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Luo W, Tang J, Wang B, Wu D, Wang J, Cheng L, Geng F. The potential mechanism of low-power water bath ultrasound to enhance the effectiveness of low-concentration chlorine dioxide in inhibiting Salmonella Typhimurium. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100901. [PMID: 38144795 PMCID: PMC10740011 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This chapter presents a systematic study of the inhibition effect of chlorine dioxide treatment alone and in combination with ultrasound treatment of Salmonella and the physiological metabolic processes within the treated cells. The low-power ultrasound (0.03 W/mL) significantly enhanced the effectiveness (110.00 %) of low concentrations of chlorine dioxide (0.25 mg/L) in inhibiting Salmonella, which, in turn, would significantly reduce the potential environmental impact. In addition, further studies found that low-power ultrasound may enhance the structural and functional damage of chlorine dioxide on Salmonella cell membranes (significant increase in permeability of the outer and inner cell membranes) and disrupt intracellular substance metabolism (small molecule and nucleotide metabolism) and energy metabolism (significant reduction in ATP content and ATPase activity) balance to improve the bacterial inhibitory effect of chlorine dioxide. The results of the study will provide a theoretical basis and methodological guidance for the implementation of "cleaner production" in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinqiu Wang
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu, China
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
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Chlorine Dioxide: Friend or Foe for Cell Biomolecules? A Chemical Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415660. [PMID: 36555303 PMCID: PMC9779649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on inorganic compounds and cell biomolecules. As a disinfectant also present in drinking water, ClO2 helps to destroy bacteria, viruses, and some parasites. The Environmental Protection Agency EPA regulates the maximum concentration of chlorine dioxide in drinking water to be no more than 0.8 ppm. In any case, human consumption must be strictly regulated since, given its highly reactive nature, it can react with and oxidize many of the inorganic compounds found in natural waters. Simultaneously, chlorine dioxide reacts with natural organic matter in water, including humic and fulvic acids, forming oxidized organic compounds such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and rapidly oxidizes phenolic compounds, amines, amino acids, peptides, and proteins, as well as the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH, responsible for electron and proton exchange and energy production in all cells. The influence of ClO2 on biomolecules is derived from its interference with redox processes, modifying the electrochemical balances in mitochondrial and cell membranes. This discourages its use on an individual basis and without specialized monitoring by health professionals.
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Liu Y, Xi H, Wang J, Fu J, Shi T. Mechanistic studies on the oxidation reaction of antitubercular drug isoniazid and its analogy hydrazides by chlorine dioxide over a wide pH range. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Augustyn W, Chruściel A, Hreczuch W, Kalka J, Tarka P, Kierat W. Inactivation of Spores and Vegetative Forms of Clostridioides difficile by Chemical Biocides: Mechanisms of Biocidal Activity, Methods of Evaluation, and Environmental Aspects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020750. [PMID: 35055571 PMCID: PMC8775970 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) are the most common cause of acquired diseases in hospitalized patients. Effective surface disinfection, focused on the inactivation of the spores of this pathogen, is a decisive factor in reducing the number of nosocomial cases of CDI infections. An efficient disinfection procedure is the result of both the properties of the biocidal agent used and the technology of its implementation as well as a reliable, experimental methodology for assessing the activity of the biocidal active substance based on laboratory models that adequately represent real clinical conditions. This study reviews the state of knowledge regarding the properties and biochemical basis of the action mechanisms of sporicidal substances, with emphasis on chlorine dioxide (ClO2). Among the analyzed biocides, in addition to ClO2, active chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and glutaraldehyde were characterized. Due to the relatively high sporicidal effectiveness and effective control of bacterial biofilm, as well as safety in a health and environmental context, the use of ClO2 is an attractive alternative in the control of nosocomial infections of CD etiology. In terms of the methods of assessing the biocidal effectiveness, suspension and carrier standards are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Augustyn
- MEXEO-Wiesław Hreczuch, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (W.A.); (W.H.)
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Chruściel
- MEXEO-Wiesław Hreczuch, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (W.A.); (W.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wiesław Hreczuch
- MEXEO-Wiesław Hreczuch, Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; (W.A.); (W.H.)
| | - Joanna Kalka
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Patryk Tarka
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-007 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kierat
- Department of Digital Systems, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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5
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PCET to bound-superoxide by NADH and NADHX in aqueous-acid media: a kinetic inspection. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Li Q, Liu W, Zhao ZK. Synthesis of proteogenic amino acid-based NAD analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bridges DF, Lacombe A, Wu VCH. Integrity of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cell Wall and Membranes After Chlorine Dioxide Treatment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:888. [PMID: 32499765 PMCID: PMC7243733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments of wastewater and fresh produce commonly employ chlorine as an antimicrobial. However, there are increasing levels of concerns regarding the safety and antimicrobial efficacy of chlorine treatments. Numerous studies have reported the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) treatment in a variety of applications but information regarding how ClO2 affects bacteria is limited. In the present study, a mixed-method approach utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies was used to observe Escherichia coli O157:H7 membrane damage after exposure to ClO2 (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/L) for 5, 10, or 15 min. For comparison, controls of 0.1% peptone, 70% isopropanol, and 10 mg/L NaOCl were applied for 15 min. After treatment, cells were enumerated on selective media overlaid with non-selective media and simultaneously analyzed for damage using the following fluorescent probes (1) Bis-(1,3-Dibutylbarbituric Acid) trimethine oxonol (DiBAC4(3)) for membrane polarization, (2) SYTO 9/propidium iodide (LIVE/DEAD) for membrane permeability, (3) 2-(N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)Amino)-2-Deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) for active glucose uptake, and (4) lipid peroxidation through accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Bacterial log reductions after ClO2 treatment ranged from 0.2 to 5.5 and changes in relative fluorescence units after membrane permeability and glucose uptake assays were not consistent with viability, indicating membrane permeability and metabolism were not substantially altered. Depolarization was observed after NaOCl treatment, however, the polarity of cells treated with ClO2 were like those treated with water (P < 0.05). Accumulation of MDA was detected only after 10 mg/L ClO2 treatments, indicating that membrane peroxidation occurred at higher concentrations. Transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that separation of the cell wall from the cytosol occurred after the 10 mg/L ClO2 treatment, but the cell wall itself appeared to be unbroken. These data suggest that ClO2 damage to E. coli O157:H7 is not primarily located at the cell wall and harms cells significantly different than NaOCl at comparable concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Bridges
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Alison Lacombe
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Vivian C H Wu
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
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Suwal S, Coronel-Aguilera CP, Auer J, Applegate B, Garner AL, Huang JY. Mechanism characterization of bacterial inactivation of atmospheric air plasma gas and activated water using bioluminescence technology. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Meng FK, Zhu XQ. Elemental steps of the thermodynamics of dihydropyrimidine: a new class of organic hydride donors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 15:197-206. [PMID: 27892585 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02195f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
25 Dihydropyrimidine derivatives, a new class of organo-hydrides, were designed and synthesized by the Biginelli reaction. For the first time, the thermodynamic driving forces of the six elemental steps to obtain a hydride in acetonitrile were determined by isothermal titration and electrochemical methods, respectively. The effects of molecular structures and substituents on these thermodynamic parameters were examined, uncovering some interesting structure-reactivity relationships. Both the thermodynamic and kinetic studies show that the hydride transfer from dihydropyrimidines to 9-phenylxanthylium (PhXn+ClO4-) prefers a concerted mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Kun Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Reactions of aquacobalamin and cob(II)alamin with chlorite and chlorine dioxide. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 22:453-459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ohkubo K, Hirose K, Shibata T, Takamori K, Fukuzumi S. Dihydroxylation of styrene by sodium chlorite with scandium triflate. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
- dotAqua Inc. Suita Osaka Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Kensaku Hirose
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan
| | | | | | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea
- Faculty of Science and Technology Meijo University, SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Nagoya Aichi Japan
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Smith DJ, Ernst W, Herges GR. Chloroxyanion Residues in Cantaloupe and Tomatoes after Chlorine Dioxide Gas Sanitation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9640-9649. [PMID: 26496046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide gas is effective at cleansing fruits and vegetables of bacterial pathogens and(or) rot organisms, but little data are available on chemical residues remaining subsequent to chlorine gas treatment. Therefore, studies were conducted to quantify chlorate and perchlorate residues after tomato and cantaloupe treatment with chlorine dioxide gas. Treatments delivered 50 mg of chlorine dioxide gas per kg of tomato (2-h treatment) and 100 mg of gas per kg of cantaloupe (6-h treatment) in sealed, darkened containers. Chlorate residues in tomato and cantaloupe edible flesh homogenates were less than the LC-MS/MS limit of quantitation (60 and 30 ng/g respectively), but were 1319 ± 247 ng/g in rind + edible flesh of cantaloupe. Perchlorate residues in all fractions of chlorine dioxide-treated tomatoes and cantaloupe were not different (P > 0.05) than perchlorate residues in similar fractions of untreated tomatoes and cantaloupe. Data from this study suggest that chlorine dioxide sanitation of edible vegetables and melons can be conducted without the formation of unwanted residues in edible fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
| | - W Ernst
- ICA Tri-Nova Corporation, LLC. , 24 Woodland Trail, Newnan, Georgia 30263, United States
| | - G R Herges
- United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service, Biosciences Research Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, North Dakota 58102-2765, United States
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Song N, Zhang MT, Binstead RA, Fang Z, Meyer TJ. Multiple pathways in the oxidation of a NADH analogue. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4100-5. [PMID: 24716437 DOI: 10.1021/ic500072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of the NADH analogue, N-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH), by the 1e(-) acceptor, [Os(dmb)3](3+), and 2e(-)/2H(+) acceptor, benzoquinone (Q), has been investigated in aqueous solutions over extended pH and buffer concentration ranges by application of a double-mixing stopped-flow technique in order to explore the redox pathways available to this important redox cofactor. Our results indicate that oxidation by quinone is dominated by hydride transfer, and a pathway appears with added acids involving concerted hydride-proton transfer (HPT) in which synchronous transfer of hydride to one O-atom at Q and proton transfer to the second occurs driven by the formation of the stable H2Q product. Oxidation by [Os(dmb)3](3+) occurs by outer-sphere electron transfer including a pathway involving ion-pair preassociation of HPO4(2-) with the complex that may also involve a concerted proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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Transcriptional and phenotypic responses of Listeria monocytogenes to chlorine dioxide. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2951-63. [PMID: 24610841 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00004-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant food-borne disease outbreaks have occurred from consumption of ready-to-eat foods, including produce, contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. Challenging food matrices (e.g., cantaloupe, sprouts) with limited processing steps postharvest to reduce pathogen loads have underscored a need for new mitigation strategies. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is increasingly being used in produce and other food systems to reduce food-borne pathogen levels. The goal of this study was to characterize the transcriptional response and survival of L. monocytogenes 10403S exposed to ClO2. The transcriptional profile of log-phase cells exposed to 300 mg/liter ClO2 for 15 min was defined by whole-genome microarray. A total of 340 genes were significantly differentially expressed. Among the differentially expressed genes, 223 were upregulated (fold change ≥ 1.5; adjusted P value < 0.05) in role categories responsible for protein fate, cellular processes, and energy metabolism. There were 113 and 16 genes differentially expressed belonging to regulatory networks of σ(B) and CtsR, respectively. We assessed L. monocytogenes 10403S survival after exposure to 100, 300, and 500 mg/liter aqueous ClO2 in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth; there was a significant difference between cells exposed to 500 mg/liter ClO2 and those exposed to all other conditions over time (P value < 0.05). Isogenic ΔsigB and ΔctsR mutants exposed to 300 mg/liter ClO2 were more sensitive to ClO2 than the wild type under the same conditions. These results provide an initial insight into the mechanisms that L. monocytogenes employs to survive sublethal ClO2 and further our understanding of the inactivation mechanisms of this increasingly used sanitizer.
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Miller JA, Alexander L, Mori DI, Ryabov AD, Collins TJ. In situ enzymatic generation of H2O2 from O2 for use in oxidative bleaching and catalysis by TAML activators. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liao X, Lin W, Lu J, Wang C. Oxidative aromatization of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines by sodium chlorite. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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