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Volk AA, Campbell ZS, Ibrahim MYS, Bennett JA, Abolhasani M. Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:45-72. [PMID: 35259931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092120-024449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Volk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Zachary S Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Malek Y S Ibrahim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA; , , , ,
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2
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BURTOLOSO ANTONIOC, MOMO PATRÍCIAB, NOVAIS GRAZIELEL. Traditional and New methods for the Preparation of Diazocarbonyl Compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:859-893. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Vasudevan N, Sharma MK, Reddy DS, Kulkarni AA. A multi-step continuous flow synthesis of the cystic fibrosis medicine ivacaftor. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A continuous flow ozonolysis method combined with a multi-step flow sequence is developed for the synthesis of the drug ivacaftor for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Vasudevan
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411008
- India
| | - Mrityunjay K. Sharma
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411008
- India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411008
- India
| | - Amol A. Kulkarni
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development Division
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune – 411008
- India
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4
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Hu C, Finkelstein JE, Wu W, Shvedova K, Testa CJ, Born SC, Takizawa B, O'Connor TF, Yang X, Ramanujam S, Mascia S. Development of an automated multi-stage continuous reactive crystallization system with in-line PATs for high viscosity process. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lower E-factor was obtained in an automated multi-stage continuous reactive-crystallization system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Wu
- CONTINUUS Pharmaceuticals
- Woburn
- USA
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5
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Movsisyan M, Delbeke EIP, Berton JKET, Battilocchio C, Ley SV, Stevens CV. Taming hazardous chemistry by continuous flow technology. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4892-928. [PMID: 27453961 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, flow technologies have become increasingly popular in the field of organic chemistry, offering solutions for engineering and/or chemical problems. Flow reactors enhance the mass and heat transfer, resulting in rapid reaction mixing, and enable a precise control over the reaction parameters, increasing the overall process selectivity, efficiency and safety. These features allow chemists to tackle unexploited challenges in their work, with the ultimate objective making chemistry more accessible for laboratory and industrial applications, avoiding the need to store and handle toxic, reactive and explosive reagents. This review covers some of the latest and most relevant developments in the field of continuous flow chemistry with the focus on hazardous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Movsisyan
- SynBioC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 866] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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7
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Müller STR, Wirth T. Diazo compounds in continuous-flow technology. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:245-250. [PMID: 25488620 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diazo compounds are very versatile reagents in organic chemistry and meet the challenge of selective assembly of structurally complex molecules. Their leaving group is dinitrogen; therefore, they are very clean and atom-efficient reagents. However, diazo compounds are potentially explosive and extremely difficult to handle on an industrial scale. In this review, it is discussed how continuous flow technology can help to make these powerful reagents accessible on large scale. Microstructured devices can improve heat transfer greatly and help with the handling of dangerous reagents safely. The in situ formation and subsequent consumption of diazo compounds are discussed along with advances in handling diazomethane and ethyl diazoacetate. The potential large-scale applications of a given methodology is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T R Müller
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT (UK)
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Deadman BJ, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Taming Hazardous Chemistry in Flow: The Continuous Processing of Diazo and Diazonium Compounds. Chemistry 2014; 21:2298-308. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Lakerveld R, Benyahia B, Heider PL, Zhang H, Wolfe A, Testa CJ, Ogden S, Hersey DR, Mascia S, Evans JMB, Braatz RD, Barton PI. The Application of an Automated Control Strategy for an Integrated Continuous Pharmaceutical Pilot Plant. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lakerveld
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Brahim Benyahia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Patrick L. Heider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Aaron Wolfe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Christopher J. Testa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sean Ogden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Devin R. Hersey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Salvatore Mascia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James M. B. Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Paul I. Barton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Heider PL, Born SC, Basak S, Benyahia B, Lakerveld R, Zhang H, Hogan R, Buchbinder L, Wolfe A, Mascia S, Evans JMB, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. Development of a Multi-Step Synthesis and Workup Sequence for an Integrated, Continuous Manufacturing Process of a Pharmaceutical. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op400294z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L. Heider
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen C. Born
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Soubir Basak
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Brahim Benyahia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard Lakerveld
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rachael Hogan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louis Buchbinder
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron Wolfe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Salvatore Mascia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James M. B. Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Pinho VD, Gutmann B, Miranda LSM, de Souza ROMA, Kappe CO. Continuous flow synthesis of α-halo ketones: essential building blocks of antiretroviral agents. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1555-62. [PMID: 24471789 DOI: 10.1021/jo402849z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of a continuous flow process for the multistep synthesis of α-halo ketones starting from N-protected amino acids is described. The obtained α-halo ketones are chiral building blocks for the synthesis of HIV protease inhibitors, such as atazanavir and darunavir. The synthesis starts with the formation of a mixed anhydride in a first tubular reactor. The anhydride is subsequently combined with anhydrous diazomethane in a tube-in-tube reactor. The tube-in-tube reactor consists of an inner tube, made from a gas-permeable, hydrophobic material, enclosed in a thick-walled, impermeable outer tube. Diazomethane is generated in the inner tube in an aqueous medium, and anhydrous diazomethane subsequently diffuses through the permeable membrane into the outer chamber. The α-diazo ketone is produced from the mixed anhydride and diazomethane in the outer chamber, and the resulting diazo ketone is finally converted to the halo ketone with anhydrous ethereal hydrogen halide. This method eliminates the need to store, transport, or handle diazomethane and produces α-halo ketone building blocks in a multistep system without racemization in excellent yields. A fully continuous process allowed the synthesis of 1.84 g of α-chloro ketone from the respective N-protected amino acid within ~4.5 h (87% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner D Pinho
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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13
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Averaging Level Control to Reduce Off-Spec Material in a Continuous Pharmaceutical Pilot Plant. Processes (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/pr1030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Mascia S, Heider PL, Zhang H, Lakerveld R, Benyahia B, Barton PI, Braatz RD, Cooney CL, Evans JMB, Jamison TF, Jensen KF, Myerson AS, Trout BL. End-to-End Continuous Manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals: Integrated Synthesis, Purification, and Final Dosage Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Mascia S, Heider PL, Zhang H, Lakerveld R, Benyahia B, Barton PI, Braatz RD, Cooney CL, Evans JMB, Jamison TF, Jensen KF, Myerson AS, Trout BL. End-to-end continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals: integrated synthesis, purification, and final dosage formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12359-63. [PMID: 24115355 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of tubes: The continuous manufacture of a finished drug product starting from chemical intermediates is reported. The continuous pilot-scale plant used a novel route that incorporated many advantages of continuous-flow processes to produce active pharmaceutical ingredients and the drug product in one integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mascia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge (USA)
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16
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Lakerveld R, Benyahia B, Braatz RD, Barton PI. Model-based design of a plant-wide control strategy for a continuous pharmaceutical plant. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lakerveld
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Process Systems Engineering Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Brahim Benyahia
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Process Systems Engineering Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Process Systems Engineering Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139
| | - Paul I. Barton
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Process Systems Engineering Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139
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17
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Development of continuous pharmaceutical production processes supported by process systems engineering methods and tools. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1371-4. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Gernaey KV, Cervera-Padrell AE, Woodley JM. A perspective on PSE in pharmaceutical process development and innovation. Comput Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cervera-Padrell AE, Morthensen ST, Lewandowski DJ, Skovby T, Kiil S, Gernaey KV. Continuous Hydrolysis and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Intermediate Using a Miniscale Hydrophobic Membrane Separator. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op200242s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Cervera-Padrell
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229,
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie T. Morthensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229,
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel J. Lewandowski
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229,
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tommy Skovby
- Chemical Production Development, H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, DK-4500 Nykoebing Sj., Denmark
| | - Søren Kiil
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229,
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229,
DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Malet-Sanz
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Flavien Susanne
- World-Wide
Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Development API, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich
CT13 9NJ, U.K
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21
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Cervera-Padrell AE, Nielsen JP, Jønch Pedersen M, Müller Christensen K, Mortensen AR, Skovby T, Dam-Johansen K, Kiil S, Gernaey KV. Monitoring and Control of a Continuous Grignard Reaction for the Synthesis of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Intermediate Using Inline NIR spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op2002563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Cervera-Padrell
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper P. Nielsen
- Chemical Production Development, H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, DK-4500 Nykoebing Sj.,
Denmark
| | - Michael Jønch Pedersen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kim Müller Christensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Asmus R. Mortensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tommy Skovby
- Chemical Production Development, H. Lundbeck A/S, Oddenvej 182, DK-4500 Nykoebing Sj.,
Denmark
| | - Kim Dam-Johansen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Kiil
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical
Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Wegner J, Ceylan S, Kirschning A. Flow Chemistry – A Key Enabling Technology for (Multistep) Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wegner
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Sascha Ceylan
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, D‐30167 Hannover, Germany, Fax: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐3011; phone: (+49)‐(0)511‐762‐4612
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23
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Bartrum HE, Blakemore DC, Moody CJ, Hayes CJ. Rapid access to α-alkoxy and α-amino acid derivatives through safe continuous-flow generation of diazoesters. Chemistry 2011; 17:9586-9. [PMID: 21796696 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Bartrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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