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Al Toma RS, Brieke C, Cryle MJ, Süssmuth RD. Structural aspects of phenylglycines, their biosynthesis and occurrence in peptide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1207-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylglycine-type amino acids occur in a wide variety of peptide natural products. Herein structures and properties of these peptides as well as the biosynthetic origin and incorporation of phenylglycines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Brieke
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Max J. Cryle
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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2
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Bionda N, Pitteloud JP, Cudic P. Cyclic lipodepsipeptides: a new class of antibacterial agents in the battle against resistant bacteria. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1311-30. [PMID: 23859209 PMCID: PMC3845972 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to provide effective treatment options for infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, innovative antibiotics are necessary, preferably with novel modes of action and/or belonging to novel classes of drugs. Naturally occurring cyclic lipodepsipeptides, which contain one or more ester bonds along with the amide bonds, have emerged as promising candidates for the development of new antibiotics. Some of these natural products are either already marketed or in advanced stages of clinical development. However, despite the progress in the development of new antibacterial agents, it is inevitable that resistant strains of bacteria will emerge in response to the widespread use of a particular antibiotic and limit its lifetime. Therefore, development of new antibiotics remains our most efficient way to counteract bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bionda
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Post St Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Pitteloud
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Post St Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Predrag Cudic
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Post St Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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3
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Smoum R, Rubinstein A, Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M. Boron containing compounds as protease inhibitors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4156-220. [PMID: 22519511 DOI: 10.1021/cr608202m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Smoum
- The School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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A crystal structure of a dimer of the antibiotic ramoplanin illustrates membrane positioning and a potential Lipid II docking interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:13759-64. [PMID: 19666597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904686106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycodepsipeptide antibiotic ramoplanin A2 is in late stage clinical development for the treatment of infections from Gram-positive pathogens, especially those that are resistant to first line antibiotics such as vancomycin. Ramoplanin A2 achieves its antibacterial effects by interfering with production of the bacterial cell wall; it indirectly inhibits the transglycosylases responsible for peptidoglycan biosynthesis by sequestering their Lipid II substrate. Lipid II recognition and sequestration occur at the interface between the extracellular environment and the bacterial membrane. Therefore, we determined the structure of ramoplanin A2 in an amphipathic environment, using detergents as membrane mimetics, to provide the most physiologically relevant structural context for mechanistic and pharmacological studies. We report here the X-ray crystal structure of ramoplanin A2 at a resolution of 1.4 A. This structure reveals that ramoplanin A2 forms an intimate and highly amphipathic dimer and illustrates the potential means by which it interacts with bacterial target membranes. The structure also suggests a mechanism by which ramoplanin A2 recognizes its Lipid II ligand.
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6
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Nicolaou K, Chen J, Edmonds D, Estrada A. Fortschritte in der Chemie und Biologie natürlicher Antibiotika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Edmonds DJ, Estrada AA. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:660-719. [PMID: 19130444 PMCID: PMC2730216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the world-shaping discovery of penicillin, nature's molecular diversity has been extensively screened for new medications and lead compounds in drug discovery. The search for agents intended to combat infectious diseases has been of particular interest and has enjoyed a high degree of success. Indeed, the history of antibiotics is marked with impressive discoveries and drug-development stories, the overwhelming majority of which have their origin in natural products. Chemistry, and in particular chemical synthesis, has played a major role in bringing naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives to the clinic, and no doubt these disciplines will continue to be key enabling technologies. In this review article, we highlight a number of recent discoveries and advances in the chemistry, biology, and medicine of naturally occurring antibiotics, with particular emphasis on total synthesis, analogue design, and biological evaluation of molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Kang YK, Byun BJ. Conformational Preferences and Cis−Trans Isomerization of l-Lactic Acid Residue. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:9126-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801200m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Kee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Jin Byun
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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9
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Nam J, Shin D, Rew Y, Boger DL. Alanine scan of [L-Dap(2)]ramoplanin A2 aglycon: assessment of the importance of each residue. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8747-55. [PMID: 17592838 PMCID: PMC2593884 DOI: 10.1021/ja068573k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In efforts that define the importance of each residue and that identify key regions of the molecule, an alanine scan of the ramoplanin A2 aglycon, a potent antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, is detailed. As a consequence of both its increased stability (lactam vs lactone) and its "relative" ease of synthesis, the alanine scan was conducted on [Dap2]ramoplanin A2 aglycon, which possesses antimicrobial activity equal to or slightly more potent than that of ramoplanin A2 or its aglycon. Thus, 14 key analogues of the ramoplanin A2 aglycon, representing a scan of residues 3-13, 15, and 17, were prepared enlisting a convergent solution-phase total synthesis that consolidated the effort to a manageable level. The antimicrobial activity of the resulting library of analogues provides insight into the importance and potential role of each residue of this complex glycopeptide antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Blankenstein
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France, Fax: +33‐1‐69‐07‐72‐47
- Current address: Sanofi‐Aventis, Sanofi‐Synthelabo Recherche, Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91835 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France, Fax: +33‐1‐69‐07‐72‐47
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11
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Walker S, Chen L, Hu Y, Rew Y, Shin D, Boger DL. Chemistry and Biology of Ramoplanin: A Lipoglycodepsipeptide with Potent Antibiotic Activity. Chem Rev 2005; 105:449-76. [PMID: 15700952 DOI: 10.1021/cr030106n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Walker
- The Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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12
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Shin D, Rew Y, Boger DL. Total synthesis and structure of the ramoplanin A1 and A3 aglycons: two minor components of the ramoplanin complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11977-9. [PMID: 15175429 PMCID: PMC514419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401419101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ramoplanin is a potent antibiotic, first disclosed in 1984, that acts by inhibiting bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. The original ramoplanin complex was shown to consist of a mixture of three closely related compounds, ramoplanin A1-A3, of which ramoplanin A2 is the most abundant. The structure of ramoplanin A2 was unambiguously established first through a series of extensive spectroscopic studies, allowing complete stereochemical assignments and subsequently providing a minor reassignment of the side-chain double-bond stereochemistry and, most recently, through total synthesis of authentic material. Here we report the total syntheses of the aglycons of the minor components of the ramoplanin complex, A1 and A3, which unambiguously establish their structure and provide an expected structural revision for the lipid side-chain double-bond stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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McCafferty DG, Cudic P, Frankel BA, Barkallah S, Kruger RG, Li W. Chemistry and biology of the ramoplanin family of peptide antibiotics. Biopolymers 2003; 66:261-84. [PMID: 12491539 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The peptide antibiotic ramoplanin factor A2 is a promising clinical candidate for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections that are resistant to antibiotics such as glycopeptides, macrolides, and penicillins. Since its discovery in 1984, no clinical or laboratory-generated resistance to this antibiotic has been reported. The mechanism of action of ramoplanin involves sequestration of peptidoglycan biosynthesis Lipid intermediates, thus physically occluding these substrates from proper utilization by the late-stage peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes MurG and the transglycosylases (TGases). Ramoplanin is structurally related to two cell wall active lipodepsipeptide antibiotics, janiemycin, and enduracidin, and is functionally related to members of the lantibiotic class of antimicrobial peptides (mersacidin, actagardine, nisin, and epidermin) and glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin and teicoplanin). Peptidomimetic chemotherapeutics derived from the ramoplanin sequence may find future use as antibiotics against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and related pathogens. Here we review the chemistry and biology of the ramoplanins including its discovery, structure elucidation, biosynthesis, antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action, and total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewey G McCafferty
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Johnson Research Foundation, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6059, USA.
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Jiang W, Wanner J, Lee RJ, Bounaud PY, Boger DL. Total synthesis of the ramoplanin A2 and ramoplanose aglycon. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1877-87. [PMID: 12580615 DOI: 10.1021/ja0212314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Full details of a convergent total synthesis of the ramoplanin A2 and ramoplanose aglycon are disclosed. Three key subunits composed of residues 3-9 (heptapeptide 15), pentadepsipeptide 26 (residues 1, 2 and 15-17), and pentapeptide 34 (residues 10-14) were prepared, sequentially coupled, and cyclized to provide the 49-membered depsipeptide core of the aglycon. Key to the preparation of the pentadepsipeptide 26 incorporating the backbone ester was the asymmetric synthesis of an orthogonally protected l-threo-beta-hydroxyasparagine and the development of effective and near-racemization free conditions for esterification of its hindered alcohol (EDCI, DMAP, 0 degrees C). The coupling sites were chosen to maximize the convergency of the synthesis including that of the three subunits, to prevent late stage racemization of carboxylate-activated phenylglycine-derived residues, and to enlist beta-sheet preorganization of an acyclic macrocyclization substrate for 49-membered ring closure. By altering the order of final couplings, two macrocyclization sites, Phe(9)-d-Orn(10) and Gly(14)-Leu(15), were examined. Macrocyclization at the highly successful Phe(9)-d-Orn(10) site (89%) may benefit from both beta-sheet preorganization as well as closure at a d-amine terminus within the confines of a beta-turn at the end of the H-bonded antiparallel beta-strands. A more modest, but acceptable macrocyclization reaction at the Gly(14)-Leu(15) site (40-50%) found at the other end of the H-bonded antiparallel beta-strands within a small flexible loop may also benefit from preorganization of the cyclization substrate, is conducted on a substrate incapable of competitive racemization, and accommodates the convergent preparation of analogues bearing depsipeptide modifications. Deliberate late-stage incorporation of the subunit bearing the labile depsipeptide ester and a final stage Asn(1) side-chain introduction provides future access to analogues of the aglycons which themselves are equally potent or more potent than the natural products in antimicrobial assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Jiang W, Wanner J, Lee RJ, Bounaud PY, Boger DL. Total synthesis of the ramoplanin A2 and ramoplanose aglycon. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:5288-90. [PMID: 11996568 DOI: 10.1021/ja020237q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convergent total synthesis of the ramoplanin A2 and ramoplanose aglycon is disclosed. Three key subunits composed of residues 3-9 (heptapeptide 15), pentadepsipeptide 26, and pentapeptide 34 (residues 10-14) were prepared, sequentially coupled, and cyclized to provide the 49-membered depsipeptide core of the aglycon. Key to the preparation of the pentadepsipeptide 26 incorporating the backbone ester was the asymmetric synthesis of an orthogonally protected L-threo-beta-hydroxyasparagine and the development of effective and near-racemization free conditions for esterification of its hindered alcohol (EDCI, DMAP, 0 degrees C). The coupling sites were chosen to maximize the convergency of the synthesis including that of the three subunits, to prevent late stage racemization of carboxylate-activated phenylglycine-derived residues, and to enlist beta-sheet preorganization of an acyclic macrocyclization substrate for 49-membered ring closure. As such, macrocyclization at the chosen Phe(9)-D-Orn(10) site may benefit from both beta-sheet preorganization as well as closure at a D-amine terminus. Deliberate late stage incorporation of the subunit bearing the labile depsipeptide ester and a final stage Asn(1) side chain introduction provides future access to analogues of the aglycons which themselves are reported to be equally potent or more potent than the natural products in antimicrobial assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Lo MC, Helm JS, Sarngadharan G, Pelczer I, Walker S. A new structure for the substrate-binding antibiotic ramoplanin. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8640-1. [PMID: 11525690 DOI: 10.1021/ja011080p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Abstract
Vancomycin, teicoplanin, and ramoplanin are potent glycopeptide antibiotics that act by inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. The former are used clinically as the antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the latter is a promising new antibiotic that is not susceptible to the emerging bacterial resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. A summary of our recent total synthesis of the vancomycin aglycon, our first and second generation total syntheses of the teicoplanin aglycon, and our progress on the total synthesis of the ramoplanins is presented. This work lays the foundation for ongoing structure-function studies on the antibiotics that may clarify or define their site and mechanism of action leading to the development of improved or reengineered antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Abstract
This review is focused on recent advances in our understanding of beta-sheet structure. It is intended to supplement previous surveys describing the early characterization and study of beta-sheet structure. The first two sections of this review provide a brief introduction to beta-sheet structure referencing the prior comprehensive reviews in this area as well as integrating new concepts. The next part outlines the typical problems encountered in solution studies on beta-sheet structures. The most useful spectroscopic and biophysical techniques used to characterize beta-sheet structures are described in the fourth section. Current hypotheses regarding the folding of predominantly beta-sheet proteins are discussed in some detail in the fifth segment. The efforts of a number of laboratories to utilize peptides or peptidomimetics to serve as small beta-sheet model systems are reviewed in the penultimate section. Finally, the efforts of a number of research groups focusing on the de novo design of beta-sheet-based proteins are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Nesloney
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station 77843-3255, USA
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Brandmeier V, Sauer WHB, Feigel M. Antiparallel ?-Sheet Conformation in Cyclopeptides Containing a Pseudo-amino Acid with a biphenyl moiety. Helv Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19940770110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Maplestone RA, Cox JP, Williams DH. Retention of native-like structure in an acyclic counterpart of a beta-sheet antibiotic. FEBS Lett 1993; 326:95-100. [PMID: 8325394 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81769-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An acyclic derivative of the cyclic peptide antibiotic, ramoplanin, has been prepared. In aqueous solution, two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy indicates that the acyclic form adopts a threshold population of conformers in which at least part of the beta-sheet characteristic of the intact ramoplanin persists. Thus, despite losing the entropic benefit which the macrocycle must lend to beta-sheet formation, the polypeptide chain of the acyclic ramoplanin appears to display an innate tendency to adopt a native-like conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Maplestone
- Cambridge Centre for Molecular Recognition, University Chemical Laboratory, UK
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Gastaldo L, Ciabatti R, Assi F, Restelli E, Kettenring JK, Zerilli LF, Romanò G, Denaro M, Cavalleri B. Isolation, structure determination and biological activity of A-16686 factors A′ 1, A′ 2 and A′ 3 glycolipodepsipeptide antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 11:13-8. [PMID: 1369015 DOI: 10.1007/bf01583726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When Actinoplanes strain ATCC 33076, the producer of A-16686 A1, A2 and A3 complex, is fermented in a suitable medium three additional factors, designated A' 1, A' 2 and A' 3 are produced. These were isolated and characterized, and were shown to differ from the parent components of the original complex by lacking one mannose unit. Bioconversion of A factors into A' factors was achieved by incubation with the mycelium of Actinoplanes ATCC 33076. Factor A' 2 has better antibacterial activity than A2 against some bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gastaldo
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Lepetit Research Center, Gerenzano, Italy
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