1
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Zhao X, Li W, Zhou L, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Li B, Li R, Zhu L. Cu(II)-Catalyzed Hydroboration Reactions of 1,1-Disubstituted α,β-Unsaturated Ketones, Esters, and Amides in Pure Water. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8334-8341. [PMID: 38860473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, a Cu2(OH)2CO3-catalyzed hydroboration reaction of 1,1-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated compounds has been developed. The reaction was carried out using water as a solvent at room temperature except for N-monosubstituted α,β-unsaturated amides. This method is applicable to diverse 1,1-disubstituted α,β-unsaturated ketones, esters, and amides, showing excellent reactivity (up to 98% yield). Gram-scale experiments and functional group transformations further demonstrated the practicality of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Weishuang Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Lijie Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Xuhong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Bojie Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Rong Li
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xie G, Chen J, Hu A, Wang R, He T, Duolikun D, Sun H. Synthesis of the Key Intermediate of SM-406 (Xevinapant) and Its Analogues. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13315-13321. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Junyang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Runmei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tianchen He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dilawo Duolikun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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3
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Tang YX, Zhuang SY, Liu JY, Chen XL, Zhou Y, Wu YD, Wu AX. I2-DMSO mediated N1/C5 difunctionalization of anthranils with aryl methyl ketones: A facile access to multicarbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Late-Stage Conversion of Diphenylphosphonate to Fluorophosphonate Probes for the Investigation of Serine Hydrolases. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:878-884.e8. [PMID: 30982751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Diphenylphosphonates (DPPs) have been used for 50 years to inactivate serine hydrolases, creating adducts representative of tetrahedral intermediates of this important class of enzymes. Failure to react at active site serine residues, however, can thwart their usefulness. Here, we describe a facile route and allied mechanistic studies to highly reactive, structurally complex organofluorophosphonates (FPs) by direct fluorinative hydrolysis of DPPs. Advantages over current preparations of FPs are exemplified by the synthesis of a β-lactam-containing peptide substrate analog capable of modifying the C-terminal, dual-function thioesterase involved in nocardicin A biosynthesis. Although this serine hydrolase was found to resist modification by classic DPP inhibitors, active site selective phosphonylation by the corresponding FP occurs rapidly to form a stable adduct. This simple, late-stage method enables the ready preparation of FP probes that retain important structural motifs of native substrates, thus promoting efforts in mechanistic enzymology by accessing biologically relevant enzyme-inhibitor co-structures.
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5
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Application of the N-Dibenzyl Protective Group in the Preparation of β-Lactam Pseudopeptides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071261. [PMID: 30939731 PMCID: PMC6479863 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the great importance of β-lactam antibiotics, there is still a limited number of synthetic approaches for the formation of β-lactam⁻containing dipeptides. In this study, we report upon the stereoselective preparation of β-lactam⁻containing pseudopeptides, where different reaction conditions and NH₂ protective groups were tested to obtain compounds that contain 3-amino-azetidin-2-one. We demonstrate that the protective group is essential for the outcome of the reaction. Successful implementation of dibenzyl-protected serine-containing dipeptides through the Mitsunobu reaction can provide the desired products at high yields and stereoselectivity.
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6
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Li PG, Zhu H, Fan M, Yan C, Shi K, Chi XW, Zou LH. Copper-catalyzed coupling of anthranils and α-keto acids: direct synthesis of α-ketoamides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5902-5907. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed coupling of α-keto acids with anthranils is reported for the synthesis of α-ketoamides bearing an aldehyde group via N–O/C–O bond cleavages and C–N bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Gui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Hao Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Cheng Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Kai Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xi-Wen Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Liang-Hua Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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7
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van Haren MJ, Taig R, Kuppens J, Sastre Toraño J, Moret EE, Parsons RB, Sartini D, Emanuelli M, Martin NI. Inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase designed to mimic the methylation reaction transition state. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:6656-6667. [PMID: 28758655 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an enzyme that catalyses the methylation of nicotinamide to form N'-methylnicotinamide. Both NNMT and its methylated product have recently been linked to a variety of diseases, suggesting a role for the enzyme as a therapeutic target beyond its previously ascribed metabolic function in detoxification. We here describe the systematic development of NNMT inhibitors derived from the structures of the substrates involved in the methylation reaction. By covalently linking fragments of the NNMT substrates a diverse library of bisubstrate-like compounds was prepared. The ability of these compounds to inhibit NNMT was evaluated providing valuable insights into the structural tolerances of the enzyme active site. These studies led to the identification of new NNMT inhibitors that mimic the transition state of the methylation reaction and inhibit the enzyme with activity on par with established methyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs J van Haren
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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8
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Decuyper L, Jukič M, Sosič I, Žula A, D'hooghe M, Gobec S. Antibacterial and β-Lactamase Inhibitory Activity of Monocyclic β-Lactams. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:426-503. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Decuyper
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Marko Jukič
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Aleš Žula
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
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9
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Townsend CA. Convergent biosynthetic pathways to β-lactam antibiotics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 35:97-108. [PMID: 27693891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Five naturally-occurring families of β-lactams have inspired a class of drugs that constitute >60% of the antimicrobials used in human medicine. Their biosynthetic pathways reveal highly individualized synthetic strategies that yet converge on a common azetidinone ring assembled in structural contexts that confer selective binding and inhibition of d,d-transpeptidases that play essential roles in bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis. These enzymes belong to a single 'clan' of evolutionarily distinct serine hydrolases whose active site geometry and mechanism of action is specifically matched by these antibiotics for inactivation that is kinetically competitive with their native function. Unusual enzyme-mediated reactions and catalytic multitasking in these pathways are discussed with particular attention to the diverse ways the β-lactam itself is generated, and more broadly how the intrinsic reactivity of this core structural element is modulated in natural systems through the introduction of ring strain and electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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10
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Block E, Booker SJ, Flores-Penalba S, George GN, Gundala S, Landgraf BJ, Liu J, Lodge SN, Pushie MJ, Rozovsky S, Vattekkatte A, Yaghi R, Zeng H. Trifluoroselenomethionine: A New Unnatural Amino Acid. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1738-51. [PMID: 27383291 PMCID: PMC5373900 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoroselenomethionine (TFSeM), a new unnatural amino acid, was synthesized in seven steps from N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-aspartic acid tert-butyl ester. TFSeM shows enhanced methioninase-induced cytotoxicity, relative to selenomethionine (SeM), toward HCT-116 cells derived from human colon cancer. Mechanistic explanations for this enhanced activity are computationally and experimentally examined. Comparison of TFSeM and SeM by selenium EXAFS and DFT calculations showed them to be spectroscopically and structurally very similar. Nonetheless, when two different variants of the protein GB1 were expressed in an Escherichia coli methionine auxotroph cell line in the presence of TFSeM and methionine (Met) in a 9:1 molar ratio, it was found that, surprisingly, 85 % of the proteins contained SeM residues, even though no SeM had been added, thus implying loss of the trifluoromethyl group from TFSeM. The transformation of TFSeM into SeM is enzymatically catalyzed by E. coli extracts, but TFSeM is not a substrate of E. coli methionine adenosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| | - Squire J Booker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 302 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sonia Flores-Penalba
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Graham N George
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Sivaji Gundala
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Bradley J Landgraf
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 302 Chemistry Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 163 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Stephene N Lodge
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sharon Rozovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 163 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Abith Vattekkatte
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoll Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Rama Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Atlanta Metropolitan State College, 1630 Metropolitan Parkway SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Huawei Zeng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
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11
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Caroff E, Hubler F, Meyer E, Renneberg D, Gnerre C, Treiber A, Rey M, Hess P, Steiner B, Hilpert K, Riederer MA. 4-((R)-2-{[6-((S)-3-Methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine-4-carbonyl]amino}-3-phosphonopropionyl)piperazine-1-carboxylic Acid Butyl Ester (ACT-246475) and Its Prodrug (ACT-281959), a Novel P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist with a Wider Therapeutic Window in the Rat Than Clopidogrel. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9133-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Caroff
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Francis Hubler
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Meyer
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Dorte Renneberg
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Beat Steiner
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Hilpert
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus A. Riederer
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical
Research and Development, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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12
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Gaudelli NM, Long DH, Townsend CA. β-Lactam formation by a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase during antibiotic biosynthesis. Nature 2015; 520:383-7. [PMID: 25624104 PMCID: PMC4401618 DOI: 10.1038/nature14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are giant enzymes comprised of modules that house repeated sets of functional domains, which select, activate and couple amino acids drawn from a pool of nearly 500 potential building blocks.1 The structurally and stereochemically diverse peptides generated in this manner underlie the biosynthesis of a large sector of natural products. Many of their derived metabolites are bioactive such as the antibiotics vancomycin, bacitracin, daptomycin and the β-lactam-containing penicillins, cephalosporins and nocardicins. Although penicillins and cephalosporins are synthesised from a classically derived NRPS tripeptide (from ACVS, δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)–L-cysteinyl–D-valine synthetase)2, we now report an unprecedented NRPS activity to both assemble a serine-containing peptide and mediate its cyclisation to the critical β-lactam ring of the nocardicin family of antibiotics. A histidine-rich condensation (C) domain, which typically carries out peptide bond formation during product assembly, was found to also synthesise the embedded 4-membered ring. Here, a mechanism is proposed and supporting experiments are described, which is distinct from the pathways that have evolved to the three other β-lactam antibiotic families: penicillin/cephalosporins, clavams and carbapenems. These findings raise the possibility that β-lactam rings can be regio- and stereospecifically integrated into engineered peptides for application as, for example, targeted protease inactivators.3,4
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Gaudelli
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Darcie H Long
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Craig A Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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13
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Al Toma RS, Brieke C, Cryle MJ, Süssmuth RD. Structural aspects of phenylglycines, their biosynthesis and occurrence in peptide natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1207-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylglycine-type amino acids occur in a wide variety of peptide natural products. Herein structures and properties of these peptides as well as the biosynthetic origin and incorporation of phenylglycines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clara Brieke
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Max J. Cryle
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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14
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Lampa A, Alogheli H, Ehrenberg AE, Åkerblom E, Svensson R, Artursson P, Danielson UH, Karlén A, Sandström A. Vinylated linear P2 pyrimidinyloxyphenylglycine based inhibitors of the HCV NS3/4A protease and corresponding macrocycles. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6595-6615. [PMID: 25456385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
With three recent market approvals and several inhibitors in advanced stages of development, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease represents a successful target for antiviral therapy against hepatitis C. As a consequence of dealing with viral diseases in general, there are concerns related to the emergence of drug resistant strains which calls for development of inhibitors with an alternative binding-mode than the existing highly optimized ones. We have previously reported on the use of phenylglycine as an alternative P2 residue in HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors. Herein, we present the synthesis, structure-activity relationships and in vitro pharmacokinetic characterization of a diverse series of linear and macrocyclic P2 pyrimidinyloxyphenylglycine based inhibitors. With access to vinyl substituents in P3, P2 and P1' positions an initial probing of macrocyclization between different positions, using ring-closing metathesis (RCM) could be performed, after addressing some synthetic challenges. Biochemical results from the wild type enzyme and drug resistant variants (e.g., R155 K) indicate that P3-P1' macrocyclization, leaving the P2 substituent in a flexible mode, is a promising approach. Additionally, the study demonstrates that phenylglycine based inhibitors benefit from p-phenylpyrimidinyloxy and m-vinyl groups as well as from the combination with an aromatic P1 motif with alkenylic P1' elongations. In fact, linear P2-P1' spanning intermediate compounds based on these fragments were found to display promising inhibitory potencies and drug like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lampa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hiba Alogheli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica E Ehrenberg
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Åkerblom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, A Node of the Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Uppsala University, A Node of the Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Helena Danielson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Sandström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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15
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Gaudelli NM, Townsend CA. Epimerization and substrate gating by a TE domain in β-lactam antibiotic biosynthesis. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:251-8. [PMID: 24531841 PMCID: PMC3961552 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases are versatile engines of bioactive natural product biosynthesis that function according to the multiple carrier thiotemplate mechanism. C-terminal thioesterase (TE) domains of these giant modular proteins typically catalyze product release by hydrolysis or macrocyclization. We now report an unprecedented, dual-function TE that is involved in the biosynthesis of nocardicin A, which is the paradigm monocyclic β-lactam antibiotic. Contrary to our expectation, a stereodefined series of potential peptide substrates for the nocardicin TE domain failed to undergo hydrolysis. The stringent discrimination against peptide intermediates was overcome by prior monocyclic β-lactam formation at an L-seryl site. Kinetic data are interpreted such that the TE domain acts as a gatekeeper to hold the assembling peptide on an upstream domain until β-lactam formation takes place and then rapidly catalyzes epimerization, which has not been observed previously as a TE catalytic function, and thioesterase cleavage to discharge a fully fledged pentapeptide β-lactam harboring nocardicin G, the universal precursor of the nocardicins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Gaudelli
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Craig A. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218
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16
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Gaudelli NM, Townsend CA. Stereocontrolled syntheses of peptide thioesters containing modified seryl residues as probes of antibiotic biosynthesis. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6412-26. [PMID: 23758494 PMCID: PMC3898789 DOI: 10.1021/jo4007893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methods have been developed to synthesize tri- and pentapeptide thioesters containing one or more p-(hydroxyphenyl)glycine (pHPG) residues and L-serine, some where the latter is O-phosphorylated, O-acetylated, or exists as a β-lactam. Selection of orthogonal protection strategies and development of conditions to achieve seryl O-phosphorylation without β-elimination and to maintain stereochemical control, especially simultaneously at exceptionally base-labile pHPG α-carbons, are described. Intramolecular closure of a seryl peptide to a β-lactam-containing peptide and the syntheses of corresponding thioester analogues are also reported. Modification of classical Mitsunobu conditions is described in the synthesis of the β-lactam-containing products, and in a broadly useful observation, it was found that simple exclusion of light from the P(OEt)3-mediated Mitsunobu ring closure afforded yields of >95%, presumably owing to reduced photodegradation of the azodicarboxylate used. These sensitive potential substrates and products will be used in mechanistic studies of the two nonribosomal peptide synthetases NocA and NocB that lie at the heart of nocardicin biosynthesis, a family of monocyclic β-lactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig A. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218
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17
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Favre A, Grugier J, Brans A, Joris B, Marchand-Brynaert J. 6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) derivatives equipped with anchoring arms. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Davidsen JM, Townsend CA. In vivo characterization of nonribosomal peptide synthetases NocA and NocB in the biosynthesis of nocardicin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:297-306. [PMID: 22365611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), NocA and NocB, together comprising five modules, are essential for the biosynthesis of the D,L,D configured tripeptide backbone of the monocyclic β-lactam nocardicin A. We report a double replacement gene strategy in which point mutations were engineered in the two encoding NRPS genes without disruption of the nocABC operon by placing selective markers in adjacent genes. A series of mutants was constructed to inactivate the thiolation (T) domain of each module and to evaluate an HHxxxDR catalytic motif in NocA and an atypical extended histidine motif in NocB. The loss of nocardicin A production in each of the T domain mutants indicates that all five modules are essential for its biosynthesis. Conversely, production of nocardicin A was not affected by mutation of the NocB histidine motif or the R828G mutation in NocA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Davidsen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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19
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Labonte JW, Kudo F, Freeman MF, Raber ML, Townsend CA. Engineering the synthetic potential of β-lactam synthetase and the importance of catalytic loop dynamics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012; 3:960-966. [PMID: 23616913 DOI: 10.1039/c2md00305h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The 2-azetidinone ring of the Class A and D β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid (1) is synthesized by the ATP-utilizing enzyme β-lactam synthetase (βLS). A hydroxyethyl group attached to C-6 of 1 in the (S) configuration markedly enhances the efficacy of this compound against Class C β-lactamases. Guided by a series of X-ray structures of βLS, we have engineered this enzyme to act upon a methylated substrate analogue to give selectively the (3S)-methyl β-lactam core, which, upon closure of the second ring of the bicyclic system of 1, would lead to the (6S)-methylated clavulanic acid derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Labonte
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, USA. ; Tel: 410 516 7444
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20
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A straightforward synthesis of N-monosubstituted α-keto amides via aerobic benzylic oxidation of amides. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Olyaei A, Parashkuhi EC, Raoufmoghaddam S, Sadeghpour M. One-Pot, Three-Component Coupling Reaction: Catalyst-Free Green Synthesis of NovelN-Heteroaryl α-Naphthylglycines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903457407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Tarbe M, Azcune I, Balentová E, Miles JJ, Edwards EE, Miles KM, Do P, Baker BM, Sewell AK, Aizpurua JM, Douat-Casassus C, Quideau S. Design, synthesis and evaluation of β-lactam antigenic peptide hybrids; unusual opening of the β-lactam ring in acidic media. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5345-53. [PMID: 20927455 DOI: 10.1039/c003877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactam peptides were envisioned as conformational constraints in antigenic peptides (APs). Three different β-lactam tripeptides of varying flexibility were prepared in solution and incorporated in place of the central part of the altered melanoma associated antigenic peptide Leu(27)-Melan-A(26-35) using solid phase synthesis techniques. Upon TFA cleavage from the solid support, an unexpected opening of the β-lactam ring occurred with conservation of the amide bond. After adaptation of the solid phase synthesis strategy, β-lactam peptides were successfully obtained and both opened and closed forms were evaluated for their capacity to bind to the antigen-presenting class-I MHC HLA-A2 protein system. None of the closed β-lactam peptides bound to HLA-A2, but their opened variants were shown to be moderate to good HLA-A2 ligands, one of them being even capable of stimulating a Melan-A-specific T cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Tarbe
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (UMR-CNRS 5255) and Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie (IECB), 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
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23
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24
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Improved P2 phenylglycine-based hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitors with alkenylic prime-side substituents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5413-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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25
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Dettner F, Hänchen A, Schols D, Toti L, Nußer A, Süssmuth R. Totalsynthese des antiviralen Peptidantibiotikums Feglymycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Dettner F, Hänchen A, Schols D, Toti L, Nußer A, Süssmuth R. Total Synthesis of the Antiviral Peptide Antibiotic Feglymycin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1856-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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A practical approach to non-natural or N-unsubstituted α-arylglycine derivatives: Hf(OTf)4-doped Me3SiCl system-catalyzed aminomethylation of electron-rich arenes with a new type of N,O-acetal. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Basak A, Kar M. Benzofused N-substituted cyclic enediynes: Activation and DNA-cleavage potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4532-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Janey JM, Orella CJ, Njolito E, Baxter JM, Rosen JD, Palucki M, Sidler RR, Li W, Kowal JJ, Davies IW. Raney-Co Mediated Reductive Cyclization of an α,β-Unsaturated Nitrile. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3212-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Janey
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Charles J. Orella
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Eugenia Njolito
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Jenny M. Baxter
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Jonathan D. Rosen
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Michael Palucki
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Rick R. Sidler
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Jason J. Kowal
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Ian W. Davies
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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30
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Hirner S, Panknin O, Edefuhr M, Somfai P. Synthesis of Aryl Glycines by the α Arylation of Weinreb Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Hirner S, Panknin O, Edefuhr M, Somfai P. Synthesis of Aryl Glycines by the α Arylation of Weinreb Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1907-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Gunsior M, Breazeale SD, Lind AJ, Ravel J, Janc JW, Townsend CA. The biosynthetic gene cluster for a monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic, nocardicin A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:927-38. [PMID: 15271351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic nocardicin A is related structurally and biologically to the bicyclic beta-lactams comprised of penicillins/cephalosporins, clavams, and carbapenems. Biosynthetic gene clusters are known for each of the latter, but not for monocyclic beta-lactams. A previously cloned gene encoding an enzyme specific to the biosynthetic pathway was used to isolate the nocardicin A cluster from Nocardia uniformis. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of 14 open reading frames involved in antibiotic production, resistance, and export. Among these are a two-protein nonribosomal peptide synthetase system, p-hydroxyphenylglycine biosynthetic genes, an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl transferase (Nat), and a cytochrome P450. Gene disruption mutants of Nat, as well as an activation domain of the NRPS system, led to loss of nocardicin A formation. Several enzymes involved in antibiotic biosynthesis were heterologously overproduced, and biochemical characterization confirmed their proposed activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Gunsior
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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33
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Roy Chowdhury A, Boons GJ. The synthesis of diaminopimelic acid containing peptidoglycan fragments using metathesis cross coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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34
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Emmerson DP, Hems WP, Davis BG. Carbohydrate-derived aminoalcohol ligands for asymmetric Reformatsky reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Kelly WL, Townsend CA. Mutational analysis of nocK and nocL in the nocardicin a producer Nocardia uniformis. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:739-46. [PMID: 15629944 PMCID: PMC543527 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.2.739-746.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nocardicins are a family of monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics produced by the actinomycete Nocardia uniformis subsp. tsuyamanensis ATCC 21806. The most potent of this series is nocardicin A, containing a syn-configured oxime moiety, an uncommon feature in natural products. The nocardicin A biosynthetic gene cluster was recently identified and found to encode proteins in keeping with nocardicin A production, including the nocardicin N-oxygenase, NocL, in addition to genes of undetermined function, such as nocK, which bears similarities to a broad family of esterases. The latter was hypothesized to be involved in the formation of the critical beta-lactam ring. While previously shown to effect oxidation of the 2'-amine of nocardicin C to provide nocardicin A, it was uncertain whether NocL was the only N-oxidizing enzyme required for nocardicin A biosynthesis. To further detail the role of NocL in nocardicin production in N. uniformis, and to examine the function of nocK, a method for the transformation of N. uniformis protoplasts to inactivate both nocK and nocL was developed and applied. A reliable protocol is reported to achieve both insertional disruption and in trans complementation in this strain. While the nocK mutant still produced nocardicin A at levels near that seen for wild-type N. uniformis, and therefore has no obvious role in nocardicin biosynthesis, the nocL disruptant failed to generate the oxime-containing metabolite. Nocardicin A production was restored in the nocL mutant upon in trans expression of the gene. Furthermore, the nocL mutant accumulated the biosynthetic intermediate nocardicin C, confirming its role as the sole oxime-forming enzyme required for production of nocardicin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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36
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Martín-Zamora E, Ferrete A, Llera JM, Muñoz JM, Pappalardo RR, Fernández R, Lassaletta JM. Studies on Stereoselective [2+2] Cycloadditions between N,N-Dialkylhydrazones and Ketenes. Chemistry 2004; 10:6111-29. [PMID: 15515075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Staudinger-like cycloadditions between chiral, non-racemic N,N-dialkylhydrazones 1 and functionalized ketenes constitute an efficient methodology for the stereoselective construction of the beta-lactam ring. The potential for fine tuning of the dialkylamino auxiliary structure, the availability of a high-yielding deprotection method for the release of the free azetidinones, and the high thermal and chemical stability of hydrazones as N-dialkylamino imines are highlighted as the key elements for the success of the strategy. This last aspect is of particular importance concerning generality: even hydrazones from easily enolizable aldehydes or from formaldehyde reacted to afford the corresponding cycloadducts with high chemical and stereochemical yields. The syntheses of the beta-amino-alpha-hydroxyacids (2R,3S)-phenylisoserine (42) and (2R,3S)-norstatin (45) were accomplished as illustrative examples of the synthetic utility of this procedure. A model system for the cycloaddition of g series auxiliaries was studied by ab initio computational methods. The collected results support a two-step mechanism through zwitterionic intermediates, and explain the observed absolute and relative stereochemistry in terms of the preferred outward cycloaddition to the Re face of the hydrazone.
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37
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Kelly WL, Townsend CA. Mutational analysis and characterization of nocardicin C-9' epimerase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:38220-7. [PMID: 15252031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405450200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic gene cluster for the nocardicin A producer Nocardia uniformis subsp. tsuyamanensis ATCC 21806 was recently identified. Nocardicin A is the most potent of a series of monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotics produced by this organism. Its activity has been attributed to a syn-configured oxime moiety and a d-homoseryl side chain attached through an unusual ether linkage to the core nocardicin framework. Notably present in the nocardicin biosynthetic gene cluster is nocJ, encoding a protein with sequence similarity to the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminases. Insertional mutagenesis of nocJ abolished nocardicin A production, while the l-homoseryl isomer, isonocardicin A, was still observed. Expression of the disrupted nocJ gene in trans was sufficient to restore production of nocardicin A in the disruption mutant. Heterologous expression, purification, and in vitro characterization of NocJ by UV spectroscopy, cofactor reduction, chiral HPLC analysis of the products and their exchange behavior in deuterium oxide led to confirmation of its role as the PLP-dependent nocardicin C-9' epimerase responsible for interconversion of the nocardicin homoseryl side chain in both nocardicin A with isonocardicin A, and nocardicin C with isonocardicin C. NocJ is the first member of a new class of beta-lactam aminoacyl side chain epimerases, the first two classes being the evolutionarily distinct prokaryotic PLP-dependent isopenicillin N epimerase and the fungal isopenicillin N epimerase two protein system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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38
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39
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Emmerson DPG, Villard R, Mugnaini C, Batsanov A, Howard JAK, Hems WP, Tooze RP, Davis BG. Precise structure activity relationships in asymmetric catalysis using carbohydrate scaffolds to allow ready fine tuning: dialkylzinc–aldehyde additions. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:3826-38. [PMID: 14649915 DOI: 10.1039/b309715n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ready construction of 24 stereochemically and functionally diverse carbohydrate ligand structures from a core D-glucosamine scaffold has allowed the evaluation of broad ranging structure activity relationships in ligand accelerated zincate additions to aldehydes, with variations in deltadeltaG+/+(R-S) of up to 5650 J mol(-1) that create opposing senses of asymmetric induction and that are consistent with models based on several ligand X-ray structures and molecular mechanics analysis. Factorial analysis of enantioselectivity using key dihedral angles and steric volume on N-2 also highlight the potential for the use of factorial design in ligand construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P G Emmerson
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK OX1 3QY
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40
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Posner GH, Halford BA, Peleg S, Dolan P, Kensler TW. Conceptually new low-calcemic oxime analogues of the hormone 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): synthesis and biological testing. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1723-30. [PMID: 11931627 DOI: 10.1021/jm010560o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New chemical entities 16-ene-25-ketone 2b and the corresponding oxime 3b and oxime ether 4b, analogues of natural calcitriol (1), were rationally designed and synthesized on a milligram scale. Chemical introduction of the oxime ether functionality in analogue 4b was successful via direct oximation of an intact vitamin D conjugated triene system. Even though all three analogues are at least as antiproliferative in vitro as calcitriol (1) even at physiologically relevant low nanomolar concentrations, only side chain ketone 2b is more transcriptionally potent than calcitriol (1). Although oxime O-methyl ether 4b lacks the traditional side chain hydrogen bond-donating OH group of the natural hormone and lacks also the oxime-NOH group of analogue 3b, surprisingly, oxime ether 4b retains 20% of the transcriptional potency of natural calcitriol (1). In terms of in vivo toxicity (hypercalcemia), ketone 2b is strongly calcemic in rats, whereas oxime 3b and oxime ether 4b are considerably less calcemic (i.e., safer) than calcitriol (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Posner
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.
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41
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Fernández R, Ferrete A, Lassaletta J, Llera J, Monge A. Enantioselective Synthesis of 4-Unsubstituted 3-Alkoxy- and 3-Aminoazetidin-2-ones from FormaldehydeN,N-Dialkylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000818)39:16<2893::aid-anie2893>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Fernández R, Ferrete A, Lassaletta J, Llera J, Monge A. Enantioselective Synthesis of 4-Unsubstituted 3-Alkoxy- and 3-Aminoazetidin-2-ones from FormaldehydeN,N-Dialkylhydrazones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000818)112:16<3015::aid-ange3015>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Schubert M, Smalla M, Schmieder P, Oschkinat H. MUSIC in triple-resonance experiments: amino acid type-selective (1)H-(15)N correlations. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1999; 141:34-43. [PMID: 10527741 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid type-selective triple-resonance experiments can be of great help for the assignment of protein spectra, since they help to remove ambiguities in either manual or automated assignment procedures. Here, modified triple-resonance experiments that yield amino acid type-selective (1)H-(15)N correlations are presented. They are based on novel coherence transfer schemes, the MUSIC pulse sequence elements, that replace the initial INEPT transfer and are selective for XH(2) or XH(3) (X can be (15)N or (13)C). The desired amino acid type is thereby selected based on the topology of the side chain. Experiments for Gly (G-HSQC); Ala (A-HSQC); Thr, Val, Ile, and Ala (TAVI-HSQC); Thr and Ala (TA-HSQC), as well as Asn and Gln (N-HSQC and QN-HSQC), are described. The new experiments are recorded as two-dimensional experiments and therefore need only small amounts of spectrometer time. The performance of the experiments is demonstrated with the application to two protein domains. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schubert
- Forschungsinstitut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 4, Berlin, D-10315, Germany
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Inhibitors of an AdoMet-dependent 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl transferase and their use as ligands for protein affinity chromatography. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)01004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reeve AM, Breazeale SD, Townsend CA. Purification, characterization, and cloning of an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent 3-amino-3-carboxypropyltransferase in nocardicin biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:30695-703. [PMID: 9804844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.46.30695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine:nocardicin 3-amino-3-carboxypropyltransferase catalyzes the biosynthetically rare transfer of the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl moiety from S-adenosylmethionine to a phenolic site in the beta-lactam substrates nocardicin E, F, and G, a late step of the biosynthesis of the monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic nocardicin A. Whereas a number of conventional methods were ineffective in purifying the transferase, it was successfully obtained by two complementary affinity chromatography steps that took advantage of the two substrate-two product reaction scheme. S-Adenosylhomocysteine-agarose selected enzymes that utilize S-adenosylmethionine, and a second column, nocardicin A-agarose, specifically bound the desired transferase to yield the enzyme as a single band of 38 kDa on a silver-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gel. The transferase is active as a monomer and exhibits sequential kinetics. Further kinetic characterization of this protein is described and its role in the biosynthesis of nocardicin A discussed. The gene encoding this transferase was cloned from a sublibrary of Nocardia uniformis DNA. Translation gave a protein of deduced mass 32,386 Da which showed weak homology to small molecule methyltransferases. However, three correctly disposed signature motifs characteristic of these enzymes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Reeve
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Weissman SA, Lewis S, Askin D, Volante R, Reider PJ. Efficient synthesis of N-arylpiperazinones via a selective intramolecular Mitsunobu cyclodehydration. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The Mitsunobu reaction--the nucleophilic substitution of an alcoholic hydroxyl group mediated by the redox system trialkylphosphine/dialkyl azodicarobxylate--is widely used in the chemistry of biologically active compounds. The paper deals with applications of the Mitsunobu reaction in amino acid and peptide chemistry. The process provides easy access to many unnatural amino acids and derivatives. Since the reaction occurs with complete inversion of the configuration at the carbinol chiral centre, it can be used for the synthesis of diastereoisomers of hydroxy- and tioprolines. Cyclization of beta-hydroxy amino acid containing peptides under Mitsunobu reaction conditions leads to a constrained peptide that mimics the stabilizing reverse turn secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wiśniewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Poland
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Alcaide B, Rodríguez-Vicente A, Sierra MA. A New Radical Route to C4-Unsubstituted β-Lactams. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kozlowski MC, Bartlett PA. Formation of the 7-Oxa-1,4,10-triazatricyclo[8.2.2(5,12)]tetradecane-2,14-dione Ring System: Misrouted Synthesis of a Peptidomimetic. J Org Chem 1996; 61:7681-7696. [PMID: 11667722 DOI: 10.1021/jo961114p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An attempted synthesis of the tricyclic peptidomimetic 1, designed to imitate a beta-turn tripeptide in tendamistat, afforded instead the 6,6,8-ring system of 2. The key step in the synthesis entailed acylation of the hindered alpha,alpha'-disubstituted morpholine 4.2, which was approached by acylative ring opening of the 3,6-oxazabicyclo[4.2.0]octane 4.3. However, transannular rather than exocyclic cleavage occurred, giving the 1,6-oxazacyclooctane isomer 4.5. Subsequent ring closures to form the bi- and tricyclic intermediates 7.3 and 8.5 were difficult because of the strain being built into the ring systems. After completion of the synthesis, the structures of the intermediates and final product were elucidated by NMR, with three-bond, heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation experiments providing unambiguous evidence for the ring connectivity, and by molecular modeling, which allowed assignment of the stereochemistry. Compound 2 is a modest inhibitor of the target enzyme alpha-amylase (K(i) = 170 &mgr;M in 5% DMSO/water), binding with similar affinity to the tripeptide Ac-Trp-Arg-Tyr-OMe. Although the side-chain attachment points in the ring system of 2 correspond closely to the relative Calpha-positions in tendamistat (rmsd = 0.24 Å), the alignment of the Calpha-Cbeta bonds is poor, illustrating the importance of side-chain orientation in a peptidomimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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