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Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Probing the Interactions of Porphyrins with Macromolecules Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:1942. [PMID: 33808335 PMCID: PMC8037866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic compounds are widespread in nature and play key roles in biological processes such as oxygen transport in blood, enzymatic redox reactions or photosynthesis. In addition, both naturally derived as well as synthetic porphyrinic compounds are extensively explored for biomedical and technical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photovoltaic systems, respectively. Their unique electronic structures and photophysical properties make this class of compounds so interesting for the multiple functions encountered. It is therefore not surprising that optical methods are typically the prevalent analytical tool applied in characterization and processes involving porphyrinic compounds. However, a wealth of complementary information can be obtained from NMR spectroscopic techniques. Based on the advantage of providing structural and dynamic information with atomic resolution simultaneously, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying molecular interactions between porphyrinic compounds and macromolecules. Such interactions are of special interest in medical applications of porphyrinic photosensitizers that are mostly combined with macromolecular carrier systems. The macromolecular surrounding typically stabilizes the encapsulated drug and may also modify its physical properties. Moreover, the interaction with macromolecular physiological components needs to be explored to understand and control mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on such non-covalent interactions of porphyrinic drugs with synthetic polymers as well as with biomolecules such as phospholipids or proteins. A brief introduction into various NMR spectroscopic techniques is given including chemical shift perturbation methods, NOE enhancement spectroscopy, relaxation time measurements and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. How these NMR tools are used to address porphyrin-macromolecule interactions with respect to their function in biomedical applications is the central point of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.G.); (J.F.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Monaco
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e
Biologia, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni
Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e
Biologia, Universitá degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni
Paolo II, 132, Fisciano 84084 Salerno, Italy
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Monaco G, Zanasi R. Linearized ring current models for the retrieval of π ring current strength in monocycles. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Vasanthan N, White JL, Gyanwali G, Shin ID, Majikes J, Pasquinelli MA, Tonelli AE. Unexpected Results from the Comparison of Solid-State Conformations and 13C NMR Spectra of Poly (trimethylene terephthalate) and Its Model Compounds. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201305e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Vasanthan
- Department of Chemistry, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - J. L. White
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - G. Gyanwali
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - I. D. Shin
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Campbell University, Buies Creek, North Carolina 27506, United States
| | - J. Majikes
- Fiber & Polymer Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8301, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301, United States
| | - M. A. Pasquinelli
- Fiber & Polymer Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8301, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301, United States
| | - A. E. Tonelli
- Fiber & Polymer Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8301, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8301, United States
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Periyasamy G, Burton NA, Hillier IH, Thomas JMH. Electron delocalization in the metallabenzenes: a computational analysis of ring currents. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5960-72. [PMID: 18543880 DOI: 10.1021/jp7106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many metallabenzene complexes appear to exhibit an enhanced thermodynamic stability which has been attributed to the concept of aromaticity. Analysis of the ring currents induced by a magnetic field, either by direct visualization or by considering nuclear or nucleus-independent chemical shielding values (NMR or NICS), have become useful theoretical tools to characterize the aromaticity of many molecules involving the main group elements. We have analyzed 21 metallabenzenes using variations of these techniques, which take account of the large core and metal orbital contributions which often lead to transition-metal-containing systems exhibiting anomalous shielding values. Analysis of individual orbital contributions to both the ring currents and chemical shielding values based upon the ipsocentric and CSGT (continuous set of gauge transformations) methods has shown that complexes such as the 18 electron Ir or Rh(C 5H 5)(PH 3) 2Cl 2 molecules should be classed as aromatic, whereas the 16 electron complexes such as Os or Ru(C 5H 5)(PH 3) 2Cl 2 should not, despite having the same occupancy of pi-MOs. The differences can be directly attributed to the HOMO/LUMO b 2 in-plane (d xy ) molecular orbital, which, when unoccupied, is available to disrupt the delocalized currents typical of aromatic systems. A range of Pd and Pt metallabenzenes with cyclopentadienyl and phosphine ligands is also discussed as having aromatic and nonaromatic character, respectively.
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Al-Shawabkeh AF, Al-Wahab HA, Shahab YA. The role of weak hydrogen-bonds on the formation of short-lived molecular associations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2007; 66:739-44. [PMID: 16875864 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Weak molecular homo- and hetero-associations among some ethene derivatives and several common solvents are studied using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. In connection with the aromatic-solvent induced shifts which is a special case of molecular association between aromatic solvents and polar molecules a model for association was suggested that involves the interaction of the positive end of the solute dipole with the aromatic pi-electrons. This model met with certain difficulties. An alternative model for configuration of associated molecules that explains the literature results and the results obtained in this paper is presented. The model is based on interaction of protons of the acceptor molecules with the lone-pair electrons or pi-electrons of the donor molecules. The present model removes the difficulties met with the former model and extends the concept of aromatic-solvent induced shifts to include non-polar molecules besides polar ones. In all cases, the interaction of protons of acceptor molecules with lone-pair electrons of donor molecules gives rise to a deshielding effect, while interaction with aromatic pi-electrons leads to shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali F Al-Shawabkeh
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
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Ferraro MB, Faglioni F, Ligabue A, Pelloni S, Lazzeretti P. Ring current effects on nuclear magnetic shielding of carbon in the benzene molecule. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2005; 43:316-320. [PMID: 15625723 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The differential Biot-Savart law of classical electrodynamics was applied to develop a ring current model for the magnetic shielding of the carbon nucleus in benzene. It is shown that the local effect of the pi currents, induced by a magnetic field normal to the molecular plane, on the sigmaC out-of-plane shielding tensor component vanishes. However, approximately 10% of sigmaC is due to the shielding contributions from pi current density in the region of the other carbon atoms. Magnetic shielding density maps obtained via quantum mechanical procedures confirm the predictions of the classical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Ferraro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. I, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fukazawa Y, Haino T, Kondoh Y. Is the magnetic shielding effect of a lactone group the simple sum of those of a ketone and an ether? Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Lai YH, Zhou ZL. Synthesis and Diatropicity of trans-10b-Methyl-10c-undecyl- and trans-10b-Methyl-10c-pentadecyl-10b,10c-dihydropyrene. An Empirical Approach to a Semiquantitative Assessment of the Diamagnetic Ring Current in a [14]Annulene. J Org Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9612382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Hing Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhao-Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore
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11
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On the decrease in the ring ?-current upon ?6-coordination with a transition metal atom. Russ Chem Bull 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00699942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Theriault TP, Leahy DJ, Levitt M, McConnell HM, Rule GS. Structural and kinetic studies of the Fab fragment of a monoclonal anti-spin label antibody by nuclear magnetic resonance. J Mol Biol 1991; 221:257-70. [PMID: 1920409 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)80218-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the structure of the anti-spin label antibody AN02 combining site and kinetic rates for the hapten-antibody reaction. The association reaction for the hapten dinitrophenyl-diglycine (DNP-diGly) is diffusion-limited. The activation enthalpy for association, 5.1 kcal/mol, is close to the activation enthalpy for diffusion in water. Several reliable resonance assignments have been made with the aid of recently reported crystal structure. Structural data deduced from the nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectra compare favorably with the crystal structure in terms of the combining site amino acid composition, distances of tyrosine residues from the unpaired electron of the hapten, and residues in direct contact with the hapten. Evidence is presented that a single binding site region tyrosine residue can assume two distinct conformations on binding of DNP-diGly. The AN02 antibody is an autoantibody. Dimerization of the Fab fragments is blocked by the hapten DNP-diGly. The n.m.r. spectra suggests that some of the amino acid residues involved in the binding of the DNP-hapten are also involved in the Fab dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Theriault
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305
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Probing the nature of polycyclic conjugated dianions: from carbocyclic to heterocyclic dianions: NMR studies, π-delocalization and electronic structure. Tetrahedron 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)86066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Westermayer M, Häfelinger G, Regelmann C. Additives atomares punktdipol-(APUDI)-modell zur berechnung der 1h-NMR-werte von benzoiden kohlenwasserstoffen. Tetrahedron 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)91138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Mallion RB. A retrospective appraisal of the Pople point‐dipole model of ‘‘ring‐current’’ effects on1H‐NMR chemical shifts in planar, condensed, benzenoid hydrocarbons. J Chem Phys 1981. [DOI: 10.1063/1.442122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kaneda T, Otsubo T, Horita H, Misumi S. Layered Compounds. LXI. Carbon-13 NMR Study of [n]-, [n.n]-, and Multilayered [2.2]Paracyclophanes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1980. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.53.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Some Comments and Comparisons Concerning the Use of “Ring-Current” Calculations in Elucidating Molecular Conformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-9882-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Definition of cytochrome c binding domains by chemical modification. II. Identification and properties of singly substituted carboxydinitrophenyl cytochromes c at lysines 8, 13, 22, 27, 39, 60, 72, 87, and 99. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Torchia DA, Deber CM. Evidence for stereospecific collision complexes of cyclo(tri-L-prolyl) with benzene. Biopolymers 1972; 11:653-9. [PMID: 5016122 DOI: 10.1002/bip.1972.360110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Vysotskii YB. On calculating molecular magnetic properties by the Hartree-Fock method. J STRUCT CHEM+ 1972. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00743839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Benson RC, Flygare WH. Molecular Zeeman Effect of Cyclobutene, Methylene Cyclopropane, and Methylene Cyclobutane. J Chem Phys 1970. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1673975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Khandkarova V, Gubin S, Kvasov B. Effect of coordination with the metal on the reactivity of π-bonded organic ligands IV. Determination of the inductive constant for the (CO)3CrC6H5-substituent by 19F NMR method. J Organomet Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)92969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Bartle K, Smith J. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of phenanthrenes—I Phenanthrene and some alkyl derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(67)80053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Gawer AH, Dailey BP. Chemical Shifts and Electron Densities in Nitrogen Heterocyclic Molecules. J Chem Phys 1965. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1703220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dailey BP. Chemical Shifts, Ring Currents, and Magnetic Anisotropy in Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Chem Phys 1964. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1726264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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