1
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. On the aromaticity and stability of benzynes in the ground and lowest-lying triplet excited states. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:6-12. [PMID: 37671655 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have revisited the aromaticity of benzyne isomers at the unrestricted density functional theory level (UDFT) using the energetic, magnetic, and delocalization criteria. In addition, this last criterion has also been analyzed employing complete active space (CASSCF) calculations. The results show conservation of aromaticity in these monocycles. Additionally it is observed that this trend is maintained in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives such as biradical didehydrophenanthrenes. Do these results imply a violation of Baird's rule? The answer is No, because this conservation in aromaticity is due to the loss of hydrogen atoms affects only the electronic σ skeleton and exerts a minor influence on the π cloud. Additionally, we have analyzed the relative stability of benzyne isomers and their relationship with experimental ΔES-T values. According to the literature, the stability of the benzynes in the singlet state is due to an effective interaction between the electrons of the biradical centers; however, this effect is completely reversed in the triplet state, which explains why the para isomer has the lowest ΔES-T gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
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2
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Sirianni D, Song X, Wairegi S, Wang EB, Mendoza-Gomez SA, Luxon A, Zimmerley M, Nussdorf A, Filatov M, Hoffmann R, Parish CA. Variations on the Bergman Cyclization Theme: Electrocyclizations of Ionic Penta-, Hepta-, and Octadiynes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21408-21418. [PMID: 37747784 PMCID: PMC10557144 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The Bergman cyclization of (Z)-hexa-3-ene-1,5-diyne to form the aromatic diradical p-benzyne has garnered attention as a potential antitumor agent due to its relatively low cyclization barrier and the stability of the resulting diradical. Here, we present a theoretical investigation of several ionic extensions of the fundamental Bergman cyclization: electrocyclizations of the penta-1,4-diyne anion, hepta-1,6-diyne cation, and octa-1,7-diyne dication, leveraging the spin-flip formulation of the equation-of-motion coupled cluster theory with single and double substitutions (EOM-SF-CCSD). Though the penta-1,4-diyne anion exhibits a large cyclization barrier of +66 kcal mol-1, cyclization of both the hepta-1,6-diyne cation and octa-1,7-diyne dication along a previously unreported triplet pathway requires relatively low energy. We also identified the presence of significant aromaticity in the triplet diradical products of these two cationic cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic
A. Sirianni
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Daemen University, Amherst, New York 14226, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Xinli Song
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Salmika Wairegi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Evan B. Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | | | - Adam Luxon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Maxwell Zimmerley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Ariana Nussdorf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Michael Filatov
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Department
of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carol A. Parish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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3
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Kashyap C, Purkayastha SK, Rohman SS, Guha AK. Inorganic Bergman Cyclization: An Appeal From Theory. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200504. [PMID: 36342161 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The scope of Bergman cyclization is expanded computationally by exploring the cyclization in inorganic B, N substituted derivative. This substitution has introduced polarity into the transition state, which resulted in dramatic lowering of the activation barrier. Natural charge distribution throughout the reaction profile has ascertained this hypothesis. Single B and N atom substitution at 1 and 6 terminal positions lowers the activation barrier by almost half of the original value which becomes even lower in the complete B, N analogue. The parent Bergman and single B, N substituted products were characterized by significant biradical character while the complete B, N substituted analogue was characterized by significant zwitterionic character. Reduction in electron delocalization is also observed in the complete B, N substituted analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanika Kashyap
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Cotton University Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
| | | | - Shahnaz S Rohman
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Cotton University Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
| | - Ankur K Guha
- Advanced Computational Chemistry Centre, Cotton University Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India
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4
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Taherpour AA, Ghasemi P. Bergman cyclization reactions in fused enediynes: a DFT study. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01666-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Scott T, Nieman R, Luxon A, Zhang B, Lischka H, Gagliardi L, Parish CA. A Multireference Ab Initio Study of the Diradical Isomers of Pyrazine. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2049-2057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia 23713, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Adam Luxon
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia 23713, United States
| | - Boyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia 23713, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 P.R. China
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and the Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carol A. Parish
- Department of Chemistry, Gottwald Center for the Sciences, University of Richmond, Richmond Virginia 23713, United States
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6
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Luxon AR, Orms N, Kanters R, Krylov AI, Parish CA. An ab Initio Exploration of the Bergman Cyclization. J Phys Chem A 2017; 122:420-430. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Luxon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Natalie Orms
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - René Kanters
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Carol A. Parish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173, United States
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7
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Qin P, Cope SK, Steger H, Veccharelli KM, Holland RL, Hitt DM, Moore CE, Baldridge KK, O’Connor JM. Photoactivated Transition-Metal Triggers for Ambient Temperature Enediyne and Dienyne Cyclization: Ruthenium-η6-Naphthalene Complexes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjin Qin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Stephen K. Cope
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Han Steger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kate M. Veccharelli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ryan L. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David M. Hitt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kim K. Baldridge
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joseph M. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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8
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Kyriakidou K, Karafiloglou P. Natural bond orbitals: Local sets showing minimal intra-pair correlations and minimal unpaired electron populations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Song D, Sun S, Tian Y, Huang S, Ding Y, Yuan Y, Hu A. Maleimide-based acyclic enediyne for efficient DNA-cleavage and tumor cell suppression. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3195-3200. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A pH-sensitive acyclic enediyne (1) was synthesized for efficient DNA-cleavage and tumor cell suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Shiyuan Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yu Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yun Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich and Facoltà di Informatica
- Instituto di Scienze Computationali
- Università della Svizzera Italiana
- CH-6900 Lugano
| | - Yuan Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Aiguo Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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10
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Ramos-Cordoba E, Salvador P. Diradical character from the local spin analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:9565-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Boerner LJK, Pink M, Park H, LeSueur A, Zaleski JM. Spin-state control of thermal and photochemical Bergman cyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2145-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc34471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Breiner B, Kaya K, Roy S, Yang WY, Alabugin IV. Hybrids of amino acids and acetylenic DNA-photocleavers: optimising efficiency and selectivity for cancer phototherapy. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3974-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob00052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Dong H, Chen BZ, Huang MB, Lindh R. The bergman cyclizations of the enediyne and its N-substituted analogs using multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory. J Comput Chem 2011; 33:537-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.22889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Kane CM, Meyers TB, Yu X, Gerken M, Etzkorn M. Bergman Cyclization of Fluorinated Benzo-Fused Enediynes to Naphthalene Derivatives: Syntheses and Structures. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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CIOSLOWSKI JERZY, SZARECKA AGNIESZKA, MONCRIEFF DAVID. Energetics, electronic structures and geometries of didehydroazines. Mol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/0026897021000034512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JERZY CIOSLOWSKI
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Computational Science and Information Technology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , 32306 , USA
| | - AGNIESZKA SZARECKA
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Computational Science and Information Technology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , 32306 , USA
| | - DAVID MONCRIEFF
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Computational Science and Information Technology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , 32306 , USA
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16
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Barone G, Armata N, Prestianni A, Rubino T, Duca D, Murzin DY. Confined But-2-ene Catalytic Isomerization Inside H-ZSM-5 Models: A DFT Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:1274-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ct800402k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università, viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy, and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Nerina Armata
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università, viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy, and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Antonio Prestianni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università, viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy, and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Teresa Rubino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università, viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy, and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Dario Duca
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università, viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy, and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
| | - Dmitry Yu. Murzin
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica e Analitica “S. Cannizzaro” dell’Università, viale delle Scienze Ed. 17, I-90128 Palermo, Italy, and Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland
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17
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Pandithavidana DR, Poloukhtine A, Popik VV. Photochemical generation and reversible cycloaromatization of a nine-membered ring cyclic enediyne. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:351-6. [PMID: 19053819 DOI: 10.1021/ja8077076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of the nine-membered ring enediyne precursor, which has one of its triple bonds masked as cyclopropenone, efficiently (Phi = 0.34) generates the reactive 4,5-benzocyclonona-2,6-diynol. The latter rapidly equilibrates with the corresponding 1,4-didehydronaphthalene diradical and then undergoes rate-limiting hydrogen abstraction to produce the ultimate product of the Bergman cyclization, benz[f]indanol.
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18
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Kuzmin AV, Popik VV. Dual reactivity of a photochemically-generated cyclic enyne–allene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5707-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b911871c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Duan L, Xu Y, Qian X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Novel naphthalimide derivatives with near-infrared emission: synthesis via photochemical cycloaromatization, fluorescence in solvents and living cell. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Bucher G, Mahajan AA, Schmittel M. Photochemical C2-C6 cyclization of enyne-allenes: detection of a fulvene triplet diradical in the laser flash photolysis. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8815-28. [PMID: 18855455 DOI: 10.1021/jo801689w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of enyne-allenes, with and without benzannulation at the ene moiety and equipped with aromatic and carbonyl groups as internal triplet sensitizer units at the allene terminus, was synthesized. Both sets, the cyclohexenyne-allenes and benzenyne-allenes, underwent thermal C(2)-C(6) cyclization exclusively to formal ene products. In contrast, the photochemical C(2)-C(6) cyclization of enyne-allenes provided formal Diels-Alder and/or ene products, with higher yields for the benzannulated systems. A raise of the temperature in the photochemical cyclization of enyne-allene 1b' led to increasing amounts of the ene product in relation to that of the formal Diels-Alder product. Laser flash photolysis at 266 and 355 nm as well as triplet quenching studies for 1b,b' indicated that the C(2)-C(6) cyclization proceeds via the triplet manifold. On the basis of a density functional theory (DFT) study, a short-lived transient (tau = 30 ns) was assigned as a triplet allene, while a long-lived transient (tau = 33 micros) insensitive to oxygen was assigned as fulvene triplet diradical. An elucidation of the reaction mechanism using extensive DFT computations allowed rationalization of the experimental product ratio and its temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Götz Bucher
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
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21
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Karpov G, Kuzmin A, Popik VV. Enhancement of the Reactivity of Photochemically Generated Enediynes via Keto−Enol Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11771-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja802688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grigori Karpov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Alexander Kuzmin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Vladimir V. Popik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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22
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Wang EB, Parish CA, Lischka H. An extended multireference study of the electronic states of para-benzyne. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:044306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2955744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Bhattacharyya S, Sangita, Zaleski JM. Unique Metal-Diyne, -Enyne, and -Enediyne Complexes: Part of the Remarkably Diverse World of Metal-Alkyne Chemistry. PROGRESS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470144428.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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24
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Papp P, Neogrady P, Mach P, Pittner J, Huba[cbreve] I, Wilson S. Many-body Brillouin–Wigner second-order perturbation theory: an application to the autoaromatisation of hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne (the Bergman reaction). Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701832355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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The S1 states of o-, m-, and p-benzyne studied using multiconfiguration second-order perturbation theory. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Yoshimura N, Momotake A, Shinohara Y, Nishimura Y, Arai T. Synthesis and Photoisomerization of Enediyne-Type Dendrimers with Benzyl Ether Dendrons. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Transfer hydrogenation between ethane and ethene: a critical assessment of theoretical procedures. Mol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970500417093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Cycloaromatization reactions: the testing ground for theory and experiment. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(07)42001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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29
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Abstract
p-Quinoid cyclopropenone-containing enediyne precursor (1) has been synthesized by monocyclopropanation of one of the triple bonds in p-dimethoxy-substituted 3,4-benzocyclodeca-1,5-diyne followed by oxidative demethylation. Cyclopropenone 1 is stable up to 90 degrees C but readily produces reactive enediyne 2 upon single-photon (Phi(300)(nm) = 0.46) or two-photon (sigma(800 nm) = 0.5 GM) photolysis. The photoproduct 2 undergoes Bergman cyclization at 40 degrees C with the lifetime of 88 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Poloukhtine
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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30
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O'Connor JM, Friese SJ, Rodgers BL. A Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Enediyne Cycloaromatization. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:16342-3. [PMID: 16305190 DOI: 10.1021/ja050060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iron cation, generated from [(eta5-C5Me5)Fe(NCMe)3]PF6, triggers the room temperature cycloaromatization of acyclic and alicyclic enediynes, in the presence of either 1,4-cyclohexadiene or terpinene as the hydrogen-atom donor, to give metal-arene products in good to excellent yields. Photolysis of the metal-arene complexes liberates the arene from the metal in excellent yield. The first demonstration of a transition-metal-catalyzed cycloaromatization of conjugated enediynes has been achieved under photochemical conditions utilizing either [(eta5-C5Me5)Fe(NCMe)3]PF6 or [(eta5-C5Me5)Fe(eta6-1,2-(Prn)2C6H4)]PF6 as the catalyst precursor. The use of a metal and light has led to a convenient method for cycloaromatization of a trans-enediyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, USA.
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Santos JC, Andres J, Aizman A, Fuentealba P, Polo V. A Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism for the Bergman Cyclization from the Perspective of the Electron Localization Function and Catastrophe Theory. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3687-93. [PMID: 16839035 DOI: 10.1021/jp0441947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism associated with the Bergman cyclization of the (Z)-hexa-1,5-diyne-3-ene to render p-benzyne has been analyzed by means of a combined use of the electron localization function (ELF) and the catastrophe theory on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP/6-31G(d)). The complex electronic rearrangements of this reaction can be highlighted using this novel quantum mechanical perspective. Five domains of structural stability of the ELF occurring along the intrinsic reaction path as well as four catastrophes (fold-cusp-fold-cusp) responsible for the changes in the topology of the system have been identified. The multiple factors that occur along the intrinsic reaction coordinate path are presented and discussed in a consistent way. The topological analysis of ELF and catastrophe theory reveals that mechanical deformation of the C1-C2-C3 unit and closed-shell repulsion between terminal acetylene groups lead to an early formation of diradicaloid character at C2 and C5 atoms. Immediately after the transition structure (TS) is reached, the open-shell-singlet biradical becomes stable. Meanwhile, C1 and C6 atoms are preparing to be covalently bonded; that will finally occur at a distance of 1.791 A. In addition, a separation of the ELF into in-plane (sigma) and out-of-plane (pi) contributions allows us to discuss the aromaticity profiles; sigma-aromaticity appears in the vicinities of the TS, while pi-aromaticity takes place in the final stage of the reaction path, once the ring has been formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Casilla 110-V, Valparaíso, Chile
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Gräfenstein J, Cremer * D. Development of a CAS-DFT method covering non-dynamical and dynamical electron correlation in a balanced way. Mol Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970512331318858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nath M, Pink M, Zaleski JM. Controlling Both Ground- and Excited-State Thermal Barriers to Bergman Cyclization with Alkyne Termini Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 127:478-9. [PMID: 15643844 DOI: 10.1021/ja045979t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cross-coupling reaction of 2,3-dibromo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin with corresponding organostannanes in the presence of a Pd0 catalyst in THF at reflux temperature yields free base 2,3-dialkynylporphyrins 1a,c-e. The subsequent deprotection of trimethylsilyl group of 1a with TBAF in THF under aqueous conditions produces the 2,3-diethynyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins 1b in 87% yield. Compounds 1a-d undergo zinc insertion upon treatment with Zn(OAc)2.2H2O in CHCl3/MeOH to give zinc(II) 2,3-dialkynyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins (2a-d) in 70-92% yields. Thermal Bergman cyclization of 1a-e and 2a-d was studied in chlorobenzene and approximately 35-fold 1,4-cyclohexadiene at 120-210 degrees C. Compounds 1b and 2b with R = H react at lower temperature (120 degrees C) and produce cyclized products 3b and 4b in higher yields (65-70%) than their propyl, isopropyl, and phenyl analogues, with R = Ph being the most stable. Continuing in this trend, the -TMS derivatives 1a and 2a exhibit no reactivity even after heating at 190 degrees C in chlorobenzene/CHD for 24 h. Photolysis (at lambda >/= 395 nm) of 1b and 2b at 10 degrees C leads the formation of isolable picenoporphyrin products in 15 and 35% yields, respectively, in 72 h, whereas these compounds are stable in solution under same reaction conditions at 25 degrees C in the dark. Unlike thermolysis at 125 degrees C, which did not yield Bergman cyclized product for R = Ph, photolysis generated very small amounts of picenoporphyrin products (3c: 5%; 4c: 8% based on 1H NMR) as well as a mixture of reduced porphyrin products that were not separable. Thus, trends in the barrier to Bergman cyclization in the excited state exhibit the same trend as those observed in the ground state as a function of R-group. Finally, photolysis of 2b at 10 degrees C with lambda >/= 515 or 590 nm in benzene/iPrOH (4:1, 72 h) produces 4b in 15 and 6% isolated yields, indicating that conjugation of the enediyne unit into the porphyrin electronic transitions leads to sufficient distortion to generate photoproduct even with long wavelength excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Fouad FS, Crasto CF, Lin Y, Jones GB. Photoactivated enediynes: targeted chimeras which undergo photo-Bergman cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Balcioglu N, Özgür Özsar A. Thermal conversion of 1,3-hexadien-5-yne to benzene: a revisited theoretical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2004.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Stearns JA, Zwier TS. Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Jet-Cooled ortho-, meta-, and para-Diethynylbenzene. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035168w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A. Stearns
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
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Puiggros OR, Pittner J, Čársky P, Stampfuss P, Wenzel W. Multireference Brillouin-Wigner Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles (MRBWCCSD) and Multireference Doubles Configuration Interaction (MRD-CI) Calculations for the Bergman Cyclization Reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20032309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We used the Bergman cyclization reaction of hex-3-ene-1,5-diyne to 1,4-didehydrobenzene (p-benzyne) as a benchmark system to assess the accuracy of recently developed multireference Brillouin-Wigner coupled cluster singles and doubles method (MRBWCCSD) in comparison with the multireference doubles configuration interaction (MRD-CI) calculations using the same geometry and basis set. Activation and reaction enthalpies were calculated. We found good agreement between experiment and theory at the MRCI+Q/CCSD(T) level of theory, provided a sufficiently large polarized basis set is used (cc-pVTZ). The MRBWCCSD theory gives results of a somewhat lower accuracy, presumably because of the absence of T3 clusters in the cluster expansion.
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Alabugin IV, Manoharan M. Reactant Destabilization in the Bergman Cyclization and Rational Design of Light- and pH-Activated Enediynes. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026754c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390
| | - Mariappan Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390
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Plourde G, El-Shafey A, Fouad FS, Purohit AS, Jones GB. Protein degradation with photoactivated enediyne-amino acid conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2985-8. [PMID: 12270189 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of photoactivated enediynes was prepared, and successfully employed for the selective degradation of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Plourde
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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De Proft F, von Ragué Schleyer P, van Lenthe JH, Stahl F, Geerlings P. Magnetic properties and aromaticity of o-, m-, and p-benzyne. Chemistry 2002; 8:3402-10. [PMID: 12203320 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20020802)8:15<3402::aid-chem3402>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The relative aromaticities of the three singlet benzyne isomers, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-didehydrobenzenes have been evaluated with a series of aromaticity indicators, including magnetic susceptibility anisotropies and exaltations, nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS), and aromatic stabilization energies (all evaluated at the DFT level), as well as valence-bond Pauling resonance energies. Most of the criteria point to the o-benzyne<m-benzyne<p-benzyne aromaticity order, whereas the relative aromaticity of each isomer with respect to benzene depends on the aromaticity criterion. An additional aromaticity evaluation involved the transition state of the Bergman cyclization of (Z)-hexa-1,5-diyn-3-ene which yields p-benzyne. Dissected NICS calculations reveal an aromatic transition state with a larger total NICS but a smaller NICS(pi) component and thus lower aromaticity than benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Faculteit Wetenschappen, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
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Plourde GW, Warner PM, Parrish DA, Jones GB. Halo-enediynes: probing the electronic and stereoelectronic contributions to the Bergman cycloaromatization. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5369-74. [PMID: 12126430 DOI: 10.1021/jo025763e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of halogen-substituted cyclic enediynes were prepared with use of carbenoid coupling strategy. DFT analysis, initially used to identify synthesis candidates, was also employed to rationalize the propensity for cycloaromatization of the compounds. In all cases studied the halogen atom had a strongly retardative effect on the thermal Bergman cycloaromatization reaction. The isolation of the first C-9 monochloroenediyne is noteworthy, and may find application in prodrug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Plourde
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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DAVIDSON ERNESTR. Biography. Mol Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970110075149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Jones GB, Warner PM. On the mechanism of quinone formation from the Bergman cyclization: some theoretical insights. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8669-72. [PMID: 11735557 DOI: 10.1021/jo015947d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G B Jones
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Purohit A, Wyatt J, Hynd G, Wright J, El-Shafey A, Swamy N, Ray R, Jones GB. Chemical synthesis of hormone receptor probes: high affinity photoactivated enediyne-estrogens. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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