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Freitas F, Cabrita MJ, da Silva MG. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Phthalates Esters in Two Important European Food Products: Olive Oil and Wine. Molecules 2023; 28:7628. [PMID: 38005350 PMCID: PMC10673500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals widely used as plasticizers. These compounds, considered toxic, do not bond to the polymeric matrix of plastic and can, therefore, migrate into the surrounding environment, posing a risk to human health. The primary source of human exposure is food, which can become contaminated during cultivation, production, and packaging. Therefore, it is imperative to control and regulate this exposure. This review covers the analytical methods used for their determination in two economically significant products: olive oil and wine. Additionally, it provides a summary and analysis of information regarding the characteristics, toxicity, effects on human health, and current regulations pertaining to PAEs in food. Various approaches for the extraction, purification, and quantification of these analytes are highlighted. Solvent and sorbent-based extraction techniques are reviewed, as are the chromatographic separation and other methods currently applied in the analysis of PAEs in wines and olive oils. The analysis of these contaminants is challenging due to the complexities of the matrices and the widespread presence of PAEs in analytical laboratories, demanding the implementation of appropriate strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marco Gomes da Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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Tavana B, Chen A. Determination of Drugs in Clinical Trials: Current Status and Outlook. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22041592. [PMID: 35214505 PMCID: PMC8875021 DOI: 10.3390/s22041592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
All pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, cosmetic products, and many medical breakthroughs must first be approved through clinical research and trials before advancing to standard practice or entering the marketplace. Clinical trials are sets of tests that are required to determine the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical compounds, drugs, and treatments. There is one pre-phase and four main clinical phase requirements that every drug must pass to obtain final approval. Analytical techniques play a unique role in clinical trials for measuring the concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in biological matrices and monitoring the conditions of patients (or volunteers) during various clinical phases. This review focuses on recent analytical methods that are employed to determine the concentrations of drugs and medications in biological matrices, including whole blood, plasma, urine, and breast milk. Four primary analytical techniques (extraction, spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical) are discussed, and their advantages and limitations are assessed. Subsequent to a survey of evidence and results, it is clear that microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based electrochemical sensor and biosensor technologies exhibit several notable advantages over other analytical methods, and their future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-8244120 (ext. 54764); Fax: +1-519-7661499
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Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium and Ion-Exchange Exploration for Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of ([C4mim]Cl + K2CO3 or K3C6H5O7 + water) at Different Temperatures. J SOLUTION CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-021-01137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Zhao Y, Liu W, Zhu J, Zhang H, Pei X. Solvent affinity and its applications in the prediction of mutual solubility. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Naseri F, Charkhi A, Salek N, Vosoughi S. The radio-europium impurities in [153Sm]-EDTMP production: a review of isolation methods. Nucl Med Commun 2021; 42:951-963. [PMID: 34001824 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many human cancers predominantly metastasize to the bone which causes bone pain and other symptoms. However, the management of bone metastases is challenging. Radionuclide therapy using low-energy beta-emitting radionuclides has yielded encouraging results. The aim of this therapy is to deliver the maximum dose to the metastatic sites but a minimal dose to the normal tissue. Samarium-153 [153Sm]Sm-Ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonate (EDTMP) is an FDA and European Medicine Agency approved (Quadramet) radionuclide and is widely used for bone pain palliation. 153Sm is reactor produced, and the presence of europium impurities is thus unavoidable. This in turn causes an increase in the hospital radioactive waste burden and in radiation absorbed doses to the patients, and therefore it is a concern. The effective removal of these impurities is thus highly desirable before its administration to the patients. In this article, we present a detailed review of the various methods described in the literature for separation of 153Sm and Eu, that is solvent extraction, ion-exchange chromatography, electrochromatography, electrochemical separation and supported ionic liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara Vosoughi
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
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Yu Y, Zhang L, Zhu C, Huang X, Liao Z, Li Q. Experimental Determination and Correlation of Liquid–Liquid Equilibria Data for the Ternary Systems of Water + 1-Butanol + Solvents (Isophorone and Mesityl Oxide) at Different Temperatures. J SOLUTION CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-019-00939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride and ethylene glycol as media for extractive denitrification/desulfurization/dearomatization of motor fuels. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Wannachod T, Hronec M, Soták T, Fulajtárová K, Pancharoen U, Nootong K. Influence of salt concentration on solubility and tie-line data for the system: Formic acid + n-butanol + water. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1405988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanaporn Wannachod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Milan Hronec
- Department of Organic Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Soták
- Department of Organic Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Fulajtárová
- Department of Organic Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ura Pancharoen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasidit Nootong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ershova O, Pokki JP, Zaitseva A, Alopaeus V, Sixta H. Vapor pressure, vapor-liquid equilibria, liquid-liquid equilibria and excess enthalpy of the system consisting of isophorone, furfural, acetic acid and water. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sander A, Rogošić M, Ferčec B, Parlov Vuković J. Liquid–liquid equilibrium for the systems hydrocarbon–thiophene or pyridine–1-hexyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1373674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sander
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Rogošić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Borna Ferčec
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Subramanian D, Klauda JB, Collings PJ, Anisimov MA. Mesoscale Phenomena in Ternary Solutions of Tertiary Butyl Alcohol, Water, and Propylene Oxide. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5994-6006. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4125183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Collings
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania 19081, United States
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Tabtabaei S, Diosady LL. The Isolation of Yellow Mustard Oil Using Water and Cyclic Ethers. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Smith AR, Caswell JE, Larson PP, Cavers SD. Coalescence of drops in liquid-liquid extraction columns. CAN J CHEM ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450410404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kumar TP, Das PK. SOLUBILITY AND TIE-LINE DATA FOR WATER + FORMIC ACID + METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE TERNARY SYSTEM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440903574784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Confidence interval estimation under the presence of non-Gaussian random errors: Applications to uncertainty analysis of chemical processes and simulation. Comput Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Arce A, Marchiaro A, Martínez-Ageitos JM, Soto A. Citrus Essential Oil Deterpenation by Liquid-Liquid Extraction. CAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450830226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Tang J, Hu M, Li S, Cui R, Jin L. MEASUREMENT AND CORRELATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA FOR TERNARY SYSTEMS OF WATER + RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE + PROPANOL. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440801905106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Liquid-liquid equilibrium for the quaternary system of o-xylene(1)+water(2)+butyric acid(3)+ethyl acetate(4) at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-008-0030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dakshinamurty P, Subrahmanyam V, Rao MN. Ternary liquid equilibria system: Acetic acid + water + toluene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.5020230502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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C. Roy B, Awual M, Goto M. Effect of Inorganic Salts on Ternary Equilibrium Data of Propionic
Acid-Water-Solvents Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2007.1053.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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C. Roy B, . MRA, . MG. Liquid-liquid Equilibrium Data for the Ternary Systems of Propionic Acid-Water-Solvents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2006.411.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Liquid-liquid equilibrium for the quaternary system of o-xylene(1)+water(2) +propionic acid(3)+1-butanol(4) at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02719431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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C. Roy B, . MK, . MR. Ternary Phase Equilibrium Data for Acetic Acid-Water-Solvent Systems and Separation of Acetic Acid from Aqueous Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2005.720.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Kim JK, Park DW. Liquid-liquid equilibrium for the ternary systems of solvents+water+propionic acid at 25 ‡C and atmospheric pressure. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02701494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Schuberth H, Leibnitz E. Phasengleichgewichtsmessungen. I. Die Phasengleichgewichte flüssig/flüssig des Systems Phenol/n-Butylacetat/Wasser bei 44,4°C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19580060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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VASQUEZ VR, WHITING WB. ANALYSIS OF RANDOM AND SYSTEMATIC ERROR EFFECTS ON UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION IN PROCESS DESIGN AND SIMULATION USING DISTRIBUTION TAIL CHARACTERIZATION. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/00986440490261890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Uusi-Penttilä M, Rasmuson Å. Experimental Study for Agglomeration Behaviour of Paracetamol in Acetone–Toluene–Water Systems. Chem Eng Res Des 2003. [DOI: 10.1205/026387603765173754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vasquez VR, Whiting WB. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of thermodynamic models using equal probability sampling (EPS). Comput Chem Eng 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0098-1354(00)00297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Vasquez VR, Whiting WB. Effect of Data Type on Thermodynamic Model Parameter Estimation: A Monte Carlo Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ie970444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor R. Vasquez
- Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of NevadaReno, Reno, Nevada 89557-0136
| | - Wallace B. Whiting
- Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of NevadaReno, Reno, Nevada 89557-0136
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Al-Hassan T, Mumford CJ, Jeffreys GV. Flow characteristics of large oscillating drops in liquid-liquid systems. Chem Eng Technol 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.270140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bianco A, Correa JM, Arce A, Correa A. Liquid-liquid equilibria of the system water + acetic acid + methyl propyl ketone. CAN J CHEM ENG 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450660120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Application of NRTL and uniquac models to liquid-liquid systems with halogen salts (Part I). KOREAN J CHEM ENG 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02697433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Axial mixing in a liquid extraction spray column. CAN J CHEM ENG 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450540630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Erving WJ, Chen BH. Axial mixing in a liquid extraction spray column. CAN J CHEM ENG 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450540551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Part II. Mathematical model for the prediction of transient and steady-state behavior. CAN J CHEM ENG 1971. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450490118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kortüm G, Von Biedersee H, Heidel H. Trennung und Reindarstellung der Fuselöle und ihrer Chloride. CHEM-ING-TECH 1966. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.330381209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ishida K. Ternary Liquid Equilibria in Systemn-Heptane-Thiophene-Liquid Ammonia. New Tie Line Correlation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1960. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.33.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Prince R, Hunter T. The quaternary system: benzene—carbon tetrachloride—acetic acid—water at 25°C. Chem Eng Sci 1957. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(57)85027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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