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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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2
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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Leisering S, Ponath S, Shakeri K, Mavroskoufis A, Kleoff M, Voßnacker P, Steinhauer S, Weber M, Christmann M. Synthesis of 3- epi-Hypatulin B Featuring a Late-Stage Photo-Oxidation in Flow. Org Lett 2022; 24:4305-4309. [PMID: 35536108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of 3-epi-hypatulin B, a highly oxygenated and densely functionalized bicyclic scaffold, is reported. The carbon skeleton was prepared by functionalization of a cyclopentanone and an intramolecular Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Highlights include a late-stage photo-oxidation of a methoxyallene to provide an ester group. The problems encountered in the batch process were solved by translation into a flow protocol. Our synthesis highlights the value of flow chemistry to enable challenging late-stage transformations in natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Leisering
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ponath
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamar Shakeri
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandros Mavroskoufis
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Merlin Kleoff
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Voßnacker
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Weber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Orfanopoulos M. Singlet Oxygen: Discovery, Chemistry, C 60 -Sensitization †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1182-1218. [PMID: 34240450 DOI: 10.1111/php.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review article refers to the discovery of excited molecular oxygen, in particular on its lower singlet excited state (1 Δg , 1 O2 ). After a short report on singlet oxygen generation, the review is focused on the chemistry of this reactive species. Specifically, the three major reactions of 1 O2 with unsaturated organic substrates, namely the [4 + 2] and [2 +2] cycloadditions as well as the ene reaction, are reviewed. The proposed mechanisms of these reactions, through the years, based on experimental and computational work, have been presented. Selected examples of singlet oxygen-synthetic applications are also mentioned. The [60]fullerene and fullereno-materials photosensitized oxidations in homogeneous, as well as in heterogeneous conditions, are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, the self-sensitized photooxidation of open cage fullerenes as well as fullerenes bearing oxidizable groups is reported.
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5
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Direct Synthesis of Enones by Visible-Light-Promoted Oxygenation of Trisubstituted Olefins Using Molecular Oxygen. Synlett 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A one-step synthesis of enones from olefins is described. The reaction was performed under visible-light irradiation in the presence of molecular oxygen and a photocatalyst. The reaction proceeded with various types of trisubstituted olefins to give enones in good yields with high regioselectivity. In particular, oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, heteroaromatic rings, and cyclopropanes were tolerated. Mechanistic studies and previous reports indicated that the active oxygen species generated in the reaction system is singlet oxygen.
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6
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Schramm S, Navizet I, Prasad Karothu D, Oesau P, Bensmann V, Weiss D, Beckert R, Naumov P. Mechanistic investigations of the 2-coumaranone chemiluminescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22852-22859. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03425c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In a combinational approach of experimental and theoretical methods, the chemiluminescence mechanism of the 2-coumaranones is investigated into detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schramm
- New York University Abu Dhabi
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
| | - Isabelle Navizet
- Université Paris-Est
- Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle
- MSME UMR 8208 CNRS
- 5 bd Descartes
- Marne-la-Vallée 77454
| | | | - Pascal Oesau
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Humboldtstr. 10
- Jena 07743
- Germany
| | - Veronika Bensmann
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Humboldtstr. 10
- Jena 07743
- Germany
| | - Dieter Weiss
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Humboldtstr. 10
- Jena 07743
- Germany
| | - Rainer Beckert
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Humboldtstr. 10
- Jena 07743
- Germany
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi
- Abu Dhabi
- United Arab Emirates
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7
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Abstract
The intramolecular transfer of energy (FRET) and electrons (Dexter) are of great interest for the scientific community and are well-understood. In contrast, the intramolecular transfer of singlet oxygen ((1)O2), a reactive and short-lived oxygen species, has until now been unknown. This process would be very interesting because (1)O2 plays an important role in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Herein, we present the first successful intramolecular transfer of (1)O2 from a donor to acceptor. Also, we found a dependence of conformation and temperature comparable with those of FRET. We provide several pieces of evidence for the intramolecular character of this transfer, including competition experiments. Our studies should be interesting not only from the theoretical and mechanistic point of view but also for the design of new (1)O2 donors and applications in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klaper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam , 14476 Golm, Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam , 14476 Golm, Germany
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Yu X, Liu Z, Xia Z, Shen Z, Pan X, Zhang H, Xie W. Oxidative rearrangement of malondialdehyde: substrate scope and mechanistic insights. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11237g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interception of Criegee intermediate via tandem acetalization and fragmentation reaction provides a novel oxidative decarbonylation of malondialdehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science & Instrumental Analysis and Research Center
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zilei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Center of Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhigao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Center of Drug Discovery
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xixian Pan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science & Instrumental Analysis and Research Center
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science & Instrumental Analysis and Research Center
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Weiqing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Comparison of the singlet oxygen ene reactions of cyclic versus acyclic β,γ-unsaturated ketones: an experimental and computational study. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Malik S, Khan SA, Ahuja P, Arya SK, Sahu S, Sahu K. Singlet oxygen-mediated synthesis of malarial chemotherapeutic agents. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Rubush DM, Morges MA, Rose BJ, Thamm DH, Rovis T. An asymmetric synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxane anticancer agents via desymmetrization of peroxyquinols through a Brønsted acid catalysis cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13554-7. [PMID: 22871165 PMCID: PMC3433808 DOI: 10.1021/ja3052427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The desymmetrization of p-peroxyquinols using a Brønsted acid-catalyzed acetalization/oxa-Michael cascade was achieved in high yields and selectivities for a variety of aliphatic and aryl aldehydes. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds through a dynamic kinetic resolution of the peroxy hemiacetal intermediate. The resulting 1,2,4-trioxane products were derivatized and show potent cancer cell-growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Rubush
- Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Michelle A. Morges
- Colorado State University, Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Barbara J. Rose
- Colorado State University, Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Douglas H. Thamm
- Colorado State University, Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Colorado State University, Department of Chemistry, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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12
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Park S, Yang D, Kim KT, Jeon HB. Synthesis of 2-arylacrylic esters from aryl methyl ketones via Wittig reaction/singlet oxygen ene reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Alberti MN, Orfanopoulos M. Unraveling the mechanism of the singlet oxygen ene reaction: recent computational and experimental approaches. Chemistry 2010; 16:9414-21. [PMID: 20623729 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the singlet oxygen ene reaction has been a subject of renewed interest within the last few years. The main question being whether this reaction proceeds through a concerted mechanism or if it involves discrete intermediates. In general, the majority of experimental and computational studies support a traditional stepwise mechanism involving a perepoxide-like intermediate. In this minireview we highlight the most prominent and recent theoretical, as well as experimental results relating to the challenging mechanism of the singlet oxygen ene oxyfunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariza N Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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14
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Huang ZE, Liang XG, Leung HK, Chan YY. Sensitized photooxygenation VI. Kinetic studies on the singlet oxygenation of 6-ethyl-3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester and 6-isopropyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19910090605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Griesbeck AG, Cho M. Singlet oxygen addition to homoallylic substrates in solution and microemulsion: novel secondary reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Singh C, Pandey S, Kushwaha AK, Puri SK. New functionalized 1,2,4-trioxepanes: Synthesis and antimalarial activity against multi-drug resistant P. yoelii in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5190-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Alberti MN, Vassilikogiannakis G, Orfanopoulos M. Stereochemistry of the Singlet Oxygenation of Simple Alkenes: A Stereospecific Transformation. Org Lett 2008; 10:3997-4000. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801488w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariza N. Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003, Voutes-Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Michael Orfanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003, Voutes-Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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18
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Alberti MN, Orfanopoulos M. The Cyclopropyl Group as a Hypersensitive Probe in the Singlet Oxygen Ene Reaction Mechanism. Org Lett 2008; 10:2465-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800759u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariza N. Alberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003, Voutes-Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Orfanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003, Voutes-Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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19
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Maeda H, Nanai Y, Mizuno K, Chiba J, Takeshima S, Inouye M. Photooxygenation of Alkynylperylenes. Formation of Dibenzo[jk,mn]phenanthrene-4,5-diones. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8990-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7016668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan ;
| | - Yasuaki Nanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan ;
| | - Kazuhiko Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan ;
| | - Junya Chiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan ;
| | - Sakiko Takeshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan ;
| | - Masahiko Inouye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan ;
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20
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Griesbeck AG, Bartoschek A, Neudörfl J, Miara C. Stereoselectivity in ene reactions with 1O2: matrix effects in polymer supports, photo-oxygenation of organic salts and asymmetric synthesis. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:1233-40. [PMID: 16674271 DOI: 10.1562/2006-03-03-ra-832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ene reaction of chiral allylic alcohols is applied as a tool for the investigation of intrapolymer effects by means of the stereoselectivity of the singlet-oxygen addition. The diastereo selectivity strongly depends on the structure of the polymer, the substrate loading degree and also on the degree of conversion demonstrating additional supramolecular effects evolving during the reaction. The efficiency and the stability of polymer-bound sensitizers were evaluated by the ene reaction of singlet oxygen with citronellol. The ene reaction with chiral ammonium salts of tiglic acid was conducted under solution phase conditions or in polystyrene beads under chiral contact ion-pair conditions. The products thus obtained precipitate during the photoreaction as ammonium salts. Moderate asymmetric induction was observed for this procedure for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel G Griesbeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Köln, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany.
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21
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Fox MA. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Organic Systems: Control of Back Electron Transfer. ADVANCES IN PHOTOCHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470133439.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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23
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Singlet oxygen addition to chiral allylic alcohols and subsequent peroxyacetalization with β-naphthaldehyde: synthesis of diastereomerically pure 3-β-naphthyl-substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Singh C, Pandey S, Saxena G, Srivastava N, Sharma M. Synthesis of 1,2,4-Trioxepanes and 1,2,4-Trioxocanes via Photooxygenation of Homoallylic Alcohols1. J Org Chem 2006; 71:9057-61. [PMID: 17109530 DOI: 10.1021/jo061414z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homoallylic alcohols 4a-d, easily accessible in two steps from cyclopropyl methyl ketone, underwent a highly regioselective reaction with singlet oxygen to yield gamma-hydroxyhydroperoxides 5a-d in 57-72% yield. Acid-catalyzed reaction of 5a-d with acetone, cyclopentanone, and cyclohexanone furnished 1,2,4-trioxepanes 8a-d, 9a-d, and 10a-d in good yields. Homoallylic alcohol 12 also underwent a highly regioselective photooxygenation to yield gamma-hydroxyhydroperoxide 13 in 67% yield, which on reaction with acetone, cyclopentanone, and cyclohexanone, furnished 1,2,4-trioxocanes 16-18 in 41-55% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India.
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Singh C, Kanchan R, Srivastava D, Puri SK. 8-(1-Naphthalen-2-yl-vinyl)-6,7,10-trioxaspiro (4.5) decane, a new 1,2,4-trioxane effective against rodent and simian malaria. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:584-6. [PMID: 16275088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 8-(1-aryl-vinyl)-6,7,10-trioxaspiro [4.5] decanes 7a-e and 3-(1-aryl-vinyl)-l,2,5-trioxaspiro [5.5] undecanes 8a-e have been prepared and screened against multi-drug resistant Plasmodium yoelii in mice. 8-(1-Naphthalen-2-yl-vinyl)-6,7,10-trioxaspiro [4.5] decane 7b, the most active trioxane of the series, has also shown promising activity against Plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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26
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Tokunaga M, Shirogane Y, Aoyama H, Obora Y, Tsuji Y. Copper-catalyzed oxidative cleavage of carbon–carbon double bond of enol ethers with molecular oxygen. J Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Singh C, Srivastav NC, Puri SK. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 6-cycloalkylvinyl substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5745-52. [PMID: 15498651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 08/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
6-Cycloalkylvinyl substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes 6-15 have been prepared and tested against multi-drug resistant Plasmodium yoelii in mice. The most active trioxane 11 provides 80% protection to the treated mice. Further derivatization of 11 leads to decrease in antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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28
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Singh C, Gupta N, Puri SK. Synthesis of new 6-alkylvinyl/arylalkylvinyl substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes active against multidrug-resistant malaria in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:5553-62. [PMID: 15465332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
3-Alkyl/arylalkyl substituted 2-butenols 9, 10, 23a-d undergo regiospecific photooxygenation to furnish beta-hydroxyhydroperoxides 11, 12, 24a-d, respectively, in reasonable yields. Acid catalyzed condensation of 11, 12, 24a-d with various ketones furnish new 1,2,4-trioxanes 13-18, 25a-d, 26a-d, 27a-d in good yields. Several of these trioxanes show promising antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium yoelii in mice by oral and intramuscular routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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29
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Griesbeck AG, El-Idreesy TT, Fiege M, Brun R. Synthesis of antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxanes via photooxygenation of a chiral allylic alcohol. Org Lett 2002; 4:4193-5. [PMID: 12443056 DOI: 10.1021/ol026916n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Photooxygenation of the chiral allylic alcohol 4-methyl-3-penten-2-ol (3) in nonpolar solvents and subsequent Lewis acid-catalyzed peroxyacetalization afforded a series of monocyclic and spirobicyclic 1,2,4-trioxanes (5, 6). Two products show significant anti-Malaria activity against Plasmodium falciparum when compared with chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel G Griesbeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
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30
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Sakaguchi S, Yamamoto Y, Sugimoto T, Yamamoto H, Ishii Y. Dehomologation of Aldehydes via Oxidative Cleavage of Silyl Enol Ethers with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Cetylpyridinium Peroxotungstophosphate under Two-Phase Conditions. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo990477x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High-Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High-Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takuma Sugimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High-Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High-Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High-Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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31
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Yamamoto H, Tsuda M, Sakaguchi S, Ishii Y. Selective Oxidation of Vinyl Ethers and Silyl Enol Ethers with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Peroxotungstophosphate. J Org Chem 1997; 62:7174-7177. [PMID: 11671823 DOI: 10.1021/jo970440h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of vinyl and silyl enol ethers with aqueous hydrogen peroxide was first achieved by the use of peroxotungstophosphate (PCWP) as the catalyst. For example, the oxidation of 1-ethoxy-1-octene with a stoichiometric amount of 35% H(2)O(2) in the presence of PCWP (0.5 mol %) in a mixed solvent of methanol and dichloromethane at room temperature gave 1-ethoxy-1-methoxy-2-hydroxyoctane, a synthetic equivalent of 2-hydroxyoctanal, in 70% yield. The oxidation of acyclic silyl enol ethers such as 1-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-1-octene under these conditions gave 1-hydroxy-2-octanone in 72% yield, while the same oxidation in dichloromethane alone resulted in cleavage of the enol double bond to form heptanal in 71% yield. Cyclic silyl enol ethers were converted into the corresponding alpha-hydroxy ketones in 48-71% yields under similar reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyo Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & High Technology Research Center, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564, Japan
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32
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The formation of a peracetal and trioxane from an enol ether with copper(II) triflate and oxygen: Unexpected oxygenation of aldol intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Yoshioka Y, Yamada S, Kawakami T, Nishino M, Yamaguchi K, Saito I. Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Studies of Singlet Oxygen Reactions of Olefins, Enol Ethers, and Enamines. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1996. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.69.2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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34
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in vivo potent antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxanes: Synthesis and activity of 8-(α-arylvinyl)-6,7,10-trioxaspiro[4,5]decanes and 3-(α-arylvinyl)-1,2,5-trioxaspiro[5,5]undecanes against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00322-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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36
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37
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Ze-En H, Xiao-Guang Hiu-Kwong Leung L, Leung HK, Yuk-Yee C. Sensitized photooxygenation: IV. Synthesis and singlet oxygenation of ethyl 6-ethyl-3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate and ethyl 6-isopropyl-3, 4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate. CHINESE J CHEM 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.19900080215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Akasaka T, Misawa Y, Ando W. Reaction of singlet oxygen with alkenylidenecyclopropanes: Implication for a peroxyallyl intermediate. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Ando W, Sonobe H, Akasaka T. Selective sulfurization of olefins by 9,10-epidithio-9,10-dihydroanthracene: intermediacy of diatomic sulfur. Tetrahedron 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)87816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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40
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41
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Mohnhaupt M, Hagemann H, Perler JP, Bill H, Boukouvalas J, Rossier JC, Jefford CW. A Vibrational Study of Some 1,2,4-Trioxanes. Helv Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19880710508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Foglia TA, Nungesser E, Marmer WN. Oxidation of 1-O-(alk-1-enyl)-2,3-di-O-acylglycerols: models for plasmalogen oxidation. Lipids 1988; 23:430-4. [PMID: 3412122 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alk-1-enyl diacyl glycerides, model compounds for plasmalogen lipids, were synthesized for use as substrates in oxidation studies. The neutral plasmalogen glycerides prepared included 1-O-(hexadec-1-enyl)-2,3-di-O-stearoylglycerol (4a) and 1-O-(hexadec-1-enyl)-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-stearoylglycerol (4b). Oxidative disappearance of these glycerides was followed directly by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extent of oxidation of the side chains of these glycerides, i.e. the alkenyl ether and fatty acyl functions, was monitored by conversion of the side chains to dimethylacetal and methyl ester by methanolysis, followed by subsequent gas chromatography (GC) of the methanolysis products. Both analytical approaches show that the alkenyl ether function of neat 4a oxidizes more slowly than neat ethyl linoleate. However, the rate of alkenyl ether loss from 4a is accelerated in the presence of added ethyl linoleate. Moreover, when the linoleoyl group is incorporated into the 2-position of the alkenyl glyceride, as in 4b, the rate of loss of the alkenyl group was shown to be similar to the rate of loss of the linoleoyl group. These results suggest that oxidation of plasmalogen glycerides should not be ignored as a factor that contributes to the oxidative instability of animal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Foglia
- ARS/USDA, Eastern Regional Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19118
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43
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Ando W, Sonobe H, Akasaka T. Stereochemical Investigation of Photoepoxidation of Dioxetane-forming Olefins in the Presence of Sulfur Dioxide. CHEM LETT 1987. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1987.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Saito I, Nagata R, Nakagawa H, Moriyama H, Matsuura T, Inoue K. New singlet oxygen source and trapping reagent for peroxide intermediates. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1987; 2:327-36. [PMID: 3504813 DOI: 10.3109/10715768709065299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of newly-developed water-soluble singlet oxygen sources in the oxidation of biologically important compounds and the electron-transfer process involving singlet oxygen has been reviewed. Particularly, oxidation products of tryptophan by chemically generated singlet oxygen were compared to those obtained in dye-sensitized photooxygenation. The usefulness of trimethylsilyl cyanide as a trapping reagent for dipolar peroxide intermediates has been demonstrated in the photooxygenation of N-methylindoles, 2-(methoxymethylene)adamantane and adamantylideneadamantane in aprotic solvents. Based on these trapping reactions mechanism of singlet oxygen reaction of electron-rich enol ethers and enamines is discussed in light of theoretical calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Saito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
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45
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Reaction of singlet oxygen with methylenecyclopropanes: Formation of 4-methylene-1,2-dioxolanes. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)95690-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Jefford CW, Favarger F, Ferro S, Chambaz D, Bringhen A, Bernardinelli G, Boukouvalas J. The Formation of Bridged Bicyclic 1,2,4-Trioxanes by Intramolecular Capture of ?-Hydroperoxy Cations. Helv Chim Acta 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19860690735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Marmer WN, Nungesser E, Foglia TA. Oxidation of ethyl hexadec-1-enyl ether, a plasmalogen model, in the presence of unsaturated esters. Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02537215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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49
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50
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The ene reaction of singlet oxygen: kinetic and product evidence in support of a perepoxide intermediate. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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