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Wodtke R, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Selectively Mono-Fluorobenz(o)ylated Polyamines as a Basis for the Development of 18F-Labeled Radiotracers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227012. [PMID: 34834103 PMCID: PMC8625420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are highly attractive vectors for tumor targeting, particularly with regards to the development of radiolabeled probes for imaging by positron emission (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the synthesis of selectively functionalized derivatives remains challenging due to the presence of multiple amino groups of similar reactivity. In this work, we established a synthetic methodology for the selective mono-fluorobenz(o)ylation of various biogenic diamines and polyamines as lead compounds for the perspective development of substrate-based radiotracers for targeting polyamine-specific membrane transporters and enzymes such as transglutaminases. For this purpose, the polyamine scaffold was constructed by solid-phase synthesis of the corresponding oxopolyamines and subsequent reduction with BH3/THF. Primary and secondary amino groups were selectively protected using Dde and Boc as protecting groups, respectively, in orientation to previously reported procedures, which enabled the selective introduction of the reporter groups. For example, N1-FBz-spermidine, N4-FBz-spermidine, N8-FBz-spermidine, and N1-FBz-spermine and N4-FBz-spermine (FBz = 4-fluorobenzoyl) were obtained in good yields by this approach. The advantages and disadvantages of this synthetic approach are discussed in detail and its suitability for radiolabeling was demonstrated for the solid-phase synthesis of N1-[18F]FBz-cadaverine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (R.L.); Tel.: +49-351-260-3923 (R.W.); +49-351-260-3658 (R.L.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (R.L.); Tel.: +49-351-260-3923 (R.W.); +49-351-260-3658 (R.L.)
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2
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Chithanna S, Vyasamudri S, Yang DY. Application of Dimedone Enamines as Protecting Groups for Amines and Peptides. Org Lett 2020; 22:2391-2395. [PMID: 32148048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple protocol for the protection of amines was realized through a base-catalyzed one-pot reaction of dimedone, β-nitroalkene, and amine. Employing this strategy, a variety of amines/amino acids were protected in excellent yields. These acid/base stable protected amines can be deprotected by either ethylene diamine or hydrazine hydrate under mild conditions. The practical application of this orthogonal protecting group was demonstrated by the synthesis of cyclic peptide melanotan II via SPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanna Chithanna
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sameer Vyasamudri
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ding-Yah Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City, 40704 Taiwan, Republic of China
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith P. Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Hannah E. Burdge
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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4
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Pauli D, Bienz S. Regioselective solid-phase synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated acylpolyamine spider toxins using an 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal-modified resin. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4473-85. [PMID: 25773373 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recently introduced new SPS resin, possessing a 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal linker, was used for the regioselective on-resin synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated polyamine spider toxins of Agelenopsis aperta and Larinioides folium. The polyamine backbones of the target compounds were efficiently constructed from the center by reductive amination of the aldehyde linker, followed by stepwise alkylation and acylation on solid support. Depending on the cleavage conditions, employing either oxidation/Cope elimination or methylation/Hofmann elimination, regioselectively the respective N-hydroxyl or N-methyl products were obtained. Employing this methodology, a number of acylpolyamine spider toxins were synthesized and identified as venom components by UHPLC and ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pauli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Jong T, Bradley M. Flow-Mediated Synthesis of Boc, Fmoc, and Ddiv Monoprotected Diamines. Org Lett 2015; 17:422-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ThingSoon Jong
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King’s Buildings,
David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King’s Buildings,
David Brewster Road, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
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6
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Bugdahn N, Oberthür M. Syntheses and Iron Binding Affinities of theBacillus anthracisSiderophore Petrobactin and Sidechain-Modified Analogues. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Olsen CA, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Niedermolekulare Verbindungen aus Spinnen als chemische Sensoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Olsen CA, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Small molecules from spiders used as chemical probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11296-311. [PMID: 22034051 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are important species in ecological systems and as major predators of insects they are endowed with a plethora of low-molecular-weight natural products having intriguing biological activities. The isolation and biological characterization of these entities are well established, however, only very recently have these compounds been used as templates for the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of synthetic analogues. In contrast, the investigation of compounds responsible for chemical communication between spiders is far less developed, but recently new light has been shed onto the area of pheromones and allomones from spiders. Herein, we recapitulate these recent results, put them into perspective with previous findings, and provide an outlook for future studies of these chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Olsen CA, Witt M, Franzyk H, Jaroszewski JW. Solid-phase synthesis of neuroactive spider–wasp hybrid toxin analogues using a backbone amide linker. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Olsen CA, Jørgensen MR, Hansen SH, Witt M, Jaroszewski JW, Franzyk H. Side-Chain-Anchored Nα-Fmoc-Tyr-OPfp for Bidirectional Solid-Phase Synthesis. Org Lett 2005; 7:1703-6. [PMID: 15844885 DOI: 10.1021/ol050305o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A mild resin-immobilization strategy employing a readily prepared trityl bromide resin for anchoring building blocks via a phenol group has been developed. With N(alpha)-Fmoc-Tyr-OPfp as a starter building block, it was possible to prepare asymmetrically substituted hybrids of spider- and wasp-type polyamine toxins using solid-phase peptide synthesis conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Strømgaard K, Mellor I. AMPA receptor ligands: Synthetic and pharmacological studies of polyamines and polyamine toxins. Med Res Rev 2004; 24:589-620. [PMID: 15224382 DOI: 10.1002/med.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPAR), subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (IGRs), mediate fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS), and are involved in many neurological disorders, as well as being a key player in the formation of memory. Hence, ligands affecting AMPARs are highly important for the study of the structure and function of this receptor, and in this regard polyamine-based ligands, particularly polyamine toxins, are unique as they selectively block Ca2+ -permeable AMPARs. Indeed, endogenous intracellular polyamines are known to modulate the function of these receptors in vivo. In this study, recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of polyamine-based ligands are given, particularly focusing on the use of solid-phase synthesis (SPS) as a tool for the facile generation of libraries of polyamine toxin analogues. Moreover, the recent development of highly potent and very selective AMPAR ligands is described. Additionally, we provide a detailed account on the mechanism and site of action of AMPAR blockade by polyamine-based ligands, including examples of how these ligands are used as tools to study AMPAR, and a comparison with their action on other ionotropic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen.
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12
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Cagir A, Tao ZF, Sucheck SJ, Hecht SM. Solid-phase synthesis and biochemical evaluation of conformationally constrained analogues of deglycobleomycin A5. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:5179-87. [PMID: 14604681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deglycobleomycin binds to and degrades the self-complementary oligonucleotide d(CGCTAGCG)(2) in a sequence selective fashion. A previous modeling study [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, (1998), 7450] had shown that, during binding to double stranded DNA, the conformation of the methylvalerate domain of deglycoBLM approximated that of S-proline. In the belief that an analogue of deglycoBLM structurally constrained to mimic the DNA-bound conformation might exhibit facilitated DNA binding and cleavage, an analogue of deglycoBLM was prepared in which the methylvalerate moiety was replaced by S-proline. This deglycoBLM analogue, as well as the related analogue containing R-proline, was synthesized on a TentaGel resin. Both of the analogues were found to be capable of binding Fe(2+) and activating O(2) for transfer to styrene. However, both deglycoBLM analogues exhibited diminished abilities to effect the relaxation of supercoiled plasmid DNA, and neither mediated sequence selective DNA cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Cagir
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
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13
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Rishel MJ, Thomas CJ, Tao ZF, Vialas C, Leitheiser CJ, Hecht SM. Conformationally constrained analogues of bleomycin A5. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:10194-205. [PMID: 12926941 DOI: 10.1021/ja030057w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bleomycin (BLM) group antitumor antibiotics are glycopeptide-derived natural products shown to cause sequence selective lesions in DNA. Prior studies have indicated that the linker region, composed of the methylvalerate and threonine residues, may be responsible for a conformational bend in the agent required for efficient DNA cleavage. We have synthesized a number of conformationally constrained methylvalerate analogues and incorporated them into deglycobleomycin A(5) congeners using our recently reported procedure for the solid phase construction of (deglyco)bleomycin and its analogues. These analogues were designed to probe the effects of conformational constraint of the native valerate moiety. Initial experiments indicated that the constrained molecules, none of which mimic the conformation proposed for the natural valerate linker, possessed DNA cleavage activity, albeit with potencies less than that of (deglyco)BLM and lacking sequence selectivity. Further experiments demonstrated that these analogues failed to produce alkali-labile lesions in DNA or sequence selective oxidative damage in RNA. However, two of the conformationally constrained deglycoBLM analogues were shown to mediate RNA cleavage in the absence of added Fe(2+). The ability of the analogues to mediate the oxygenation of small molecules was also assayed, and it was shown that they were as competent in the transfer of oxygen to low molecular weight substrates as the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rishel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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14
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15
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Tao ZF, Leitheiser CJ, Smith KL, Hashimoto S, Hecht SM. Solid-phase synthesis of deglycobleomycins: a C-terminal tetraamine linker that permits direct evaluation of resin-bound bleomycins. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:426-34. [PMID: 12009930 DOI: 10.1021/bc010083o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deglycobleomycin analogues having different length polyamine side chains at the C-terminus were synthesized using a novel solid-phase synthesis strategy that produces fully deprotected deglycobleomycin congeners attached to the resin. Detailed studies of DNA cleavage by these compounds and their resin-bound counterparts using supercoiled plasmid DNAs and DNA restriction fragments as substrates revealed that (i) the length of the polyamine side chain of free deglycoBLM had limited effect on its DNA cleavage potency or sequence selectivity, and (ii) the nature of the linker moiety between the resin and attached deglycobleomycin had a more substantial effect on the potency of DNA cleavage, but no effect on sequence selectivity of resin-bound deglycoBLMs. Resin-bound 4 exhibited efficient DNA cleavage, indicating that its tetraamine linker moiety could be used for the elaboration and direct evaluation of bleomycin congeners attached to resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA
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16
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Thomas CJ, McCormick MM, Vialas C, Tao ZF, Leitheiser CJ, Rishel MJ, Wu X, Hecht SM. Alteration of the selectivity of DNA cleavage by a deglycobleomycin analogue containing a trithiazole moiety. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:3875-84. [PMID: 11942824 DOI: 10.1021/ja011820u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The bleomycin (BLM) group of antitumor antibiotics effects DNA cleavage in a sequence-selective manner. Previous studies have indicated that the metal-binding and bithiazole moieties of BLM are both involved in the binding of BLM to DNA. The metal-binding domain is normally the predominant structural element in determining the sequence selectivity of DNA binding, but it has been shown that replacement of the bithiazole moiety with a strong DNA binder can alter the sequence selectivity of DNA binding and cleavage. To further explore the mechanism by which BLM and DNA interact, a trithiazole-containing deglycoBLM analogue was synthesized and tested for its ability to relax supercoiled DNA and cleave linear duplex DNA in a sequence-selective fashion. Also studied was cleavage of a novel RNA substrate. Solid-phase synthesis of the trithiazole deglycoBLM A(5) analogue was achieved using a TentaGel resin containing a Dde linker and elaborated from five key intermediates. The ability of the resulting BLM analogue to relax supercoiled DNA was largely unaffected by introduction of the additional thiazole moiety. Remarkably, while no new sites of DNA cleavage were observed for this analogue, there was a strong preference for cleavage at two 5'-GT-3' sites when a 5'-(32)P end-labeled DNA duplex was used as a substrate. The alteration of sequence selectivity of cleavage was accompanied by some decrease in the potency of DNA cleavage, albeit without a dramatic diminution. In common with BLM, the trithiazole analogue of deglycoBLM A(5) effected both hydrolytic cleavage of RNA in the absence of added metal ion and oxidative cleavage in the presence of Fe(2+) and O(2). In comparison with BLM A(5), the relative efficiencies of hydrolytic cleavage at individual sites were altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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17
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Smith KL, Tao ZF, Hashimoto S, Leitheiser CJ, Wu X, Hecht SM. Deglycobleomycin: solid-phase synthesis and DNA cleavage by the resin-bound ligand. Org Lett 2002; 4:1079-82. [PMID: 11922787 DOI: 10.1021/ol010293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A greatly improved solid-phase synthesis of deglycobleomycin using a Dde-based linker is reported. The resin-bound deglycobleomycin could be completely deblocked and assayed for DNA plasmid relaxation, sequence-selective DNA cleavage, and light production from a molecular beacon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Smith
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA
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18
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Hone ND, Payne LJ. Solid-phase synthesis of Agel 416; a novel approach to modified polyamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00995-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Solid-phase synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical polyamine analogues of philanthotoxins using a Dde-linker. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)02238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Sharma SK, Wu AD, Chandramouli N, Fotsch C, Kardash G, Bair KW. Solid-phase total synthesis of polymyxin B1. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 53:501-6. [PMID: 10424344 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The total solid-phase synthesis of polymyxin B1 (PMB1) has been achieved in 20% yield using the orthogonal protecting group N-1-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylidene)ethyl-(Dde). This report demonstrates that a complex peptide macrocycle can be synthesized in high yields using solid-phase synthesis. According to MS and HPLC, the synthetic peptide was identical to the naturally occurring antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Sharma
- Oncology Department, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Summit, NY 07901-1398, USA.
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21
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Saito H, Yuri E, Miyazawa M, Itagaki Y, Nakajima T, Miyashita M. Total synthesis of NPTX-5 and NPTX-6, Joro spider (Nephila clavata) toxins having a unique putreanine trimer and putreanine tetramer acylpolyamine chain. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Chhabra SR, Khan AN, Bycroft BW. Versatile Dde-based primary amine linkers for solid phase synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Chhabra SR, Hothi B, Evans DJ, White PD, Bycroft BW, Chan WC. An appraisal of new variants of Dde amine protecting group for solid phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Augustyns K, Kraas W, Jung G. Investigation on the stability of the Dde protecting group used in peptide synthesis: migration to an unprotected lysine. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1998; 51:127-33. [PMID: 9516048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1998.tb00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of the stability of the Dde protecting group for amines, used in solid-phase peptide synthesis, shows that an unprotected epsilon-NH2 group of lysine can acquire the Dde protection from another epsilon-NH2 group or from an alpha-NH2 group. An unprotected alpha-NH2, however, cannot remove Dde from an epsilon-NH2 function. This migration takes place during Fmoc removal from the epsilon-NH2 with piperidine and/or during the subsequent washing steps. The Dde migration is also possible in neat dimethylformamide by a direct nucleophilic attack of the free epsilon-NH2 group. Addition of piperidine to the reaction medium accelerates the side reaction, probably because of the formation of an unstable piperidine-Dde adduct. Dde migration can be prevented if the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl is cleaved with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene for a short reaction time (2%, 3 x 3 min). Finally, this rearrangement is shown to occur both as an intra- and intermolecular reaction between peptides on the same resin bead.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Augustyns
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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R. Lewis J. Muscarine, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole and peptide alkaloids, and other miscellaneous alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a815371y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Marsh IR, Bradley M. Solid phase synthesis of polyamine conjugates for the study of trypanothione reductase. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Solid phase applications of Dde and the analogue Nde: Synthesis of trypanothione disulphide. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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N-Fmoc-aminooxy-2-chlorotrityl polystyrene resin: A facile solid-phase methodology for the synthesis of hydroxamic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Byk G, Frederic M, Scherman D. One pot synthesis of unsymmetrically functionalized polyamines by a solid phase strategy starting from their symmetrical polyamine-counterparts. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Marsh IR, Smith HK, Leblanc C, Bradley M. Synthetic methods for polyamine linkers and their application to combinatorial chemistry. Mol Divers 1997; 2:165-70. [PMID: 9238647 DOI: 10.1007/bf01682204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines and polyamine conjugates display a diverse range of important biological functions, ranging from antibiotics to immunosuppressants and glutamate receptor antagonists. For these reasons, polyamines provide an excellent template/scaffold for combinatorial chemistry. In this paper we present methods for the solid-phase immobilisation of polyamines for use in synthetic and combinatorial chemistry and describe how they have been employed in the preparation of a number of important polyamine conjugates and polyamine libraries. Thus, we have designed, synthesised and utilised a number of polyamine linkers for both solution and resin screening combinatorial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, U.K
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Shinada T, Miyachi M, Itagaki Y, Naoki H, Yoshihara K, Nakajima T. Facile synthesis of 6-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid: On the structure of the aromatic subunit of nephilatoxin-1∼6. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nash IA, Bycroft BW, Chan WC. Dde — A selective primary amine protecting group: A facile solid phase synthetic approach to polyamine conjugates. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)00344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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