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Kuzmin J, Röckl J, Schwarz N, Djossou J, Ahumada G, Ahlquist M, Lundberg H. Electroreductive Desulfurative Transformations with Thioethers as Alkyl Radical Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304272. [PMID: 37342889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioethers are highly prevalent functional groups in organic compounds of natural and synthetic origin but remain remarkably underexplored as starting materials in desulfurative transformations. As such, new synthetic methods are highly desirable to unlock the potential of the compound class. In this vein, electrochemistry is an ideal tool to enable new reactivity and selectivity under mild conditions. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient use of aryl alkyl thioethers as alkyl radical precursors in electroreductive transformations, along with mechanistic details. The transformations proceed with complete selectivity for C(sp3 )-S bond cleavage, orthogonal to that of established transition metal-catalyzed two-electron routes. We showcase a hydrodesulfurization protocol with broad functional group tolerance, the first example of desulfurative C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation in Giese-type cross-coupling and the first protocol for electrocarboxylation of synthetic relevance with thioethers as starting materials. Finally, the compound class is shown to outcompete their well-established sulfone analogues as alkyl radical precursors, demonstrating their synthetic potential for future desulfurative transformations in a one-electron manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Kuzmin
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Djossou
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Ahlquist
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Wei J, Chen S, Wan D, Jin M. Promotion of the photoacid generation performance of sulfonium salts by inhibiting the isomerization of conjugated systems using a cyclization strategy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junkun Wei
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Shixiong Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Decheng Wan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
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3
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Chen S, Zhao X, Jin M, Huang W, Ye G, Pan H, Wan D. Effects of
C3
‐aromatic heterocycles on 1,3,5‐triaryl‐2‐pyrazoline sulfonium salt photoacid generators as light‐emitting diode‐sensitive cationic photoinitiators. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Wanqiu Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Guodong Ye
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Haiyan Pan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Decheng Wan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
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4
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5
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Impano S, Yang H, Jodts RJ, Pagnier A, Swimley R, McDaniel EC, Shepard EM, Broderick WE, Broderick JB, Hoffman BM. Active-Site Controlled, Jahn-Teller Enabled Regioselectivity in Reductive S-C Bond Cleavage of S-Adenosylmethionine in Radical SAM Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:335-348. [PMID: 33372786 PMCID: PMC7934139 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Catalysis by canonical radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzymes involves electron transfer (ET) from [4Fe-4S]+ to SAM, generating an R3S0 radical that undergoes regioselective homolytic reductive cleavage of the S-C5' bond to generate the 5'-dAdo· radical. However, cryogenic photoinduced S-C bond cleavage has regioselectively yielded either 5'-dAdo· or ·CH3, and indeed, each of the three SAM S-C bonds can be regioselectively cleaved in an RS enzyme. This diversity highlights a longstanding central question: what controls regioselective homolytic S-C bond cleavage upon SAM reduction? We here provide an unexpected answer, founded on our observation that photoinduced S-C bond cleavage in multiple canonical RS enzymes reveals two enzyme classes: in one, photolysis forms 5'-dAdo·, and in another it forms ·CH3. The identity of the cleaved S-C bond correlates with SAM ribose conformation but not with positioning and orientation of the sulfonium center relative to the [4Fe-4S] cluster. We have recognized the reduced-SAM R3S0 radical is a (2E) state with its antibonding unpaired electron in an orbital doublet, which renders R3S0 Jahn-Teller (JT)-active and therefore subject to vibronically induced distortion. Active-site forces induce a JT distortion that localizes the odd electron in a single priority S-C antibond, which undergoes regioselective cleavage. In photolytic cleavage those forces act through control of the ribose conformation and are transmitted to the sulfur via the S-C5' bond, but during catalysis thermally induced conformational changes that enable ET from a cluster iron generate dominant additional forces that specifically select S-C5' for cleavage. This motion also can explain how 5'-dAdo· subsequently forms the organometallic intermediate Ω.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Impano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Richard J Jodts
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Adrien Pagnier
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Ryan Swimley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Elizabeth C McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Eric M Shepard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - William E Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Joan B Broderick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Yang H, McDaniel EC, Impano S, Byer AS, Jodts RJ, Yokoyama K, Broderick WE, Broderick JB, Hoffman BM. The Elusive 5'-Deoxyadenosyl Radical: Captured and Characterized by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Electron Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12139-12146. [PMID: 31274303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical (5'-dAdo·) abstracts a substrate H atom as the first step in radical-based transformations catalyzed by adenosylcobalamin-dependent and radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (RS) enzymes. Notwithstanding its central biological role, 5'-dAdo· has eluded characterization despite efforts spanning more than a half-century. Here, we report generation of 5'-dAdo· in a RS enzyme active site at 12 K using a novel approach involving cryogenic photoinduced electron transfer from the [4Fe-4S]+ cluster to the coordinated S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to induce homolytic S-C5' bond cleavage. We unequivocally reveal the structure of this long-sought radical species through the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopies with isotopic labeling, complemented by density-functional computations: a planar C5' (2pπ) radical (∼70% spin occupancy); the C5'(H)2 plane is rotated by ∼37° (experiment)/39° (DFT) relative to the C5'-C4'-(C4'-H) plane, placing a C5'-H antiperiplanar to the ribose-ring oxygen, which helps stabilize the radical against elimination of the 4'-H. The agreement between φ from experiment and in vacuo DFT indicates that the conformation is intrinsic to 5-dAdo· itself, and not determined by its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Elizabeth C McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Stella Impano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Amanda S Byer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Richard J Jodts
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Kenichi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - William E Broderick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Joan B Broderick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59717 , United States
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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7
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Miller SA, Bandarian V. Analysis of Electrochemical Properties of S-Adenosyl-l-methionine and Implications for Its Role in Radical SAM Enzymes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11019-11026. [PMID: 31283208 PMCID: PMC7059804 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
![]()
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) is the
central cofactor in the radical SAM enzyme superfamily, responsible
for a vast number of transformations in primary and secondary metabolism.
In nearly all of these reactions, the reductive cleavage of SAM is
proposed to produce a reactive species, 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical,
which initiates catalysis. While the mechanistic details in many cases
are well-understood, the reductive cleavage of SAM remains elusive.
In this manuscript, we have measured the solution peak potential of
SAM to be ∼−1.4 V (v SHE) and show that under controlled
potential conditions, it undergoes irreversible fragmentation to the
5′-deoxyadenosyl radical. While the radical intermediate is
not directly observed, its presence as an initial intermediate is
inferred by the formation of 8,5′-cycloadenosine and by H atom
incorporation into 5′-deoxyadenosine from solvent exchangeable
site. Similarly, 2-aminobutyrate is also observed under electrolysis
conditions. The implications of these results in the context of the
reductive cleavage of SAM by radical SAM enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven A Miller
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Vahe Bandarian
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
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8
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Otsuka S, Nogi K, Rovis T, Yorimitsu H. Photoredox-Catalyzed Alkenylation of Benzylsulfonium Salts. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:532-536. [PMID: 30644178 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visible light-mediated radical alkenylation of benzylsulfonium salts was achieved by means of fac-Ir(ppy)3 as a photocatalyst, giving allylbenzenes as products. A variety of functional groups, such as halogen, ester, and cyano, were well tolerated in this transformation. Starting benzylsulfonium salts could be readily prepared from benzyl alcohols by an acid-mediated substitution, increasing the synthetic utility of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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9
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Shundrin LA, Avrorov PA, Irtegova IG, Odintsov DS, Poveshchenko AF. Electrochemical reduction of 2,4-dimethyl(diethyl)-9-oxo-10-(4-heptoxyphenyl)- 9H-thioxanthenium hexafluorophosphates and 2,4-dimethyl(diethyl)- 9H-thioxanthene-9-ones. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid A. Shundrin
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences; Novosibirsk State University; Novosibirsk Russia
- The Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Pavel A. Avrorov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
- The Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Irina G. Irtegova
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Danila S. Odintsov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Alexander F. Poveshchenko
- The Scientific Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology; Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
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10
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Maiocco SJ, Walker LM, Elliott SJ. Determining Redox Potentials of the Iron-Sulfur Clusters of the AdoMet Radical Enzyme Superfamily. Methods Enzymol 2018; 606:319-339. [PMID: 30097097 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While protein film electrochemistry (PFE) has proven to be an effective tool in the interrogation of redox cofactors and assessing the electrocatalytic activity of many different enzymes, recently it has been proven to be useful for the study of the redox potentials of the cofactors of AdoMet radical enzymes (AREs). In this chapter, we review the challenges and opportunities of examining the redox cofactors of AREs in a high level of detail, particularly for the deconvolution of redox potentials of multiple cofactors. We comment on how to best assess the electroactive nature of any given ARE, and we see that when applied well, PFE allows for not only determining redox potentials, but also determining proton-coupling and ligand-binding phenomena in the ARE superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey M Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean J Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.
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11
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Wu X, Jin M, Xie J, Malval JP, Wan D. Molecular Engineering of UV/Vis Light-Emitting Diode (LED)-Sensitive Donor-π-Acceptor-Type Sulfonium Salt Photoacid Generators: Design, Synthesis, and Study of Photochemical and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2017; 23:15783-15789. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tongji University; 4800 Caoan Road Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Ming Jin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tongji University; 4800 Caoan Road Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Xie
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tongji University; 4800 Caoan Road Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Jean-Pierre Malval
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse; UMR CNRS 7361; Université de Haute-Alsace; 15 rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse France
| | - Decheng Wan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering; Tongji University; 4800 Caoan Road Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
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12
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Shi S, Croutxé-Barghorn C, Allonas X. Photoinitiating systems for cationic photopolymerization: Ongoing push toward long wavelengths and low light intensities. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Wua XY, Jin M, Xie JC, Wan DC, Malval JP. Effects of conjugated systems on UV-visible light-sensitive D-π-A type sulfonium salt photoacid generators. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-016-1863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Jin M, Wu X, Xie J, Malval JP, Wan D. One/two-photon-sensitive photoacid generators based on benzene oligomer-containing D–π–A-type aryl dialkylsulfonium salts. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
D–π–A type photoacid generators with a benzene-oligomer as π-conjugated systems show high photoacid generation efficiency (ΦH+max > 0.7) and good photoinitiated polymerization abilities by 365 nm and 780 nm excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xingyu Wu
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jianchao Xie
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jean Pierre Malval
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- 68057 Mulhouse
- France
| | - Decheng Wan
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai
- China
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15
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Jin M, Hong H, Xie J, Malval JP, Spangenberg A, Soppera O, Wan D, Pu H, Versace DL, Leclerc T, Baldeck P, Poizat O, Knopf S. π-conjugated sulfonium-based photoacid generators: an integrated molecular approach for efficient one and two-photon polymerization. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
D–π–A type π-conjugated photoacid generators through the para-to-meta substitution strategy show high efficiency in photoinitiated cationic polymerization reactions at 405 nm and 800 nm excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jin
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Hong
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Xie
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Malval
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Arnaud Spangenberg
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Olivier Soppera
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Decheng Wan
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Hongting Pu
- School of Materials & Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Davy-Louis Versace
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est
- UMR 7182
- Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne
- 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Tiffanie Leclerc
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Patrice Baldeck
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique
- UMR CNRS 5588. Université Joseph Fourier
- , France
| | - Olivier Poizat
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman
- UMR CNRS 8516. Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille
- , France
| | - Stephan Knopf
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse
- UMR CNRS 7361
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- 68057 Mulhouse, France
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16
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Mizuta S, Verhoog S, Wang X, Shibata N, Gouverneur V, Médebielle M. Redox chemistry of trifluoromethyl sulfonium salts as CF3 radical sources. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Donck S, Baroudi A, Fensterbank L, Goddard JP, Ollivier C. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Reduction of Sulfonium Salts as a Source of Aryl Radicals. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Jin M, Xu H, Hong H, Malval JP, Zhang Y, Ren A, Wan D, Pu H. Design of D–π–A type photoacid generators for high efficiency excitation at 405 nm and 800 nm. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8480-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Lane GH. Electrochemical reduction mechanisms and stabilities of some cation types used in ionic liquids and other organic salts. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Kim YJ, Han JH. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of the [Fe4S4(SR)4]2-(R = 2-, 3-, and 4-Pyridinemethane) Clusters. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Brimfield A. Chemicals of Military Deployments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 112:209-30. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415813-9.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Georgiadou DG, Palilis LC, Vasilopoulou M, Pistolis G, Dimotikali D, Argitis P. Incorporating triphenyl sulfonium salts in polyfluorene PLEDs: an all-organic approach to improved charge injection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Marsh ENG, Patterson DP, Li L. Adenosyl radical: reagent and catalyst in enzyme reactions. Chembiochem 2010; 11:604-21. [PMID: 20191656 PMCID: PMC3011887 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is undoubtedly an ancient biological molecule that is a component of many enzyme cofactors: ATP, FADH, NAD(P)H, and coenzyme A, to name but a few, and, of course, of RNA. Here we present an overview of the role of adenosine in its most reactive form: as an organic radical formed either by homolytic cleavage of adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B(12), AdoCbl) or by single-electron reduction of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) complexed to an iron-sulfur cluster. Although many of the enzymes we discuss are newly discovered, adenosine's role as a radical cofactor most likely arose very early in evolution, before the advent of photosynthesis and the production of molecular oxygen, which rapidly inactivates many radical enzymes. AdoCbl-dependent enzymes appear to be confined to a rather narrow repertoire of rearrangement reactions involving 1,2-hydrogen atom migrations; nevertheless, mechanistic insights gained from studying these enzymes have proved extremely valuable in understanding how enzymes generate and control highly reactive free radical intermediates. In contrast, there has been a recent explosion in the number of radical-AdoMet enzymes discovered that catalyze a remarkably wide range of chemically challenging reactions; here there is much still to learn about their mechanisms. Although all the radical-AdoMet enzymes so far characterized come from anaerobically growing microbes and are very oxygen sensitive, there is tantalizing evidence that some of these enzymes might be active in aerobic organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Neil G. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Dustin P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Lombard J, Boulaouche R, Amilan Jose D, Chauvin J, Collomb MN, Deronzier A. Synthesis and properties of trinuclear polypyridyl complexes Ru(II)–Co(II)–Ru(II) and Ru(II)–Co(III)–Ru(II): Their photoinduced interconversion. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Brimfield AA, Mancebo AM, Mason RP, Jiang JJ, Siraki AG, Novak MJ. Free radical production from the interaction of 2-chloroethyl vesicants (mustard gas) with pyridine nucleotide-driven flavoprotein electron transport systems. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 234:128-34. [PMID: 18977373 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical sequelae to chloroethyl mustard exposure correspond very well to toxic processes initiated by free radicals. Additionally, mustard solutions contain spontaneously formed cyclic onium ions which produce carbon free radicals when reduced electrochemically. Therefore, we hypothesized that the onium ions of sulfur or nitrogen mustards might produce carbon free radicals upon being reduced enzymatically, and that these radicals might constitute a metabolic activation. We set out to document radical production using an in vitro metabolic system and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Our system consisted of NADPH, one of several pyridine nucleotide-driven flavoprotein reductases, cytochrome c as a terminal electron acceptor, various sulfur or nitrogen mustards and the spin trap alpha-[4-pyridyl-1-oxide]-N-tert-butylnitrone in buffer. Reactions were started by adding the reductase to the other materials, vortexing and immediately transferring the mixture to a 10 mm EPR flat cell. Repeated scans on a Bruker ESP 300E EPR spectrometer produced a triplet of doublets with hyperfine splitting constants of a(N)=15.483 G and a(H)=2.512 G. The outcome supported our hypothesis that carbon-centered free radicals are produced when mustard-related onium ions are enzymatically reduced. The EPR results varied little with the chloroethyl compound used or with porcine or human cytochrome P450 reductase, the reductase domain of rat brain neuronal nitric oxide synthase or rat liver thioredoxin reductase. Our results offer new insight into the basis for mustard-induced vesication and the outcome of exposure to different mustards. The free radical model provides an explanation for similarities in the lesions arising from mustard exposure and energy-based lesions such as those from heat, ultraviolet and nuclear radiation as well as damage across tissue types such as skin, eyes or airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Brimfield
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA.
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27
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Houmam A. Electron Transfer Initiated Reactions: Bond Formation and Bond Dissociation. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2180-237. [PMID: 18620366 DOI: 10.1021/cr068070x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) superfamily currently comprises more than 2800 proteins with the amino acid sequence motif CxxxCxxC unaccompanied by a fourth conserved cysteine. The charcteristic three-cysteine motif nucleates a [4Fe-4S] cluster, which binds SAM as a ligand to the unique Fe not ligated to a cysteine residue. The members participate in more than 40 distinct biochemical transformations, and most members have not been biochemically characterized. A handful of the members of this superfamily have been purified and at least partially characterized. Significant mechanistic and structural information is available for lysine 2,3-aminomutase, pyruvate formate-lyase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, and MoaA required for molybdopterin biosynthesis. Biochemical information is available for spore photoproduct lyase, anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase activation subunit, lipoyl synthase, and MiaB involved in methylthiolation of isopentenyladenine-37 in tRNA. The radical SAM enzymes biochemically characterized to date have in common the cleavage of the [4Fe-4S](1 +) -SAM complex to [4Fe-4S](2 +)-Met and the 5' -deoxyadenosyl radical, which abstracts a hydrogen atom from the substrate to initiate a radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry A Frey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madison, Wisconin-Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA.
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Vase KH, Holm AH, Norrman K, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Electrochemical surface derivatization of glassy carbon by the reduction of triaryl- and alkyldiphenylsulfonium salts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:182-188. [PMID: 18052396 DOI: 10.1021/la702301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The range of materials susceptible to electrochemically assisted grafting onto carbon materials has been expanded to include a new group of compounds. This new approach is based on the reduction of symmetrical or unsymmetrical triarylsulfonium salts and alkyldiphenylsulfonium salts. Our findings suggest that it is possible to form layers of aryl moieties on the surface and that the unsymmetrical triarylsulfonium salts cleave upon reduction in a direction dictated by the substituent on the rings (i.e., (4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylsulfonium salt leads to a film made predominantly of phenyl groups, whereas (4-chlorophenyl)diphenylsulfonium salt leads to a mixture of phenyl and chlorophenyl groups). These relationships may be understood by considering the inductive nature of the substituent with regard to the aryl-S bonds and are supported by preparative experiments. Upon reduction, the alkyldiphenylsulfonium salts are found to cleave almost exclusively to an alkyl radical and diphenyl sulfide. As judged from the electrochemical blocking properties of the films made from such species, either relatively thick or compact films are formed. The mass spectrometric analysis indicates that the films are made of a combination of alkyl and aryl groups and possibly related structural derivatives. Importantly, our findings provide evidence that it is possible to graft electrode surfaces with reactive aryl radicals even using precursors reduced at potentials that are substantially more negative than the estimated reduction potential of the grafting radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Højrup Vase
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, Aarhus, Denmark
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30
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Fountain KR. The size of the alpha-effects in methyl transfers correlate with Koopmans' theorem ionization potentials. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Eriksson P, Engman L, Lind J, Merényi G. Aqueous Phase One-Electron Reduction of Sulfonium, Selenonium and Telluronium Salts. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Kunkely H, Vogler A. Photolysis of the ion pair triphenylsulfonium thiophenolate induced by outersphere charge transfer excitation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2003.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Daley CJA, Holm RH. Reactions of site-differentiated [Fe4S4]2+,1+ clusters with sulfonium cations: reactivity analogues of biotin synthase and other members of the S-adenosylmethionine enzyme family. J Inorg Biochem 2003; 97:287-98. [PMID: 14511891 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(03)00280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of reduced 3:1 site-differentiated Fe(4)S(4) clusters have been synthesized as [Fe(4)S(4)(LS(3))(SR')](3-) (R=Et, Ph) by chemical reduction of previously reported [Fe(4)S(4)(LS(3))(SR')](2-) clusters, and isolated as NBu(4)(+) salts. The reduced clusters were characterized by electrochemistry and EPR, 1H NMR, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The reaction of oxidized clusters with the sulfonium ions [PhMeSCH(2)R](+) (R=COPh, p-C(6)H(4)CN) in acetonitrile results in electrophilic attack on coordinated thiolate and production of PhSMe and R'SCH(2)R when the reaction occurs at the unique cluster site. The reactions of reduced clusters with these substrates were examined in relation to the reductive cleavage of the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine, the first step in the catalytic cycle of biotin synthase. Product analysis indicated a approximately 4:1 ratio of reductive cleavage to electrophilic attack. The cleavage products are PhSMe, R'SCH(2)R, and RCH(3) for both clusters, and also PhMeS=CHR and RCH(2)CH(2)R from secondary reactions when the sulfonium cation is [PhMeSCH(2)COPh](+) and [PhMeSCH(2)-p-C(6)H(4)CN](+), respectively. Reaction schemes for reductive cleavage based on product distributions are presented. These results parallel those previously reported for homoleptic [Fe(4)S(4)(SR')(4)](2-,3-) clusters and demonstrate that site-differentiated clusters sustain a high percentage of reductive cleavage, a necessary result in the context of biotin synthase activity preceding an investigation of the mode of binding of sulfonium substrates and inhibitors at the unique iron site. [LS(3)=1,3,5-tris[(4,6-dimethyl-3-mercaptophenyl)thio]-2,4,6-tris(p-tolylthio)benzene(3-)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J A Daley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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35
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Design and application of high-sensitivity two-photon initiators for three-dimensional microfabrication. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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36
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Tsuchida E, Oyaizu K. Alkylsulfonioarylene and Thioarylene Polymers Derived from Sulfonium Electrophiles. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2003. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.76.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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37
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Zhou W, Kuebler SM, Carrig D, Perry JW, Marder SR. Efficient photoacids based upon triarylamine dialkylsulfonium salts. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:1897-901. [PMID: 11866601 DOI: 10.1021/ja011186k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New triarylamine dialkylsulfonium salts that are photosensitive in the near-ultraviolet have been prepared. The quantum yields of photoacid generation were found to be approximately 0.5 and are independent of the counterion. On the other hand, the efficiencies of the sulfonium salts toward the photopolymerization of cyclohexene oxide depend on the counterion and the sulfonium substituents. Photopolymerization kinetic studies demonstrate that these triphenylamine sulfonium salts are highly efficient cationic photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Abstract
Over the past several years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been approved for the treatment of various cancers. Additional applications of photochemical processes for triggering site-specific drug delivery are in early stages of development at this time. This review focuses on the literature appearing between January 1996-June 2001 that describe new and ongoing studies of phototriggering mechanisms that may ultimately find utility in drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shum
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA
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39
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Daley CJ, Holm RH. Reactivity of [Fe4S4(SR)4]2-,3- Clusters with Sulfonium Cations: Analogue Reaction Systems for the Initial Step in Biotin Synthase Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2001; 40:2785-93. [PMID: 11375696 DOI: 10.1021/ic010039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first step in catalysis by a class of iron-sulfur enzymes that includes biotin synthase is the one-electron reductive cleavage of the obligatory cofactor S-adenosylmethionine by an [Fe(4)S(4)](+) cluster to afford methionine and the deoxyadenosyl radical (DOA*). To provide detailed information about the reactions of sulfonium ions with [Fe(4)S(4)](2+,+) clusters, the analogue reaction systems [Fe(4)S(4)(SR')(4)](2)(-)(,3)(-)/[PhMeSCH(2)R](+) (R' = Et (4, 6), Ph (5, 7); R = H (8), COPh (9), p-C(6)H(4)CN (10)) were examined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Sulfonium ions 8-10 react completely with oxidized clusters 4 and 5 to afford PhSMe and R'SCH(2)R in equimolar amounts as a result of electrophilic attack by the sulfonium ion on cluster thiolate ligands. Reactions are also complete with reduced clusters 6 and 7 but afford, depending on the substrate, the additional products RCH(3) (R = PhCO, p-C(6)H(4)CN) and the ylid PhMeS=CHR or (p-NCC(6)H(4)CH(2))(2). Redox potentials of 9 and 10 allow electron transfer from 6 or 7. The reaction systems 6/9,10 and 7/9,10 exhibit two reaction pathways, reductive cleavage and electrophilic attack, in an ca. 4:1 ratio inferred from product distribution. Cleavage is a two-electron process and, for example in the system 6/9, is described by the overall reaction 2[Fe(4)S(4)(SR')(4)](3)(-) + 2[PhMeSCH(2)R](+) --> 2[Fe(4)S(4)(SR')(4)](2)(-) + PhSMe + RCH(3) + PhMeS=CHR. This and other reactions may be summarized as [PhMeSCH(2)R](+) + 2e(-) + H(+) --> PhSMe + RCH(3); proposed reaction sequences parallel those for electrochemical reduction of sulfonium ions. This work demonstrates the intrinsic ability of [Fe(4)S(4)](+) clusters with appropriate redox potentials to reductively cleave sulfonium substrates in overall two-electron reactions. The analogue systems differ from the enzymes in that DOA* is generated in a one-electron reduction and is sufficiently stabilized within the protein matrix to abstract a hydrogen atom from substrate or an amino acid residue in a succeeding step. In the present systems, the radical produced in the initial step of the reaction sequence, [Fe(4)S(4)(SR')(4)](3)(-) + [PhMeSCH(2)R](+) --> [Fe(4)S(4)(SR')(4)](2)(-) + PhSMe + RCH(2)*, is not stabilized and is quenched by reduction and protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Daley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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40
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Kobayashi K, Kubota Y, Furukawa N. Reduction of Sulfoxides to Sulfides Mediated by Ferrocene and Trifluoroacetic Anhydride. CHEM LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2000.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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41
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Queeney KT, Friend CM. Site-Selective Surface Reactions: Hydrocarbon Oxidation Processes on Oxidized Mo(110). J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991994m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Queeney
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - C. M. Friend
- Harvard University, Department of Chemistry, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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42
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Toba Y, Usui Y, Konishi T, Ito O, Uesugi T. Visible Light Polymerization of Acrylate Using Dialkylphenacylsulfonium Butyltriphenylborate Initiators: Effect of the Reduction Potential of the Sulfonium Cation on the Polymerization. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990070u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Takahiko Uesugi
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd., 27, Wadai, Tsukuba 300-4247, Japan
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43
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Wang X, Saeva FD, Kampmeier JA. Photosensitized Reduction of Sulfonium Salts: Evidence for Nondissociative Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982932x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Wang
- Contribution from the Center for Photoinduced Charge Transfer, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216
| | - Franklin D. Saeva
- Contribution from the Center for Photoinduced Charge Transfer, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216
| | - J. A. Kampmeier
- Contribution from the Center for Photoinduced Charge Transfer, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216
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Miyatake K, Yamamoto K, Endo K, Tsuchida E. Superacidified Reaction of Sulfides and Esters for the Direct Synthesis of Sulfonium Derivatives. J Org Chem 1998; 63:7522-7524. [PMID: 11672407 DOI: 10.1021/jo980473c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Miyatake
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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45
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Toba Y, Usui Y, Alam MM, Ito O. Onium Butyltriphenylborates as Donor−Acceptor Initiators for Sensitized Photopolymerizations of Vinyl Monomer. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9801319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Queeney KT, Friend CM. The Role of Oxygen Vacancies in Methanol Reaction on Oxidized Mo(110). J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9812886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Queeney
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - C. M. Friend
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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47
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48
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Antonello S, Musumeci M, Wayner DDM, Maran F. Electroreduction of Dialkyl Peroxides. Activation−Driving Force Relationships and Bond Dissociation Free Energies1a. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971416o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Antonello
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica, Università di Padova, via Loredan 2, 35131 Padova, Italy, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Martin Musumeci
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica, Università di Padova, via Loredan 2, 35131 Padova, Italy, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Danial D. M. Wayner
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica, Università di Padova, via Loredan 2, 35131 Padova, Italy, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Flavio Maran
- Contribution from the Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica, Università di Padova, via Loredan 2, 35131 Padova, Italy, and the Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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Kamachi M, Guo HQ, Kajiwara A. Radical/Cation Transformation Polymerization and Its Application to the Preparation of Block Copolymers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329708010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Queeney KT, Chen DA, Friend CM. Probing the Role of Oxygen Coordination in Hydrocarbon Oxidation: Methyl Radical Addition to Oxygen on Mo(110). J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9707771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Queeney
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - D. A. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - C. M. Friend
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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