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Gong Z, Wang L, Xu Y, Xie D, Qi X, Nam W, Guo M. Enhanced Reactivities of Iron(IV)-Oxo Porphyrin Species in Oxidation Reactions Promoted by Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bonding. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310333. [PMID: 38477431 PMCID: PMC11109629 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
High-valent iron-oxo species are one of the common intermediates in both biological and biomimetic catalytic oxidation reactions. Recently, hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) has been proved to be critical in determining the selectivity and reactivity. However, few examples have been established for mechanistic insights into the H-bonding effect. Moreover, intramolecular H-bonding effect on both C-H activation and oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions in synthetic porphyrin model system has not been investigated yet. In this study, a series of heme-containing iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin species with or without intramolecular H-bonding are synthesized and characterized. Kinetic studies revealed that intramolecular H-bonding can significantly enhance the reactivity of iron(IV)-oxo species in OAT, C-H activation, and electron-transfer reactions. This unprecedented unified H-bonding effect is elucidated by theoretical calculations, which showed that intramolecular H-bonding interactions lower the energy of the anti-bonding orbital of iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin species, resulting in the enhanced reactivities in oxidation reactions irrespective of the reaction type. To the best of the knowledge, this is the first extensive investigation on the intramolecular H-bonding effect in heme system. The results show that H-bonding interactions have a unified effect with iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin species in all three investigated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Gong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430072P. R. China
| | - Liwei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430072P. R. China
| | - Yiran Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430072P. R. China
| | - Duanfeng Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430072P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430072P. R. China
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano ScienceEwha Womans UniversitySeoul03760South Korea
| | - Mian Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanHubei430072P. R. China
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Schrage BR, Zhou W, Harrison LA, Nevonen DE, Thompson JR, Prosser KE, Walsby CJ, Ziegler CJ, Leznoff DB, Nemykin VN. Resolving a Half-Century-Long Controversy between (Magneto)optical and EPR Spectra of Single-Electron-Reduced [PcFe] −, [PcFeL] −, and [PcFeX] 2– Complexes: Story of a Double Flip. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20177-20199. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Laurel A. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - John R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kathleen E. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Charles J. Walsby
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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3
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Krzystek J, Schnegg A, Aliabadi A, Holldack K, Stoian SA, Ozarowski A, Hicks SD, Abu-Omar MM, Thomas KE, Ghosh A, Caulfield KP, Tonzetich ZJ, Telser J. Advanced Paramagnetic Resonance Studies on Manganese and Iron Corroles with a Formal d 4 Electron Count. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:1075-1090. [PMID: 31909979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metallocorroles wherein the metal ion is MnIII and formally FeIV are studied here using field- and frequency-domain electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. The MnIII corrole, Mn(tpfc) (tpfc = 5,10,15-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole trianion), exhibits the following S = 2 zero-field splitting (zfs) parameters: D = -2.67(1) cm-1, |E| = 0.023(5) cm-1. This result and those for other MnIII tetrapyrroles indicate that when D ≈ - 2.5 ± 0.5 cm-1 for 4- or 5-coordinate and D ≈ - 3.5 ± 0.5 cm-1 for 6-coordinate complexes, the ground state description is [MnIII(Cor3-)]0 or [MnIII(P2-)]+ (Cor = corrole, P = porphyrin). The situation for formally FeIV corroles is more complicated, and it has been shown that for Fe(Cor)X, when X = Ph (phenyl), the ground state is a spin triplet best described by [FeIV(Cor3-)]+, but when X = halide, the ground state corresponds to [FeIII(Cor•2-)]+, wherein an intermediate spin (S = 3/2) FeIII is antiferromagnetically coupled to a corrole radical dianion (S = 1/2) to also give an S = 1 ground state. These two valence isomers can be distinguished by their zfs parameters, as determined here for Fe(tpc)X, X = Ph, Cl (tpc = 5,10,15-triphenylcorrole trianion). The complex with axial phenyl gives D = 21.1(2) cm-1, while that with axial chloride gives D = 14.6(1) cm-1. The D value for Fe(tpc)Ph is in rough agreement with the range of values reported for other FeIV complexes. In contrast, the D value for Fe(tpc)Cl is inconsistent with an FeIV description and represents a different type of iron center. Computational studies corroborate the zfs for the two types of iron corrole complexes. Thus, the zfs of metallocorroles can be diagnostic as to the electronic structure of a formally high oxidation state metallocorrole, and by extension to metalloporphyrins, although such studies have yet to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krzystek
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Alexander Schnegg
- EPR Research Group , Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , D-45470 Mülheim Ruhr , Germany.,Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin , Kekulestraße 5 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Azar Aliabadi
- Berlin Joint EPR Laboratory , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin , Kekulestraße 5 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Karsten Holldack
- Institut für Methoden und Instrumentierung der Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung am Elektronenspeicherring BESSY II , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian A Stoian
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , Moscow , Idaho 83844 , United States
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Scott D Hicks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Mahdi M Abu-Omar
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106-9510 , United States
| | - Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Kenneth P Caulfield
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
| | - Zachary J Tonzetich
- Department of Chemistry , University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) , One UTSA Circle , San Antonio , Texas 78249 , United States
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Physical, and Health Sciences , Roosevelt University , Chicago , Illinois 60605 , United States
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Chang HC, Mondal B, Fang H, Neese F, Bill E, Ye S. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Signature of Tetragonal Low Spin Iron(V)-Nitrido and -Oxo Complexes Derived from the Electronic Structure Analysis of Heme and Non-Heme Archetypes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2421-2434. [PMID: 30620571 PMCID: PMC6728100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Iron(V)-nitrido and -oxo complexes
have been proposed as key intermediates
in a diverse array of chemical transformations. Herein we present
a detailed electronic-structure analysis of [FeV(N)(TPP)]
(1, TPP2– = tetraphenylporphyrinato),
and [FeV(N)(cyclam-ac)]+ (2, cyclam-ac
= 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-acetato) using electron paramagnetic
resonance (EPR) and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy
coupled with wave function based complete active-space self-consistent
field (CASSCF) calculations. The findings were compared with all other
well-characterized genuine iron(V)-nitrido and -oxo complexes, [FeV(N)(MePy2tacn)](PF6)2 (3, MePy2tacn = methyl-N′,N″-bis(2-picolyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), [FeV(N){PhB(t-BuIm)3}]+ (4, PhB(tBuIm)3– = phenyltris(3-tert-butylimidazol-2-ylidene)borate),
and [FeV(O)(TAML)]− (5,
TAML4– = tetraamido macrocyclic ligand). Our results
revealed that complex 1 is an authenticated iron(V)-nitrido
species and contrasts with its oxo congener, compound I, which contains
a ferryl unit interacting with a porphyrin radical. More importantly,
tetragonal iron(V)-nitrido and -oxo complexes 1–3 and 5 all possess an orbitally nearly doubly
degenerate S = 1/2 ground state. Consequently, analogous
near-axial EPR spectra with g|| < g⊥ ≤ 2 were measured for them,
and their g|| and g⊥ values were found to obey a simple relation of g⊥2 + (2 – g∥)2 = 4. However, the bonding situation for trigonal iron(V)-nitrido
complex 4 is completely different as evidenced by its
distinct EPR spectrum with g|| < 2
< g⊥. Further in-depth analyses
suggested that tetragonal low spin iron(V)-nitrido and -oxo complexes
feature electronic structures akin to those found for complexes 1–3 and 5. Therefore, the
characteristic EPR signals determined for 1–3 and 5 can be used as a spectroscopic marker
to identify such highly reactive intermediates in catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Chang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Bhaskar Mondal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstr. 34-36 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Huayi Fang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstr. 34-36 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstr. 34-36 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
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Tang X, Jia X, Huang Z. Challenges and opportunities for alkane functionalisation using molecular catalysts. Chem Sci 2017; 9:288-299. [PMID: 29629098 PMCID: PMC5870200 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03610h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of vast low-value saturated hydrocarbons into valuable chemicals is of great interest.
The conversion of vast low-value saturated hydrocarbons into valuable chemicals is of great interest. Thanks to the progression of organometallic and coordination chemistry, transition metal catalysed C sp3–H bond functionalisation has now become a powerful tool for alkane transformations. Specifically, methods for alkane functionalisation include radical initiated C–H functionalisation, carbene/nitrene insertion, and transition metal catalysed C–H bond activation. This perspective provides a systematic and concise overview of each protocol, highlighting the factors that govern regioselectivity in these reactions. The challenges of the existing catalytic tactics and future directions for catalyst development in this field will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China .
| | - Xiangqing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China .
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Road , Shanghai 200032 , China .
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6
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthetic Chlorins, Possible Surrogates for Chlorophylls, Prepared by Derivatization of Porphyrins. Chem Rev 2016; 117:344-535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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7
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Abstract
The remarkable aliphatic C-H hydroxylations catalyzed by the heme-containing enzyme, cytochrome P450, have attracted sustained attention for more than four decades. The effectiveness of P450 enzymes as highly selective biocatalysts for a wide range of oxygenation reactions of complex substrates has driven chemists to develop synthetic metalloporphyrin model compounds that mimic P450 reactivity. Among various known metalloporphyrins, manganese derivatives have received considerable attention since they have been shown to be versatile and powerful mediators for alkane hydroxylation and olefin epoxidation. Mechanistic studies have shown that the key intermediates of the manganese porphyrin-catalyzed oxygenation reactions include oxo- and dioxomanganese(V) species that transfer an oxygen atom to the substrate through a hydrogen abstraction/oxygen recombination pathway known as the oxygen rebound mechanism. Application of manganese porphyrins has been largely restricted to catalysis of oxygenation reactions until recently, however, due to ultrafast oxygen transfer rates. In this Account, we discuss recently developed carbon-halogen bond formation, including fluorination reactions catalyzed by manganese porphyrins and related salen species. We found that biphasic sodium hypochlorite/manganese porphyrin systems can efficiently and selectively convert even unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds to C-Cl bonds. An understanding of this novel reactivity derived from results obtained for the oxidation of the mechanistically diagnostic substrate and radical clock, norcarane. Significantly, the oxygen rebound rate in Mn-mediated hydroxylation is highly correlated with the nature of the trans-axial ligands bound to the manganese center (L-Mn(V)═O). Based on the ability of fluoride ion to decelerate the oxygen rebound step, we envisaged that a relatively long-lived substrate radical could be trapped by a Mn-F fluorine source, effecting carbon-fluorine bond formation. Indeed, this idea led to the discovery of the first Mn-catalyzed direct aliphatic C-H fluorination reactions utilizing simple, nucleophilic fluoride salts. Mechanistic studies and DFT calculations have revealed a trans-difluoromanganese(IV) species as the key fluorine transfer intermediate. In addition to catalyzing normal (19)F-fluorination reactions, manganese salen complexes were found to enable the incorporation of radioactive (18)F fluorine via C-H activation. This advance represented the first direct Csp(3)-H bond (18)F labeling with no-carrier-added [(18)F]fluoride and facilitated the late-stage labeling of drug molecules for PET imaging. Given the high reactivity and enzymatic-like selectively of metalloporphyrins, we envision that this new Heteroatom-Rebound Catalysis (HRC) strategy will find widespread application in the C-H functionalization arena and serve as an effective tool for forming new carbon-heteroatom bonds at otherwise inaccessible sites in target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John T. Groves
- Department
of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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8
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Abstract
Selective functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds and ammonia production are extremely important industrial processes. A range of metalloenyzmes achieve these challenging tasks in biology by activating dioxygen and dinitrogen using cheap and abundant transition metals, such as iron, copper and manganese. High-valent iron-oxo and -nitrido complexes act as active intermediates in many of these processes. The generation of well-described model compounds can provide vital insights into the mechanism of such enzymatic reactions. Advances in the chemistry of model high-valent iron-oxo and -nitrido systems can be related to our understanding of the biological systems.
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Alfonso-Prieto M, Oberhofer H, Klein ML, Rovira C, Blumberger J. Proton Transfer Drives Protein Radical Formation in Helicobacter pylori Catalase but Not in Penicillium vitale Catalase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4285-98. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Alfonso-Prieto
- Computer Simulation & Modeling Laboratory, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - H. Oberhofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - M. L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - C. Rovira
- Computer Simulation & Modeling Laboratory, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Ye S, Tuttle T, Bill E, Simkhovich L, Gross Z, Thiel W, Neese F. The Electronic Structure of Iron Corroles: A Combined Experimental and Quantum Chemical Study. Chemistry 2008; 14:10839-51. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Watanabe Y, Fujii H. Characterization of High-Valent Oxo-Metalloporphyrins. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-46592-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ikezaki A, Nakamura M, Juillard S, Simonneaux G. 13C NMR Studies of the Electronic Structure of Low-Spin Iron(III) Tetraphenylchlorin Complexes. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:6728-39. [PMID: 16903729 DOI: 10.1021/ic060508o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of low-spin six-coordinate (tetraphenylchlorinato)iron(III) complexes [Fe(TPC)(L)2]+/- (L = 1-MeIm, CN-, 4-CNPy, and (t)BuNC) have been prepared, and their (13)C NMR spectra have been examined to reveal the electronic structure. These complexes exist as the mixture of the two isomers with the (d(xy))2(d(xz), d(yz))3 and (d(xz), d(yz))4(d(xy))1 ground states. Contribution of the (d(xz), d(yz))4(d(xy))1 isomer has increased as the axial ligand changes from 1-MeIm, to CN(-) (in CD2Cl2 solution), CN- (in CD(3)OD solution), and 4-CNPy, and then to tBuNC as revealed by the meso and pyrroline carbon chemical shifts; the meso carbon signals at 146 and -19 ppm in [Fe(TPC)(1-MeIm)2]+ shifted to 763 and 700 ppm in [Fe(TPC)(tBuNC)2]+. In the case of the CN- complex, the population of the (d(xz), d(yz))4(d(xy))1 isomer has increased to a great extent when the solvent is changed from CD2Cl2 to CD3OD. The result is ascribed to the stabilization of the d(xz) and d(yz) orbitals of iron(III) caused by the hydrogen bonding between methanol and the coordinated cyanide ligand. Comparison of the 13C NMR data of the TPC complexes with those of the TPP, OEP, and OEC complexes has revealed that the populations of the (d(xz), d(yz))4(d(xy))1 isomer in TPC complexes are much larger than those in the corresponding TPP, OEC, and OEP complexes carrying the same axial ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ikezaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
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Weiss R, Gold A, Terner J. Cytochromes c‘: Biological Models for the S = 3/2,5/2 Spin-State Admixture? Chem Rev 2006; 106:2550-79. [PMID: 16771459 DOI: 10.1021/cr040416l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Weiss
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaires, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, B.P.70028, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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14
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Groves JT. High-valent iron in chemical and biological oxidations. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 100:434-47. [PMID: 16516297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various aspects of the reactivity of iron(IV) in chemical and biological systems are reviewed. Accumulated evidence shows that the ferryl species [Fe(IV)O](2+) can be formed under a variety of conditions including those related to the ferrous ion-hydrogen peroxide system known as Fenton's reagent. Early evidence that such a species could hydroxylate typical aliphatic C-H bonds included regioselectivities and stereospecificities for cyclohexanol hydroxylation that could not be accounted for by a freely diffusing hydroxyl radical. Iron(IV) porphyrin complexes are also found in the catalytic cycles of cytochrome P450 and chloroperoxidase. Model oxo-iron(IV) porphyrin complexes have shown reactivity similar to the proposed enzymatic intermediates. Mechanistic studies using mechanistically diagnostic substrates have implicated a radical rebound scenario for aliphatic hydroxylation by cytochrome P450. Likewise, several non-heme diiron hydroxylases, AlkB (Omega-hydroxylase), sMMO (soluble methane monooxygenase), XylM (xylene monooxygenase) and T4moH (toluene monooxygenase) all show clear indications of radical rearranged products indicating that the oxygen rebound pathway is a ubiquitous mechanism for hydrocarbon oxygenation by both heme and non-heme iron enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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15
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Simonneaux G, Kobeissi M, Toupet L. Electronic structure of iron chlorins: characterization of bis(l-valine methyl ester)(meso-tetraphenylchlorin)iron(III)triflate and bis(l-valine methyl ester)(meso-tetraphenylchlorin)iron(II). Inorg Chem 2003; 42:1644-51. [PMID: 12611534 DOI: 10.1021/ic026039h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the two iron chlorin complexes [Fe(III)(TPC)(NH(2)CH(CO(2)CH(3))(CH(CH(3))(2)))(2)]CF(3)SO(3) (1) and Fe(II)(TPC)[(NH(2)CH(CO(2)CH(3))(CH(CH(3))(2))](2) (2) are reported. The crystal structure of complex 1 has been determined. The X-ray structure shows that the porphyrinate rings are weakly distorted. The metal-nitrogen distances to the reduced pyrrole N(4), 2.034(4) A, and to the pyrrole trans to it N(2), 2.012(4) A, are longer than the distances to the two remaining nitrogens [N(1), 1.996(4) A, and N(3), 1.984(4) A], leading to a core-hole expansion of the macrocycle due to the reduced pyrrole. The (1)H NMR isotropic shifts at 20 degrees C of the different pyrrole protons of 1 varied from -0.8 to -48.3 ppm according to bis-ligated complexes of low-spin ferric chlorins. The EPR spectrum of [Fe(TPC)(NH(2)CH(CO(2)CH(3))(CH(CH(3))(2)))(2)]CF(3)SO(3) (1) in solution is rhombic and gives the principal g values g(1) = 2.70, g(2) = 2.33, and g(3) = 1.61 (Sigmag(2) = 15.3). These spectroscopic observations are indicative of a metal-based electron in the d(pi) orbital for the [Fe(TPC)(NH(2)CH(CO(2)CH(3))(CH(CH(3))(2)))(2)]CF(3)SO(3) (1) complex with a (d(xy))(2)(d(xz)d(yz))(3) ground state at any temperature. The X-ray structure of the ferrous complex 2 also shows that the porphyrinate rings are weakly distorted. The metal-nitrogen distances to the reduced pyrrole N(4), 1.991(5) A, and to the pyrrole trans to it N(2), 2.005(6) A, are slightly different from the distances to the two remaining nitrogens [N(1), 1.988(5) A, and N(3), 2.015(5) A], leading to a core-hole expansion of the macrocycle due to the reduced pyrrole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Simonneaux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique et Biologique, UMR CNRS 6509, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Coulter ED, Cheek J, Ledbetter AP, Chang CK, Dawson JH. Preparation and initial characterization of the compound I, II, and III states of iron methylchlorin-reconstituted horseradish peroxidase and myoglobin: models for key intermediates in iron chlorin enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 279:1011-5. [PMID: 11162466 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the spectral properties of high valent and oxyferrous states in naturally occurring iron chlorin-containing proteins, we have prepared the oxoferryl compound I derivative of iron methylchlorin-reconstituted horseradish peroxidase (MeChl-HRP) and the compound II and oxyferrous compound III states of iron MeChl-reconstituted myoglobin. Initial spectral characterization has been carried out with UV-visible absorption and magnetic circular dichroism. In addition, the peroxidase activity of iron MeChl-HRP in pyrogallol oxidation has been found to be 40% of the rate for native HRP. Previous studies of oxoferryl chlorins have employed tetraphenylchlorins in organic solvents at low temperatures; stable oxyferrous chlorins have not been previously examined. The present study describes the compound I, II, and III states of histidine-ligated iron chlorins in a protein environment for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Coulter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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Grapperhaus CA, Mienert B, Bill E, Weyhermüller T, Wieghardt K. Mononuclear (nitrido)iron(V) and (oxo)iron(IV) complexes via photolysis of [(cyclam-acetato)FeIII(N3)]+ and ozonolysis of [(cyclam-acetato)FeIII(O3SCF3)]+ in water/acetone mixtures. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:5306-17. [PMID: 11187471 DOI: 10.1021/ic0005238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the monoanionic, pentacoordinate ligand lithium 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-acetate, Li(cyclam-acetate), with FeCl3 yields, upon addition of KPF6, [(cyclam-acetato)FeCl]PF6 (1) as a red microcrystalline solid. Addition of excess NaN3 prior to addition of KPF6 yields the azide derivative [(cyclam-acetato)FeN3]PF6 (2a) as orange microcrystals. The X-ray crystal structure of the azide derivative has been determined as the tetraphenylborate salt (2b). Reaction of 1 with silver triflate yields [(cyclam-acetato)Fe(O3SCF3)]PF6 (3), which partially dissociates triflate in nondried solvents to yield a mixture of triflate and aqua bound species. Each of the iron(III) derivatives is low-spin (d5, S = 1/2) as determined by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopy. The low-spin iron(II) (d6, S = 0) complexes 1red and 2ared have been prepared by electrochemical and chemical methods and have been characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Photolysis of 2a at 419 nm in frozen acetonitrile yields a nearly colorless species in approximately 80% conversion with an isomer shift delta = -0.04 mm/s and a quadrupole splitting delta EQ = -1.67 mm/s. A spin-Hamiltonian analysis of the magnetic Mössbauer spectra is consistent with an FeV ion (d3, S = 3/2). The proposed [(cyclam-acetato)FeV=N]+ results from the photooxidation of 2a via heterolytic N-N cleavage of coordinated azide. Photolysis of 2a in acetonitrile solution at -35 degrees C (300 nm) or 20 degrees C (Hg immersion lamp) results primarily in photoreduction via homolytic Fe-Nazide cleavage yielding FeII (d,6 S = 0) with an isomer shift delta = 0.56 mm/s and quadrupole splitting delta EQ = 0.54 mm/s. A minor product containing high-valent iron is suggested by Mössbauer spectroscopy and is proposed to originate from [((cyclam-acetato)Fe)2(mu-N)]2+ with a mixed-valent (FeIV(mu-N)FeIII))4+S = 1/2 core. Exposure of 3 to a stream of oxygen/ozone at low temperatures (-80 degrees C) in acetone/water results in a single oxidized product with an isomer shift delta = 0.01 mm/s and quadrupole splitting delta EQ = 1.37 mm/s. A spin-Hamiltonian analysis of the magnetic Mössbauer yields parameters similar to those of compound II of horseradish peroxidase which are consistent with an FeIV=O monomeric complex (S = 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Grapperhaus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Hauser C, Glaser T, Bill E, Weyhermüller T, Wieghardt K. The Electronic Structures of an Isostructural Series of Octahedral Nitrosyliron Complexes {Fe−NO}6,7,8 Elucidated by Mössbauer Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja994161i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hauser
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thorsten Glaser
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Karl Wieghardt
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
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20
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Neal TJ, Kang SJ, Turowska-Tyrk I, Schulz CE, Scheidt WR. Magnetic interactions in the high-spin iron(III) oxooctaethylchlorinato derivative [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] and its pi-cation radical [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:872-80. [PMID: 12526364 DOI: 10.1021/ic991052w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of the beta-oxochlorin derivative [3,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-(3H)-porphin-2-onato(2-)]iron(III) chloride, [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)], and its pi-cation radical derivative [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 is described. Both compounds have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determinations, IR, UV/vis/near-IR, and Mössbauer spectroscopies, and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements. The macrocycles of [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] and [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 are both saddled, and [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]-SbCl6 is slightly ruffled as well. [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] shows a laterally shifted dimeric unit in the solid state, with a mean plane separation of 3.39 A and a lateral shift of 7.39 A. Crystal data for [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)]: triclinic, space group P1, Z = 2, a = 9.174(2) A, b = 13.522(3) A, c = 14.838(3) A, alpha = 95.79(3) degrees, beta = 101.46(2) degrees, gamma = 104.84(3) degrees. Upon oxidation, the inter-ring geometric parameters increase; the mean plane separation and the lateral shift of the dimeric unit of [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 are 4.82 and 8.79 A, respectively. Crystal data for [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6: monoclinic, space group Cc, Z = 4, a = 19.8419(13) A, b = 10.027(2) A, c = 22.417(4) A, beta = 96.13(2) degrees. A broad near-IR absorption band appears at 1415 nm for the pi-cation radical, [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6. Zero-field Mössbauer measurements at 4.2 K for both [Fe(oxoOEC)(Cl)] and [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 confirmed that the oxidation state of the iron atom did not change upon chemical oxidation. Solid-state magnetic susceptibility measurements for [Fe(oxoOEC.)(Cl)]SbCl6 resulted in a large temperature dependence of the magnetic moment that can best be fit with a model that includes a zero-field splitting parameter of D = 6 cm-1, antiferromagnetic intermolecular iron-iron coupling (2JFe-Fe = -0.14 cm-1), antiferromagnetic intramolecular iron-radical coupling (2JFe-r = -76 cm-1), and antiferromagnetic radical-radical coupling (2Jr-r = -13 cm-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Neal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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21
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Meyer K, Bill E, Mienert B, Weyhermüller T, Wieghardt K. Photolysis of cis- and trans-[FeIII(cyclam)(N3)2]+ Complexes: Spectroscopic Characterization of a Nitridoiron(V) Species. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja983454t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Meyer
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bernd Mienert
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Karl Wieghardt
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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22
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Jones R, Jayaraj K, Gold A, Kirk ML. Ground and Excited State Spectroscopic Probes of [(TMP)Fe(IV)O]+: The First Magnetic Circular Dichroism Study of a Model Peroxidase Compound I Intermediate. Inorg Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ic970790m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1096, and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400
| | - Karupiah Jayaraj
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1096, and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1096, and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-1096, and Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7400
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Jayaraj K, Gold A, Austin RN, Ball LM, Terner J, Mandon D, Weiss R, Fischer J, DeCian A, Bill E, Müther M, Schünemann V, Trautwein AX. Compound I and Compound II Analogues from Porpholactones. Inorg Chem 1997; 36:4555-4566. [PMID: 11670121 DOI: 10.1021/ic970597s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tetraaza macrocycles 2-oxa-3-oxotetramesitylporphine (|H(2) 1|) and 2-oxa-3-oxotetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphine (|H(2) 2|) and the corresponding iron complexes (|Fe(III)(X) 1| and |Fe(III)(X) 2|; X= Cl(-), OH(-), or SO(3)CF(3)(-)) have been synthesized. These macrocycles are derived from porphyrins by transformation of one pyrrole ring to an oxazolone ring. The resulting lactone functionality serves to restrict but not completely block pi-conjugation around the periphery. These complexes thus share properties with both porphyrins and chlorins. The ferric and high-valent iron complexes have been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques. The molecular structure of |Fe(III)(Cl) 2| has been obtained by X-ray crystallography and shows that the structural changes at the macrocycle periphery do not perturb the coordination sphere of iron relative to the corresponding porphyrin complexes. This is illustrated by the observation that Fe-O frequencies in the resonance Raman spectra of the porpholactone analogues of compounds I and II are not substantially different from those of porphyrins and by the axial appearance of the EPR signals of the high-spin ferric complexes. This is consistent with reports that the Fe=O unit of oxidized porphyrins and chlorins is relatively insensitive to alteration of macrocycle symmetry. Nevertheless, probes of properties of the porpholactone macrocycle ((1)H NMR, resonance Raman skeletal modes) show effects of the asymmetry induced by the oxazolone ring. On the basis of (1)H NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, and resonance Raman data, the singly occupied molecular orbital of oxoferryl porpholactone pi-cation radicals correlates with the a(1u) molecular orbital of porphyrins under D(4)(h)() symmetry. Moreover, the paramagnetic properties and the intramolecular exchange interaction of ferryl iron and the porpholactone pi-radical have been characterized by EPR and magnetic Mössbauer measurements and spin-Hamiltonian analyses. The values J(0) = 17 cm(-)(1) and J(0) = 11 cm(-)(1) obtained for the exchange coupling constants of the oxoferryl porpholactone pi-cation radical complexes |Fe(IV)=O 1|(+) and |Fe(IV)=O 2|(+), respectively, are among the lowest found for synthetic compound I analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Jayaraj
- Institut für Physik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Antony J, Grodzicki M, Trautwein AX. Local Density Functional Study of Oxoiron(IV) Porphyrin Complexes and Their One-Electron Oxidized Derivatives. Axial Ligand Effects. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9632955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Antony
- Institut für Physik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michael Grodzicki
- Institut für Physik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred X. Trautwein
- Institut für Physik, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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