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Sah C, Yadav AK, Venkataramani S. Deciphering Stability of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Radicals: Balancing Act Between Delocalization and Ring Strain. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5464-5476. [PMID: 29791155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies on five-membered heterocycles with single heteroatom and their isomeric dehydro-borole 1a-1c, cyclopentadiene 2a-2c, pyrrole 3a-3c, furan 4b-4c, phosphole 5a-5c, and thiophene 6b-6c radicals have been carried out. Geometrical aspects through ground state electronic structures and stability aspects using bond dissociation energies (BDE) and radical stabilization energies (RSE) have been envisaged in this regard. Spin densities, electrostatic potentials (ESP), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis unveiled the extent of spin delocalization. The estimated nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) values revealed the difference in aromaticity characteristics of radicals. Particularly the heteroatom centered radicals exhibit odd electron π-delocalized systems with a quasi-antiaromatic character. Various factors such as, the relative position of the radical center with respect to heteroatoms, resonance, ring strain and orbital interactions influence the stability that follows the order: heteroatom centered > β-centered > α-centered radicals. Among the influences of various factors, we confirmed the existence of a competition between delocalization and the ring strain, and the interplay of both decides the overall stability order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitranjan Sah
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar , Knowledge City, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Ajit Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar , Knowledge City, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali , Sector 81, SAS Nagar , Knowledge City, Mohali , Punjab 140306 , India
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Ogawa S, Kobayashi H, Muraoka H. Synthesis, Structure, and Redox Properties of 1,1'-Bis(aryloligothienyl)ferrocenes. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.524178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ogawa
- a Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering , Iwate University , Morioka, Japan
| | - Haruka Kobayashi
- a Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering , Iwate University , Morioka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Muraoka
- a Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering , Iwate University , Morioka, Japan
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Michalski R, Sikora A, Adamus J, Marcinek A. Mechanistic Aspects of Radiation-Induced Oligomerization of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11552-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1067389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Adamus
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Dohi T, Ito M, Yamaoka N, Morimoto K, Fujioka H, Kita Y. Hypervalent iodine(III): selective and efficient single-electron-transfer (SET) oxidizing agent. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yagci Y, Jockusch S, Turro NJ. Mechanism of Photoinduced Step Polymerization of Thiophene by Onium Salts: Reactions of Phenyliodinium and Diphenylsulfinium Radical Cations with Thiophene. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 80626, Turkey, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 80626, Turkey, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| | - Nicholas J. Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 80626, Turkey, and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
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Design of reversible multi-electron redox systems using benzochalcogenophenes containing aryl and/or ferrocenyl fragments. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gianola AJ, Ichino T, Hoenigman RL, Kato S, Bierbaum VM, Lineberger WC. Thermochemistry and Electronic Structure of the Pyrrolyl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047790+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alberti A, Ballarin B, Guerra M, Macciantelli D, Mucci A, Parenti F, Schenetti L, Seeber R, Zanardi C. Radical Ions from 3,3′′′,3′′′″-Tris(butylsulfanyl)-2,2′:5′,2″:5″,2′′′,5′′′,2′′′′:5′′′′,2′′′″-sexithiophene: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the p- and n-Doped Oligomer. Chemphyschem 2003; 4:1216-25. [PMID: 14653001 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200300888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The 3,3''',3'''''-tris(butylsulfanyl)- 2,2':5',2'':5'',2''',5''',2'''':5'''',2'''''-sexithiophene 1 was investigated through spectroscopic (NMR, EPR, UV/Vis-NIR), electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical and theoretical (DFT) studies. The charged species obtained upon its oxidation and reduction were characterised, showing that 1 can exist in at least five different oxidation states, that is, a neutral species, a radical cation, a dication, a radical anion, and a dianion. The long term stability of the radical cation 1+. was evidenced by the 1H NMR study in the presence of small quantities of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This approach allowed a comparison of the relative broadening of proton signals of 1, induced by the electron exchange process with traces of radical cation 1+., and the hfc (hyperfine coupling) constants obtained from the EPR study and DFT calculations. In the radical cation, all of the heterocyclic sulphur atoms are not significantly involved in the delocalisation of the unpaired electron, whereas the opposite holds for the radical anion. Time-dependent DFT calculations reproduced well the wavelengths of the optical transitions observed in the spectroelectrochemical experiments for all the five oxidation states and support the formation of the dianion 1(2-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Alberti
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività ISOF-CNR, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Barbarella G, Zambianchi M, Di Toro R, Colonna M, Iarossi D, Goldoni F, Bongini A. Regioselective Oligomerization of 3-(Alkylsulfanyl)thiophenes with Ferric Chloride. J Org Chem 1996; 61:8285-8292. [PMID: 11667817 DOI: 10.1021/jo960982j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The action of FeCl(3) on 3-(alkylsulfanyl)thiophenes (3-(alkylthio)thiophenes) leads to the one-step formation of regioregular alpha-conjugated oligothiophenes, from trimer to octamer, depending on the solvent used and on the length of the alkyl chain. The regiochemistry of these oligomers is characterized by one inner head-to-head linkage between adjacent rings and by a variable number of lateral head-to-tail junctions. The reaction of ferric chloride with the head-to-head and head-to-tail bis(methylsulfanyl)-2,2'-bithiophenes gives the corresponding tetramers, while the reaction with the tail-to-tail counterpart affords a high molecular weight insoluble material. With the aid of theoretical calculations, these results are interpreted on the basis of the joint effects of the orienting power of the substituents and of the stability of the radical cations formed during the oxidative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Barbarella
- I.Co.C.E.A., Area Ricerca C.N.R., Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' di Modena, Via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Universita' di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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McCann GF, Millar GJ, Bowmaker GA, Cooney RP. Formation of polypyrrole and polythiophene within Cu2+- and H+-mordenite hosts studied by EPR and UV–VIS spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1039/ft9959104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alemán C, Vega M, Perez JJ. A comparative study of the performance of Dewar's semiempirical methods to compute electron spin resonance hyperfine coupling constants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(93)85008-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Alemán C, Vega M, Perez JJ. On the reliability of MINDO/3, MNDO and AM1 radical geometries for the computation of INDO electron spin resonance hyperfine coupling constants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-1280(93)80026-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shiotani M, Lindgren M, Ohta N, Ichikawa T. Radical cations of cyclohexanes alkyl-substituted on one carbon: an ESR study of the Jahn–Teller distorted HOMO of cyclohexane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/p29910000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Davies AG, Schiesser CH. An electron spin resonance study of the 2,5-diphenylchalcophene radical ions. J Organomet Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(90)85425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hwang B, Chon H. Interaction of furans and thiophenes with Cu (II) — exchanged ZSM-5 and Y zeolites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0144-2449(90)90026-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chanon M, Rajzmann M, Chanon F. One electron more, One electron less. What does it change? Activations Induced by electron Transfer. The electron, an activating messenger. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yoshida M, Yoshida T, Kamigata N, Kobayashi M. Heptafluoropropylation of Various Substituted Thiophenes with Bis(heptafluorobutyryl) Peroxide. Preparation of 3-Heptafluoropropylthiophene. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1988. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.61.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Smith RS, Anselment M, DiMauro LF, Frye JM, Sears TJ. Laser induced fluorescence study of the B̃ 2B2→X̃ 2A2 transition of the furan cation in a supersonic free jet expansion. J Chem Phys 1987. [DOI: 10.1063/1.452856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yoshida K, Fueno T. Concurrent Anodic Cyanation and Methoxylation of Methylated Furans. Oxidation Potential and Reactivity, and Stereochemical Control of Addition. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1987. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.60.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Structures and reactions of radical cations of some bicycloalkanes and their related alkenes as studied by 4 k matrix esr. Tetrahedron 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shiotani M, Kawazoe H, Sohma J. The radical cation of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene: An ESR study. Chem Phys Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(84)85501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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