes: Synthesis, characterization, and electronic structure based on X-ray crystal structures. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Liu R, Yang S, Ding Y. Study on the Structure, Thermodynamic property, and Fluorescence of Pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl‐tert‐butylamine Dimethyl aluminum complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of synthetic and biological colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Shuyan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of synthetic and biological colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 Jiangsu Province China
| | - Yuqiang Ding
- The Key Laboratory of synthetic and biological colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 Jiangsu Province China
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Podhorsky J, Babiak M, Pinkas J, Hegemann C, Mathur S, Moravec Z. New mixed-ligand organoaluminum heteroarylalkenolates. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hicks J, Vasko P, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. The Aluminyl Anion: A New Generation of Aluminium Nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1702-1713. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Sullivans Creek Road Acton 2601 Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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Zhang X, Zhou S, Fang X, Zhang L, Tao G, Wei Y, Zhu X, Cui P, Wang S. Syntheses of Dianionic α-Iminopyridine Rare-Earth Metal Complexes and Their Catalytic Acitivities toward Dehydrogenative Coupling of Amines with Hydrosilanes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9683-9692. [PMID: 32602707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of [(Me3Si)2N]3RE(μ-Cl)Li(THF)3 with aminomethylene-substituted pyridine 2-[O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NCH2]C5H4N (1) gave the dianionic α-iminopyridine rare-earth metal amido complexes {μ-η2:σ1:κ1:κ1-2-[O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NCH]C5H4N}2RE2[N(SiMe3)2]2 (RE = Y(2a), La(2b), Pr(2c), Nd(2d), Sm(2e), Dy(2f), Er(2g), and Lu (2h)). However, reaction of [(Me3Si)2N]3Y(μ-Cl)Li(THF)3 with pyridin-2-ylmethyl-substituted amines such as 2-(RNHCH2)C5H4N (R = tBu (3a) and 2,6-iPr2Ph (3b)) or benzyl-substituted amine O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NHCH2C6H5 (5) afforded the corresponding yttrium complexes containing monoanionic ligands [2-(RNCH2)C5H4N]2YN(SiMe3)2 (R = tBu (4a) and 2,6-iPr2Ph (4b)) or [O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NCH2C6H5][(Me3Si)2N)]Y(μ-Cl)(μ-η3-O(CH2CH2)2NCH2CH2NCH2C6H5)Li(THF) (6). Dianionic α-iminopyridine rare-earth metal amido complexes showed high catalytic activities for the dehydrogenation coupling reaction of hydrosilanes and amines providing a variety of silylamines in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Zhang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Shuangliu Zhou
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiaofei Fang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Guide Tao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yun Wei
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiancui Zhu
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Shaowu Wang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.,Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China
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Bodach A, Bamford KL, Longobardi LE, Felderhoff M, Stephan DW. Group 13-derived radicals from α-diimines via hydro- and carboalumination reactions. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11689-11696. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02498h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemically synthesized alanes and (hydrido-)alanes were reacted with α-diimines to form aluminium derived radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bodach
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada M5S 3H6
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
| | | | | | - Michael Felderhoff
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis
- 45470 Muelheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
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12
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Freeman LA, Walley JE, Obi AD, Wang G, Dickie DA, Molino A, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Stepwise Reduction at Magnesium and Beryllium: Cooperative Effects of Carbenes with Redox Non-Innocent α-Diimines. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10554-10568. [PMID: 31124671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the organometallic chemistry of the alkaline earth elements has experienced a renaissance due in part to developments in ligand stabilization strategies. In order to expand the scope of redox chemistry known for magnesium and beryllium, we have synthesized a set of reduced magnesium and beryllium complexes and compared their resulting structural and electronic properties. The carbene-coordinated alkaline earth-halides, (Et2CAAC)MgBr2 (1), (SIPr)MgBr2 (2), (Et2CAAC)BeCl2 (3), and (SIPr)BeCl2 (4) [Et2CAAC = diethyl cyclic(alkyl)(amino) carbene; SIPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole-2-ylidene] were combined with an α-diimine [2,2-bipyridine (bpy) or bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,4-diazabutadiene (DippDAB)] and the appropriate stoichiometric amount of potassium graphite to form singly- and doubly-reduced compounds (Et2CAAC)MgBr(DippDAB) (5), (Et2CAAC)MgBr(bpy) (6), (Et2CAAC)Mg(DippDAB) (7), (Et2CAAC)Be(bpy) (8), and (SIPr)Be(bpy) (9). The doubly-reduced compounds 7-9 exhibit substantial π-bonding interactions across the diimine core, metal center, and π-acidic carbene. Each complex was fully characterized by UV-vis, FT-IR, X-ray crystallography, 1H, 13C, and 9Be NMR, or EPR where applicable. We use these compounds to highlight the differences in the organometallic chemistry of the lightest alkaline earth metals, magnesium and beryllium, in an otherwise identical chemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Freeman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , 409 McCormick Road , PO Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Jacob E Walley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , 409 McCormick Road , PO Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Akachukwu D Obi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , 409 McCormick Road , PO Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , 409 McCormick Road , PO Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , 409 McCormick Road , PO Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Victoria 3083 , Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Bundoora , Victoria 3083 , Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry , University of Virginia , 409 McCormick Road , PO Box 400319, Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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Saini A, Smith CR, Wekesa FS, Helms AK, Findlater M. Conversion of aldimines to secondary amines using iron-catalysed hydrosilylation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:9368-9372. [PMID: 30516772 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed hydrosilylation of imines to amines using a well-defined iron complex is reported. This method employs relatively mild conditions, by reaction of imine, (EtO)3SiH in a 1 : 2 ratio in the presence of 1 mol% precatalyst ([BIAN]Fe(η6-toluene), 3, BIAN = bis(2,6-diisopropylaniline)acenaphthene) at 70 °C. A broad scope of imines was readily converted into the corresponding secondary amines without the need for precatalyst activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Saini
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA.
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Phan NA, Fettinger JC, Berben LA. A Ligand Protonation Series in Aluminum(III) Complexes of Tridentate Bis(enol)amine Ligand. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Phan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95615, United States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95615, United States
| | - Louise A. Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95615, United States
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Wilson HH, Koellner CA, Hannan ZM, Endy CB, Bezpalko MW, Piro NA, Kassel WS, Sonntag MD, Graves CR. Synthesis and Characterization of Neutral Ligand α-Diimine Complexes of Aluminum with Tunable Redox Energetics. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9622-9633. [PMID: 29553256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterization of a series of neutral ligand α-diimine complexes of aluminum are reported. The compounds [Al(LAr)2Cl2)][AlCl4] [LAr = N, N'-bis(4-R-C6H4)-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diazabutadiene] are structurally analogous, as determined by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and solid-state X-ray diffraction, across a range of electron-donating [R = Me (2), tBu (3), OMe (4), and NMe2 (5)] and electron-withdrawing [R = Cl (6), CF3 (7), and NO2 (8)] substituents in the aryl side arm of the ligand. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and electrochemistry were used to access the optical and electrochemical properties, respectively, of the complexes. Both sets of properties are shown to be dependent on the R substituent. Density functional theory calculations performed on the [Al(LPh)2Cl2)][AlCl4] complex (1) indicate primarily ligand-based frontier orbitals and were used to help support our discussion of both the spectral and electrochemical data. We also report the reaction of the LPh ligand with both AlBr3 and AlI3 and demonstrate a different reactivity profile for the heavier halide relative to the lighter members of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Swarthmore College , 500 College Avenue , Swarthmore , Pennsylvania 19081 , United States
| | - Connor A Koellner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Albright College , 13th and Bern Streets , Reading , Pennsylvania 19612 , United States
| | - Zain M Hannan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Swarthmore College , 500 College Avenue , Swarthmore , Pennsylvania 19081 , United States
| | - Caroline B Endy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Albright College , 13th and Bern Streets , Reading , Pennsylvania 19612 , United States
| | - Mark W Bezpalko
- Department of Chemistry , Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue , Villanova , Pennsylvania 19085 , United States
| | - Nicholas A Piro
- Department of Chemistry , Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue , Villanova , Pennsylvania 19085 , United States
| | - W Scott Kassel
- Department of Chemistry , Villanova University , 800 Lancaster Avenue , Villanova , Pennsylvania 19085 , United States
| | - Matthew D Sonntag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Albright College , 13th and Bern Streets , Reading , Pennsylvania 19612 , United States
| | - Christopher R Graves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Swarthmore College , 500 College Avenue , Swarthmore , Pennsylvania 19081 , United States
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Biancalana L, Batchelor LK, Funaioli T, Zacchini S, Bortoluzzi M, Pampaloni G, Dyson PJ, Marchetti F. α-Diimines as Versatile, Derivatizable Ligands in Ruthenium(II) p-Cymene Anticancer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6669-6685. [PMID: 29790340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Diimines are among the most robust and versatile ligands available in synthetic coordination chemistry, possessing finely tunable steric and electronic properties. A series of novel cationic ruthenium(II) p-cymene complexes bearing simple α-diimine ligands, [(η6- p-cymene)RuCl{κ2 N-(HCNR)2}]NO3 (R = Cy, [1]NO3; R = 4-C6H10OH, [2]NO3; R = 4-C6H4OH, [3]NO3), were prepared in near-quantitative yields as their nitrate salts. [2]NO3 displays high water solubility. The potential of the α-diimine ligand in [3]NO3 as a carrier of bioactive molecules was investigated via esterification reactions with the hydroxyl groups. Thus, the double-functionalized derivatives [(η6- p-cymene)RuCl{κ2 N-(HCN(4-C6H4OCO-R))2}]NO3 (R = aspirinate, [5]NO3; valproate, [6]NO3) and also [4]Cl (R = Me) were obtained in good-to-high yields. UV-vis and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetric studies in aqueous solution revealed only minor ruthenium chloride hydrolytic cleavage, biologically accessible reduction potentials, and pH-dependent behavior of [3]NO3. Density functional theory analysis was performed in order to compare the Ru-Cl bond strength in [1]+ with the analogous ethylenediamine complex, showing that the higher stability observed in the former is related to the electron-withdrawing properties of the α-diimine ligand. In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed against tumorigenic (A2780 and A2780cisR) and nontumorigenic (HEK-293) cell lines, with the complexes bearing simple α-diimine ligands ranging from inactive to IC50 values in the low micromolar range. The complexes functionalized with bioactive components, i.e., [5]NO3 and [6]NO3, exhibited a marked increase in the cytotoxicity with respect to the precursor [3]NO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Biancalana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13 , I-56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Lucinda K Batchelor
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13 , I-56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" , Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi , Università Ca' Foscari Venezia , Via Torino 155 , I-30170 Mestre, Venice , Italy
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13 , I-56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via G. Moruzzi 13 , I-56124 Pisa , Italy
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Bartalucci N, Bortoluzzi M, Zacchini S, Pampaloni G, Marchetti F. Activation of CN bonds by high-valent group 6 metal chlorides, including the conversion of an α-diimine into a functionalized imidazolium. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct interactions of WCl6and MoCl5with α-diimines (and also a carbodiimide in the case of MoCl5) have been explored, leading to unusual reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Bartalucci
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- CIRCC
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
- Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- CIRCC
- I-70126 Bari
- Italy
- Università di Bologna
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Università di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
- I-56124 Pisa
- Italy
- CIRCC
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19
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Bartalucci N, Bortoluzzi M, Funaioli T, Marchetti F, Pampaloni G, Zacchini S. Allowing the direct interaction of N-aryl α-diimines with a high valent metal chloride: one-pot WCl 6-promoted formation of quinoxalinium salts. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12780-12784. [PMID: 28932841 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The full potential of a high valent metal chloride as both a chlorinating and an oxidative agent was explored by allowing WCl6 to react with N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl) α-diimines, in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. These α-diimines underwent unprecedented conversion to quinoxalinium cations via intramolecular C-N coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Bartalucci
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy. fabio.marchetti1974@ unipi.it
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20
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Maar RR, Rabiee Kenaree A, Zhang R, Tao Y, Katzman BD, Staroverov VN, Ding Z, Gilroy JB. Aluminum Complexes of N 2O 23- Formazanate Ligands Supported by Phosphine Oxide Donors. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12436-12447. [PMID: 28960966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a new family of phosphine oxide supported aluminum formazanate complexes (7a,b, 8a, 9a) are reported. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the aluminum atoms in the complexes adopt an octahedral geometry in the solid state. The equatorial positions are occupied by an N2O23- formazanate ligand, and the axial positions are occupied by L-type phosphine oxide donors. UV-vis absorption spectroscopy revealed that the complexes were strongly absorbing (ε ≈ 30000 M-1 cm-1) between 500 and 700 nm. The absorption maxima in this region were simulated using time-dependent density functional theory. With the exception of 3-cyano-substituted complex 7b, which showed maximum luminescence intensity in the presence of excess phosphine oxide, the title complexes are nonemissive in solution and the solid state. The electrochemical properties of the complexes were probed using cyclic voltammetry. Each complex underwent sequential one-electron oxidations in potential ranges of -0.12 to 0.29 V and 0.62 to 0.97 V, relative to the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. Electrochemical reduction events were observed at potentials between -1.34 and -1.75 V. In combination with tri-n-propylamine as a coreactant, complex 7b acted as an electrochemiluminescence emitter with a maximum electrochemiluminescence intensity at a wavelength of 735 nm, red-shifted relative to the photoluminescence maximum of the same compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Maar
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Amir Rabiee Kenaree
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Yichen Tao
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Benjamin D Katzman
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Viktor N Staroverov
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Joe B Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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21
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Coughlin EJ, Zeller M, Bart SC. Neodymium(III) Complexes Capable of Multi-Electron Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12142-12145. [PMID: 28763142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A family of neodymium complexes featuring a redox-active ligand in three different oxidation states has been synthesized, including the iminoquinone (L0 ) derivative, (dipp iq)2 NdI3 (1-iq), the iminosemiquinone (L1- ) compound, (dipp isq)2 NdI(THF) (1-isq), and the amidophenolate (L2- ) [K(THF)2 ][(dipp ap)2 Nd(THF)2 ] (1-ap) and [K(18-crown-6)][(dipp ap)2 Nd(THF)2 ] (1-ap crown) species. Full spectroscopic and structural characterization of each derivative established the +3 neodymium oxidation state with redox chemistry occurring at the ligand rather than the neodymium center. Oxidation with elemental chalcogens showed the reversible nature of the ligand-mediated reduction process, forming the iminosemiquinone metallocycles, [K(18-crown-6)][(dipp isq)2 Nd(S5 )] (2-isq crown) and [K(18-crown-6)(THF)][(dipp isq)2 Nd(Se5 )] (3-isq crown), which are characterized to contain a 6-membered twist-boat ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra J Coughlin
- H.C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H.C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Suzanne C Bart
- H.C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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22
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Coughlin EJ, Zeller M, Bart SC. Neodymium(III) Complexes Capable of Multi‐Electron Redox Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezra J. Coughlin
- H.C. Brown Laboratory Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H.C. Brown Laboratory Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Suzanne C. Bart
- H.C. Brown Laboratory Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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23
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Lu X, Cheng H, Meng Y, Wang X, Hou L, Wang Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Tan G, Li A, Wang W. A Two-Coordinate Neutral Germylene Supported by a β-Diketiminate Ligand in the Radical State. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Lu
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hecong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Meng
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hou
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center
of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’An 710127, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Sherbow TJ, Fettinger JC, Berben LA. Control of Ligand pK a Values Tunes the Electrocatalytic Dihydrogen Evolution Mechanism in a Redox-Active Aluminum(III) Complex. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8651-8660. [PMID: 28402654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active ligands bring electron- and proton-transfer reactions to main-group coordination chemistry. In this Forum Article, we demonstrate how ligand pKa values can be used in the design of a reaction mechanism for a ligand-based electron- and proton-transfer pathway, where the ligand retains a negative charge and enables dihydrogen evolution. A bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine ligand, iPrPz2P, reacts with 2 equiv of AlCl3 to afford [(iPrPz2P)AlCl2(THF)][AlCl4] (1). A reaction involving two-electron reduction and single-ligand protonation of 1 affords [(iPrHPz2P-)AlCl2] (2), where each of the electron- and proton-transfer events is ligand-centered. Protonation of 2 would formally close a catalytic cycle for dihydrogen production. At -1.26 V versus SCE, in a 0.3 M Bu4NPF6/tetrahydrofuran solution with salicylic acid or (HNEt3)+ as the source of H+, 1 produced dihydrogen electrocatalytically, according to cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis experiments. The mechanism for the reaction is most likely two electron-transfer steps followed by two chemical steps based on the available reactivity information. A comparison of this work with our previously reported aluminum complexes of the phenyl-substituted bis(imino)pyridine system (PhI2P) reveals that the pKa values of the N-donor atoms in iPrPz2P are lower, which facilitates reduction before ligand protonation. In contrast, the PhI2P ligand complexes of aluminum are protonated twice before reduction liberates dihydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J Sherbow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Louise A Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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25
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Herb TM, Poitras AM, Richardson KG, Cole BE, Bogart JA, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ, Graves CR. Synthesis and characterization of aluminum nitroxide complexes. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Anderson WC, Rhinehart JL, Tennyson AG, Long BK. Redox-Active Ligands: An Advanced Tool To Modulate Polyethylene Microstructure. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:774-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Curtis Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Rhinehart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Andrew G. Tennyson
- Department
of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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27
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Poitras AM, Bogart JA, Cole BE, Carroll PJ, Schelter EJ, Graves CR. Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum Complexes of Redox-Active Pyridyl Nitroxide Ligands. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10901-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Poitras
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Albright College, 13th & Bern Streets, Reading, Pennsylvania 19612, United States
| | - Justin A. Bogart
- P. Roy, Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bren E. Cole
- P. Roy, Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- P. Roy, Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy, Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher R. Graves
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Albright College, 13th & Bern Streets, Reading, Pennsylvania 19612, United States
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28
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Koellner CA, Piro NA, Kassel WS, Goldsmith CR, Graves CR. Synthesis and Characterization of α-Diimine Complexes of Group 13 Metals and Their Catalytic Activity toward the Epoxidation of Alkenes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:7139-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Koellner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Albright College, 13th and Bern Streets, Reading, Pennsylvania 19612, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Piro
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - W. Scott Kassel
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Christian R. Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Auburn University, 179 Chemistry Building, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Christopher R. Graves
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Albright College, 13th and Bern Streets, Reading, Pennsylvania 19612, United States
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29
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Berben LA. Catalysis by Aluminum(III) Complexes of Non-Innocent Ligands. Chemistry 2014; 21:2734-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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