1
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Size matters: DNA binding site kinetics as a function of polyamide size. Biochimie 2022; 199:123-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Liu B, Pett L, Kiakos K, Patil PC, Satam V, Hartley JA, Lee M, Wilson WD. DNA-Binding Properties of New Fluorescent AzaHx Amides: Methoxypyridylazabenzimidazolepyrroleimidazole/pyrrole. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1979-1987. [PMID: 29974647 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA minor groove binding polyamides have been extensively developed to control abnormal gene expression. The establishment of novel, inherently fluorescent 2-(p-anisyl)benzimidazole (Hx) amides has provided an alternative path for studying DNA binding in cells by direct observation of cell localization. Because of the 2:1 antiparallel stacking homodimer binding mode of these molecules to DNA, modification of Hx amides to 2-(p-anisyl)-4-azabenzimidazole (AzaHx) amides has successfully extended the DNA-recognition repertoire from central CG [recognized by Hx-I (I=N-methylimidazole)] to central GC [recognized by AzaHx-P (P=N-methylpyrrole)] recognition. For potential targeting of two consecutive GG bases, modification of the AzaHx moiety to 2- and 3-pyridyl-aza-benzimidazole (Pyr-AzaHx) moieties was explored. The newly designed molecules are also small-sized, fluorescent amides with the Pyr-AzaHx moiety connected to two conventional five-membered heterocycles. Complementary biophysical methods were performed to investigate the DNA-binding properties of these molecules. The results showed that neither 3-Pyr-AzaHx nor 2-Pyr-AzaHx was able to mimic I-I=N-methylimidazole-N-methylimidazole to target GG dinucleotides specifically. Rather, 3-Pyr-AzaHx was found to function like AzaHx, f-I (f=formamide), or P-I as an antiparallel stacked dimer. 3-Pyr-AzaHx-PI (2) binds 5'-ACGCGT'-3' with improved binding affinity and high sequence specificity in comparison to its parent molecule AzaHx-PI (1). However, 2-Pyr-AzaHx is detrimental to DNA binding because of an unfavorable steric clash upon stacking in the minor groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Luke Pett
- Cancer Research (UK) Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research (UK) Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pravin C Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 141 E 12th Street, Holland, MI, 49423, USA
| | - Vijay Satam
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 141 E 12th Street, Holland, MI, 49423, USA
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research (UK) Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 141 E 12th Street, Holland, MI, 49423, USA.,Current address: M. J. Murdock Charitable Trust, 703 Broadway Street, Suite, 710, Vancouver, WA, 98660, USA
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, 50 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
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3
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Gumpper RH, Li W, Castañeda CH, Scuderi MJ, Bashkin JK, Luo M. A Polyamide Inhibits Replication of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Targeting RNA in the Nucleocapsid. J Virol 2018; 92:e00146-18. [PMID: 29437970 PMCID: PMC5874401 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00146-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamides have been shown to bind double-stranded DNA by complementing the curvature of the minor groove and forming various hydrogen bonds with DNA. Several polyamide molecules have been found to have potent antiviral activities against papillomavirus, a double-stranded DNA virus. By analogy, we reason that polyamides may also interact with the structured RNA bound in the nucleocapsid of a negative-strand RNA virus. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was selected as a prototype virus to test this possibility since its genomic RNA encapsidated in the nucleocapsid forms a structure resembling one strand of an A-form RNA duplex. One polyamide molecule, UMSL1011, was found to inhibit infection of VSV. To confirm that the polyamide targeted the nucleocapsid, a nucleocapsid-like particle (NLP) was incubated with UMSL1011. The encapsidated RNA in the polyamide-treated NLP was protected from thermo-release and digestion by RNase A. UMSL1011 also inhibits viral RNA synthesis in the intracellular activity assay for the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The crystal structure revealed that UMSL1011 binds the structured RNA in the nucleocapsid. The conclusion of our studies is that the RNA in the nucleocapsid is a viable antiviral target of polyamides. Since the RNA structure in the nucleocapsid is similar in all negative-strand RNA viruses, polyamides may be optimized to target the specific RNA genome of a negative-strand RNA virus, such as respiratory syncytial virus and Ebola virus.IMPORTANCE Negative-strand RNA viruses (NSVs) include several life-threatening pathogens, such as rabies virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and Ebola virus. There are no effective antiviral drugs against these viruses. Polyamides offer an exceptional opportunity because they may be optimized to target each NSV. Our studies on vesicular stomatitis virus, an NSV, demonstrated that a polyamide molecule could specifically target the viral RNA in the nucleocapsid and inhibit viral growth. The target specificity of the polyamide molecule was proved by its inhibition of thermo-release and RNA nuclease digestion of the RNA bound in a model nucleocapsid, and a crystal structure of the polyamide inside the nucleocapsid. This encouraging observation provided the proof-of-concept rationale for designing polyamides as antiviral drugs against NSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Gumpper
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Molecular Basis of Disease, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Weike Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlos H Castañeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - M José Scuderi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James K Bashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Asamitsu S, Obata S, Phan AT, Hashiya K, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Simultaneous Binding of Hybrid Molecules Constructed with Dual DNA-Binding Components to a G-Quadruplex and Its Proximal Duplex. Chemistry 2018; 24:4428-4435. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Obata
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Anh Tuân Phan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University, Sakyo; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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5
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Kawamoto Y, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Sequence-specific DNA binding Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides and their applications. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1393-1411. [PMID: 29439914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole-imidazole polyamides (Py-Im polyamides) are cell-permeable compounds that bind to the minor groove of double-stranded DNA in a sequence-specific manner without causing denaturation of the DNA. These compounds can be used to control gene expression and to stain specific sequences in cells. Here, we review the history, structural variations, and functional investigations of Py-Im polyamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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6
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Kawamoto Y, Sasaki A, Chandran A, Hashiya K, Ide S, Bando T, Maeshima K, Sugiyama H. Targeting 24 bp within Telomere Repeat Sequences with Tandem Tetramer Pyrrole–Imidazole Polyamide Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14100-14107. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Asuka Sasaki
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute
of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Anandhakumar Chandran
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Satoru Ide
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute
of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute
of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material
Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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7
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Kashiwazaki G, Chandran A, Asamitsu S, Kawase T, Kawamoto Y, Sawatani Y, Hashiya K, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Comparative Analysis of DNA-Binding Selectivity of Hairpin and Cyclic Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamides Based on Next-Generation Sequencing. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1752-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gengo Kashiwazaki
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Anandhakumar Chandran
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takashi Kawase
- Department of Systems Science; Graduate School of Informatics; Kyoto University; Yoshida-Honmachi 36-1 Sakyo Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshito Sawatani
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawaoiwakecho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS); Kyoto University; Yoshida-Ushinomiyacho Sakyo Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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8
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Asamitsu S, Li Y, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Ligand-Mediated G-Quadruplex Induction in a Double-Stranded DNA Context by Cyclic Imidazole/Lysine Polyamide. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1317-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS); Kyoto University Yoshida-Ushinomiyacho; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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9
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Sawatani Y, Kashiwazaki G, Chandran A, Asamitsu S, Guo C, Sato S, Hashiya K, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Sequence-specific DNA binding by long hairpin pyrrole-imidazole polyamides containing an 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid unit. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3603-11. [PMID: 27301681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of improving aqueous solubility, we designed and synthesized five N-methylpyrrole (Py)-N-methylimidazole (Im) polyamides capable of recognizing 9-bp sequences. Their DNA-binding affinities and sequence specificities were evaluated by SPR and Bind-n-Seq analyses. The design of polyamide 1 was based on a conventional model, with three consecutive Py or Im rings separated by a β-alanine to match the curvature and twist of long DNA helices. Polyamides 2 and 3 contained an 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (AO) unit, which has previously only been used as a linker within linear Py-Im polyamides or between Py-Im hairpin motifs for tandem hairpin. It is demonstrated herein that AO also functions as a linker element that can extend to 2-bp in hairpin motifs. Notably, although the AO-containing unit can fail to bind the expected sequence, polyamide 4, which has two AO units facing each other in a hairpin form, successfully showed the expected motif and a KD value of 16nM was recorded. Polyamide 5, containing a β-alanine-β-alanine unit instead of the AO of polyamide 2, was synthesized for comparison. The aqueous solubilities and nuclear localization of three of the polyamides were also examined. The results suggest the possibility of applying the AO unit in the core of Py-Im polyamide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Sawatani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Gengo Kashiwazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Anandhakumar Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chuanxin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sato
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiyacho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Ushinomiyacho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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10
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Barros SA, Yoon I, Chenoweth DM. Modulation of the E. coli rpoH Temperature Sensor with Triptycene-Based Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8258-61. [PMID: 27240201 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the heat shock response (HSR) is essential in all living systems. In E. coli, the HSR is regulated by an alternative σ factor, σ(32) , which is encoded by the rpoH gene. The mRNA of rpoH adopts a complex secondary structure that is critical for the proper translation of the σ(32) protein. At low temperatures, the rpoH gene transcript forms a highly structured mRNA containing several three-way junctions, including a rare perfectly paired three-way junction (3WJ). This complex secondary structure serves as a primitive but highly effective strategy for the thermal control of gene expression. In this work, the first small-molecule modulators of the E. coli σ(32) mRNA temperature sensor are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Barros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ina Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David M Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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11
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Barros SA, Yoon I, Chenoweth DM. Modulation of the
E. coli rpoH
Temperature Sensor with Triptycene‐Based Small Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Barros
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Ina Yoon
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - David M. Chenoweth
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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12
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Satam V, Babu B, Patil P, Brien KA, Olson K, Savagian M, Lee M, Mepham A, Jobe LB, Bingham JP, Pett L, Wang S, Ferrara M, Bruce CD, Wilson WD, Lee M, Hartley JA, Kiakos K. AzaHx, a novel fluorescent, DNA minor groove and G·C recognition element: Synthesis and DNA binding properties of a p-anisyl-4-aza-benzimidazole-pyrrole-imidazole (azaHx-PI) polyamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3681-5. [PMID: 26122210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and DNA binding properties of azaHx-PI or p-anisyl-4-aza-benzimidazole-pyrrole-imidazole (5) are described. AzaHx, 2-(p-anisyl)-4-aza-benzimidazole-5-carboxamide, is a novel, fluorescent DNA recognition element, derived from Hoechst 33258 to recognize G·C base pairs. Supported by theoretical data, the results from DNase I footprinting, CD, ΔT(M), and SPR studies provided evidence that an azaHx/IP pairing, formed from antiparallel stacking of two azaHx-PI molecules in a side-by-side manner in the minor groove, selectively recognized a C-G doublet. AzaHx-PI was found to target 5'-ACGCGT-3', the Mlu1 Cell Cycle Box (MCB) promoter sequence with specificity and significant affinity (K(eq) 4.0±0.2×10(7) M(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Satam
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Balaji Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Pravin Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Kimberly A Brien
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Kevin Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Mia Savagian
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Megan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Andrew Mepham
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Laura Beth Jobe
- Department of Chemistry, Erskine College, Due West, SC 29639, United States
| | - John P Bingham
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luke Pett
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Maddi Ferrara
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, United States
| | - Chrystal D Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, United States
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States; Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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13
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Kiakos K, Pett L, Satam V, Patil P, Hochhauser D, Lee M, Hartley JA. Nuclear Localization and Gene Expression Modulation by a Fluorescent Sequence-Selective p-Anisyl-benzimidazolecarboxamido Imidazole-Pyrrole Polyamide. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2015; 22:862-75. [PMID: 26119998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pyrrole (P)-imidazole (I) containing polyamides can target predetermined DNA sequences and modulate gene expression by interfering with transcription factor binding. We have previously shown that rationally designed polyamides targeting the inverted CCAAT box 2 (ICB2) of the topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) promoter can inhibit binding of transcription factor NF-Y, re-inducing expression of the enzyme in confluent cells. Here, the A/T recognizing fluorophore, p-anisylbenzimidazolecarboxamido (Hx) was incorporated into the hybrid polyamide HxIP, which fluoresces upon binding to DNA, providing an intrinsic probe to monitor cellular uptake. HxIP targets the 5'-TACGAT-3' sequence of the 5' flank of ICB2 with high affinity and sequence specificity, eliciting an ICB2-selective inhibition/displacement of NF-Y. HxIP is readily taken up by NIH3T3 and A549 cells, and detected in the nucleus within minutes. Exposure to the polyamide at confluence resulted in a dose-dependent upregulation of topo IIα expression and enhanced formation of etoposide-induced DNA strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luke Pett
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vijay Satam
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 East, 12(th) Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - Pravin Patil
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 East, 12(th) Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Moses Lee
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 East, 12(th) Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Kawamoto Y, Sasaki A, Hashiya K, Ide S, Bando T, Maeshima K, Sugiyama H. Tandem trimer pyrrole-imidazole polyamide probes targeting 18 base pairs in human telomere sequences. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2307-2312. [PMID: 29308145 PMCID: PMC5645774 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03755c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel tandem trimer pyrrole-imidazole polyamide probe targeting 18 bp in telomeric repeats visualized telomeres in human cells selectively.
The binding of molecules to specific DNA sequences is important for imaging genome DNA and for studying gene expression. Increasing the number of base pairs targeted by these molecules would provide greater specificity. N-Methylpyrrole–N-methylimidazole (Py–Im) polyamides are one type of such molecules and can bind to the minor groove of DNA in a sequence-specific manner without causing denaturation of DNA. Our recent work has demonstrated that tandem hairpin Py–Im polyamides conjugated with a fluorescent dye can be synthesized easily and can serve as new probes for studying human telomeres under mild conditions. Herein, to improve their selectivities to telomeres by targeting longer sequences, we designed and synthesized a fluorescent tandem trimer Py–Im polyamide probe, comprising three hairpins and two connecting regions (hinges). The new motif bound to 18 bp dsDNA in human telomeric repeats (TTAGGG)n, the longest sequence for specific binding reported for Py–Im polyamides. We compared the binding affinities and the abilities to discriminate mismatch, the UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectra, and telomere staining in human cells between the tandem trimer and a previously developed tandem hairpin. We found that the tandem trimer Py–Im polyamide probe has higher ability to recognize telomeric repeats and stains telomeres in chemically fixed cells with lower background signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Sakyo , Japan . ;
| | - Asuka Sasaki
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory , Structural Biology Center , National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics , School of Life Science , Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) , Mishima , Shizuoka 411-8540 , Japan .
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Sakyo , Japan . ;
| | - Satoru Ide
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory , Structural Biology Center , National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics , School of Life Science , Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) , Mishima , Shizuoka 411-8540 , Japan .
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Sakyo , Japan . ;
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Biological Macromolecules Laboratory , Structural Biology Center , National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics , School of Life Science , Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) , Mishima , Shizuoka 411-8540 , Japan .
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry , Graduate School of Science , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502 , Sakyo , Japan . ; .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS) , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Sakyo , Japan
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15
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Guo C, Kawamoto Y, Asamitsu S, Sawatani Y, Hashiya K, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Rational design of specific binding hairpin Py-Im polyamides targeting human telomere sequences. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:855-60. [PMID: 25614111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Methylpyrrole (Py)-N-methylimidazole (Im) polyamides are organic molecules that can recognize predetermined DNA sequences in a sequence-specific manner. Human telomeres contain regions of (TTAGGG)n repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of chromosomes, and these regions protect the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes. The telomeres are disposable buffers at the ends of chromosomes that are truncated during cell division. Tandem hairpin Py-Im polyamide TH59, which recognizes human telomere sequences, was reported by Laemmli's group in 2001. Here, we synthesized three types of Py-Im polyamides 1-3 based on TH59 for specific recognition of human telomere repeat sequences. Thermal melting temperature (Tm) measurements and surface plasmon resonance analysis were used to evaluate the abilities of the three types of Py-Im polyamides to discriminate between three kinds of DNA sequences. Significantly, the results showed that polyamides 1 and 2 have better affinities to TTAAGG than to TTAGGG. In contrast, polyamide 3 displayed good specificity to human telomere sequence, TTAGGG, as expected on the basis of Py-Im binding rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kawamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sefan Asamitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshito Sawatani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Hashiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Bando
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Materials Science (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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16
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Asamitsu S, Kawamoto Y, Hashiya F, Hashiya K, Yamamoto M, Kizaki S, Bando T, Sugiyama H. Sequence-specific DNA alkylation and transcriptional inhibition by long-chain hairpin pyrrole–imidazole polyamide–chlorambucil conjugates targeting CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4646-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Wang S, Chai Y, Babu B, Satam V, Lee M, David Wilson W. Conformational modulation of DNA by polyamide binding: structural effects of f-Im-Py-Im based derivatives on 5'-ACGCGT-3'. J Mol Recognit 2014; 26:331-40. [PMID: 23784989 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The DNA sequence 5'-ACGCGT-3' is in the core site of the Mlu 1 cell-cycle box, a transcriptional element in the promoter region of human Dbf4 gene that is highly correlated with a large number of aggressive solid cancers. The polyamide formamido-imidazole-pyrrole-imidazole-amine(+) (f-Im-Py-Im-Am(+) ) can target the minor groove of 5'-ACGCGT-3' as an antiparallel stacked dimer and has shown good activity in inhibiting transcription factor binding. Recently, f-Im-Py-Im-Am(+) derivatives that involve different orthogonally positioned substituents were synthesized to target the same binding site, and some of them have displayed improved binding and pharmacological properties. In this study, the gel electrophoresis-ligation ladders assay was used to evaluate the conformational effects of f-Im-Py-Im-Am(+) and derivatives on the target DNA, an essential factor for establishing the molecular basis of polyamide-DNA complexes and their transcription factor inhibition. The results show that the ACGCGT site in DNA has a relatively wide minor groove and a B-form like overall structure. After binding with f-Im-Py-Im-Am(+) derivatives, the DNA conformation is changed as indicated by the different mobilities in the gel. These conformational effects on DNA will at least help to point to the mechanism for the observed Mlu 1 inhibition activity of these polyamides. Therefore, modulating DNA transcription by locking the DNA shape or altering the minor groove geometry to affect the binding affinity of certain transcription factors is an attractive possible therapeutic mechanism for polyamides. Some of the substituents are charged with electrostatic interactions with DNA phosphate groups, and their charge effects on DNA gel mobility have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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18
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Satam V, Patil P, Babu B, Rice T, Porte A, Alger S, Zeller M, Lee M. Orthogonally Positioned Diamino Pyrrole- and Imidazole-Containing Polyamides: Synthesis of 1-(3-Substituted-propyl)-4-nitropyrrole-2-carboxylic Acid and 1-(3-Chloropropyl)-4-nitroimidazole-2-carboxylic Acid. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.839795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Satam
- a Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland , Michigan , USA
| | - Pravin Patil
- a Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland , Michigan , USA
| | - Balaji Babu
- b Department of Chemistry , Youngstown State University , Youngstown , Ohio , USA
| | - Toni Rice
- a Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland , Michigan , USA
| | - Alexander Porte
- a Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland , Michigan , USA
| | - Shannon Alger
- a Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland , Michigan , USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- b Department of Chemistry , Youngstown State University , Youngstown , Ohio , USA
| | - Moses Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland , Michigan , USA
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19
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Koeller KJ, Harris GD, Aston K, He G, Castaneda CH, Thornton MA, Edwards TG, Wang S, Nanjunda R, Wilson WD, Fisher C, Bashkin JK. DNA Binding Polyamides and the Importance of DNA Recognition in their use as Gene-Specific and Antiviral Agents. Med Chem 2014; 4:338-344. [PMID: 24839583 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a long history for the bioorganic and biomedical use of N-methyl-pyrrole-derived polyamides (PAs) that are higher homologs of natural products such as distamycin A and netropsin. This work has been pursued by many groups, with the Dervan and Sugiyama groups responsible for many breakthroughs. We have studied PAs since about 1999, partly in industry and partly in academia. Early in this program, we reported methods to control cellular uptake of polyamides in cancer cell lines and other cells likely to have multidrug resistance efflux pumps induced. We went on to discover antiviral polyamides active against HPV31, where SAR showed that a minimum binding size of about 10 bp of DNA was necessary for activity. Subsequently we discovered polyamides active against two additional high-risk HPVs, HPV16 and 18, a subset of which showed broad spectrum activity against HPV16, 18 and 31. Aspects of our results presented here are incompatible with reported DNA recognition rules. For example, molecules with the same cognate DNA recognition properties varied from active to inactive against HPVs. We have since pursued the mechanism of action of antiviral polyamides, and polyamides in general, with collaborators at NanoVir, the University of Missouri-St. Louis, and Georgia State University. We describe dramatic consequences of β-alanine positioning even in relatively small, 8-ring polyamides; these results contrast sharply with prior reports. This paper was originally presented by JKB as a Keynote Lecture in the 2nd International Conference on Medicinal Chemistry and Computer Aided Drug Design Conference in Las Vegas, NV, October 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Koeller
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St.Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - G Davis Harris
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St.Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Karl Aston
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St.Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Gaofei He
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St.Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Carlos H Castaneda
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St.Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Melissa A Thornton
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St.Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | | | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Rupesh Nanjunda
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - W David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - James K Bashkin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St.Louis, MO 63121, USA ; NanoVir, LLC, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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20
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Ramos JP, Babu B, Chavda S, Liu Y, Plaunt A, Ferguson A, Savagian M, Lee M, Tzou S, Lin S, Kiakos K, Wang S, Lee M, Hartley JA, Wilson WD. Affinity and kinetic modulation of polyamide-DNA interactions by N-modification of the heterocycles. Biopolymers 2013; 99:497-507. [PMID: 23712486 PMCID: PMC3872963 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic N-methyl imidazole and N-pyrrole containing polyamides (PAs) that can form "stacked" dimers can be programmed to target and bind to specific DNA sequences and control gene expression. To accomplish this goal, the development of PAs with lower molecular mass which allows for the molecules to rapidly penetrate cells and localize in the nucleus, along with increased water solubility, while maintaining DNA binding sequence specificity and high binding affinity is key. To meet these challenges, six novel f-ImPy*Im PA derivatives that contain different orthogonally positioned moieties were designed to target 5'-ACGCGT-3'. The synthesis and biophysical characterization of six f-ImPy*Im were determined by CD, ΔTM, DNase I footprinting, SPR, and ITC studies, and were compared with those of their parent compound, f-ImPyIm. The results gave evidence for the minor groove binding and selectivity of PAs 1 and 6 for the cognate sequence 5'-ACGCGT-3', and with strong affinity, Keq = 2.8 × 10(8) M(-1) and Keq = 6.2 × 10(7) M(-1), respectively. The six novel PAs presented in this study demonstrated increased water solubility, while maintaining low molecular mass, sequence specificity, and binding affinity, addressing key issues in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Balaji Babu
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - Sameer Chavda
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Adam Plaunt
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - Amanda Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - Mia Savagian
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - Megan Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - Samuel Tzou
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - Shicai Lin
- Cancer Research, UK Drug–DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’ Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research, UK Drug–DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’ Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, MI 49423
| | - John A. Hartley
- Cancer Research, UK Drug–DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’ Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
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21
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Chavda S, Babu B, Patil P, Plaunt A, Ferguson A, Lee M, Tzou S, Sjoholm R, Rice T, Mackay H, Ramos J, Wang S, Lin S, Kiakos K, Wilson WD, Hartley JA, Lee M. Design, synthesis, and DNA binding characteristics of a group of orthogonally positioned diamino, N-formamido, pyrrole- and imidazole-containing polyamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3907-18. [PMID: 23647824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonally positioned diamino/dicationic polyamides (PAs) have good water solubility and enhanced binding affinity, whilst retaining DNA minor groove and sequence specificity compared to their monoamino/monocationic counterparts. The synthesis and DNA binding properties of the following diamino PAs: f-IPI (3a), f-IPP (4), f-PIP (5), and f-PPP (6) are described. P denotes the site where a 1-propylamino group is attached to the N1-position of the heterocycle. Binding of the diamino PAs to DNA was assessed by DNase I footprinting, thermal denaturation, circular dichroism titration, biosensor surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies. According to SPR studies, f-IPI (3a) bound more strongly (K(eq)=2.4×10(8) M(-1)) and with comparable sequence selectivity to its cognate sequence 5'-ACGCGT-3' when compared to its monoamino analog f-IPI (1). The binding of f-IPI (3a) to 5'-ACGCGT-3' via the stacked dimer motif was balanced between enthalpy and entropy, and that was quite different from the enthalpy-driven binding of its monoamino parent f-IPI (1). f-IPP (4) also bound more strongly to its cognate sequence 5'-ATGCAT-3' (K(eq)=7.4×10(6) M(-1)) via the side-by-side stacked motif than its monoamino analog f-IPP (2a). Although f-PPP (6) bound via a 1:1 motif, it bound strongly to its cognate sequence 5'-AAATTT-3' (K(eq)=4.8×10(7) M(-1)), 15-times higher than the binding of its monoamino analog f-PPP (2c), albeit f-PPP bound via the stacked motif. Finally, f-PIP (5) bound to its target sequence 5'-ATCGAT-3' as a stacked dimer and it has the lowest affinity among the diamino PAs tested (Keq <1×10(5) M(-1)). This was about two times lower in affinity than the binding of its monoamino analog f-PIP (2b). The results further demonstrated that the 'core rules' of DNA recognition by monoamino PAs also apply to their diamino analogs. Specifically, PAs that contain a stacked IP core structure bind most strongly (highest binding constants) to their cognate GC doublet, followed by the binding of PAs with a stacked PP structure to two degenerate AT base pairs, and finally the binding of PAs with a PI core to their cognate CG doublet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Chavda
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
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22
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Satam V, Patil P, Babu B, Gregory M, Bowerman M, Savagian M, Lee M, Tzou S, Olson K, Liu Y, Ramos J, Wilson WD, Bingham JP, Kiakos K, Hartley JA, Lee M. Hx-amides: DNA sequence recognition by the fluorescent Hx (p-anisylbenzimidazole)•pyrrole and Hx•imidazole pairings. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1699-702. [PMID: 23395654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hx-amides are fluorescent hybrids of imidazole (I)- and pyrrole (P)-containing polyamides and Hoechst 33258, and they bind in the minor groove of specific DNA sequences. Synthesis and DNA binding studies of HxII (5) complete our studies on the first set of Hx-amides: Hx-I/P-I/P. HxPP (2), HxIP (3) and HxPI (4) were reported earlier. Results from DNase I footprinting, biosensor-SPR, CD and ΔTM studies showed that Hx-amides interacted with DNA via the anti-parallel and stacked, side-by-side motif. Hx was found to mimic the DNA recognition properties of two consecutive pyrrole units (PP) in polyamides. Accordingly, the stacked Hx/PP pairing binds preferentially to two consecutive AT base pairs, A/T-A/T; Hx/IP prefers C-A/T; Hx/PI prefers A/T-C; and Hx/II prefers C-C. The results also showed that Hx-amides bound their cognate sequence at a higher affinity than their formamido-triamide counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Satam
- Division of Natural & Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
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23
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Synthesis and DNA binding properties of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole-containing triamide f-Im∗PyIm: A novel diamino polyamide designed to target 5′-ACGCGT-3′. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5898-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Riccardi Sirtori F, Aldini G, Colombo M, Colombo N, Malyszko J, Vistoli G, D'Alessio R. Molecular Recognition of T:G Mismatched Base Pairs in DNA as Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1112-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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25
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Satam V, Babu B, Chavda S, Savagian M, Sjoholm R, Tzou S, Ramos J, Liu Y, Kiakos K, Lin S, David Wilson W, Hartley JA, Lee M. Novel diamino imidazole and pyrrole-containing polyamides: Synthesis and DNA binding studies of mono- and diamino-phenyl-ImPy*Im polyamides designed to target 5'-ACGCGT-3'. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:693-701. [PMID: 22222156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrole- and imidazole-containing polyamides are widely investigated as DNA sequence selective binding agents that have potential use as gene control agents. The key challenges that must be overcome to realize this goal is the development of polyamides with low molar mass so the molecules can readily diffuse into cells and concentrate in the nucleus. In addition, the molecules must have appreciable water solubility, bind DNA sequence specifically, and with high affinity. It is on this basis that the orthogonally positioned diamino/dicationic polyamide Ph-ImPy*Im 5 was designed to target the sequence 5'-ACGCGT-3'. Py* denotes the pyrrole unit that contains a N-substituted aminopropyl pendant group. The DNA binding properties of diamino polyamide 5 were determined using a number of techniques including CD, ΔT(M), DNase I footprinting, SPR and ITC studies. The effects of the second amino moiety in Py* on DNA binding affinity over its monoamino counterpart Ph-ImPyIm 3 were assessed by conducting DNA binding studies of 3 in parallel with 5. The results confirmed the minor groove binding and selectivity of both polyamides for the cognate sequence 5'-ACGCGT-3'. The diamino/dicationic polyamide 5 showed enhanced binding affinity and higher solubility in aqueous media over its monoamino/monocationic counterpart Ph-ImPyIm 3. The binding constant of 5, determined from SPR studies, was found to be 1.5 × 10(7)M(-1), which is ∼3 times higher than that for its monoamino analog 3 (4.8 × 10(6)M(-1)). The affinity of 5 is now approaching that of the parent compound f-ImPyIm 1 and its diamino equivalent 4. The advantages of the design of diamino polyamide 5 over 1 and 4 are its sequence specificity and the ease of synthesis compared to the N-terminus pyrrole analog 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Satam
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 East, 12th Street, Holland, MI 49423, USA
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26
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Smith AE, Buchmueller KL. Molecular basis for the inhibition of HMGA1 proteins by distamycin A. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8107-16. [PMID: 21854010 DOI: 10.1021/bi200822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism for the displacement of HMGA1 proteins from DNA is integral to disrupting their cellular function, which is linked to many metastatic cancers. Chemical shift and NOESY NMR experiments provide structural evidence for the displacement of an AT hook peptide (DNA binding motif of HMGA1 proteins) by both monomeric and dimeric distamycin. However, the displaced AT hook alters distamycin binding by weakening the distamycin:DNA complex, while slowing monomeric distamycin dissociation when AT hook is in excess. The central role of the AT hook was evaluated by monitoring full-length HMGA1a protein binding using fluorescence anisotropy. HMGA1a was effectively displaced by distamycin, but the cooperative binding exhibited by distamycin was eliminated by displaced HMGA1a. Additionally, these studies indicate that HMGA1a is displaced from the DNA by 1 equiv of distamycin, suggesting the ability to develop therapeutics that take advantage of the positively cooperative nature of HMGA1a binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA
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27
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Lo ATS, Salam NK, Hibbs DE, Rutledge PJ, Todd MH. Polyamide-scorpion cyclam lexitropsins selectively bind AT-rich DNA independently of the nature of the coordinated metal. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17446. [PMID: 21573061 PMCID: PMC3090394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclam was attached to 1-, 2- and 3-pyrrole lexitropsins for the first time through a synthetically facile copper-catalyzed "click" reaction. The corresponding copper and zinc complexes were synthesized and characterized. The ligand and its complexes bound AT-rich DNA selectively over GC-rich DNA, and the thermodynamic profile of the binding was evaluated by isothermal titration calorimetry. The metal, encapsulated in a scorpion azamacrocyclic complex, did not affect the binding, which was dominated by the organic tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T. S. Lo
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia
| | - Noeris K. Salam
- Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York, United States of
America
| | - David E. Hibbs
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia
| | - Peter J. Rutledge
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia
| | - Matthew H. Todd
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales,
Australia
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Chavda S, Liu Y, Babu B, Davis R, Sielaff A, Ruprich J, Westrate L, Tronrud C, Ferguson A, Franks A, Tzou S, Adkins C, Rice T, Mackay H, Kluza J, Tahir SA, Lin S, Kiakos K, Bruce CD, Wilson WD, Hartley JA, Lee M. Hx, a novel fluorescent, minor groove and sequence specific recognition element: design, synthesis, and DNA binding properties of p-anisylbenzimidazole-imidazole/pyrrole-containing polyamides. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3127-36. [PMID: 21388229 DOI: 10.1021/bi102028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of incorporating a recognition element that acts as a fluorescent probe upon binding to DNA, three novel pyrrole (P) and imidazole (I)-containing polyamides were synthesized. The compounds contain a p-anisylbenzimidazolecarboxamido (Hx) moiety attached to a PP, IP, or PI unit, giving compounds HxPP (2), HxIP (3), and HxPI (4), respectively. These fluorescent hybrids were tested against their complementary nonfluorescent, non-formamido tetraamide counterparts, namely, PPPP (5), PPIP (6), and PPPI (7) (cognate sequences 5'-AAATTT-3', 5'-ATCGAT-3', and 5'-ACATGT-3', respectively). The binding affinities for both series of polyamides for their cognate and noncognate sequences were ascertained by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies, which revealed that the Hx-containing polyamides gave binding constants in the 10(6) M(-1) range while little binding was observed for the noncognates. The binding data were further compared to the corresponding and previously reported formamido-triamides f-PPP (8), f-PIP (9), and f-PPI (10). DNase I footprinting studies provided additional evidence that the Hx moiety behaved similarly to two consecutive pyrroles (PP found in 5-7), which also behaved like a formamido-pyrrole (f-P) unit found in distamycin and many formamido-triamides, including 8-10. The biophysical characterization of polyamides 2-7 on their binding to the abovementioned DNA sequences was determined using thermal melts (ΔT(M)), circular dichroism (CD), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies. Density functional calculations (B3LYP) provided a theoretical framework that explains the similarity between PP and Hx on the basis of molecular electrostatic surfaces and dipole moments. Furthermore, emission studies on polyamides 2 and 3 showed that upon excitation at 322 nm binding to their respective cognate sequences resulted in an increase in fluorescence at 370 nm. These low molecular weight polyamides show promise for use as probes for monitoring DNA recognition processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Chavda
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423, United States
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Babu B, Liu Y, Plaunt A, Riddering C, Ogilvie R, Westrate L, Davis R, Ferguson A, Mackay H, Rice T, Chavda S, Wilson D, Lin S, Kiakos K, Hartley JA, Lee M. Design, synthesis and DNA binding properties of orthogonally positioned diamino containing polyamide f-IPI. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 404:848-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Collar CJ, Lee M, Wilson WD. Setting Anchor in the Minor Groove: in Silico Investigation into Formamido N-Methylpyrrole and N-Methylimidazole Polyamides Bound by Cognate DNA Sequences. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1611-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine J. Collar
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 and Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49423
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31
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Franks A, Tronrud C, Kiakos K, Kluza J, Munde M, Brown T, Mackay H, Wilson WD, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA, Lee M. Targeting the ICB2 site of the topoisomerase IIalpha promoter with a formamido-pyrrole-imidazole-pyrrole H-pin polyamide. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5553-61. [PMID: 20615712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, DNA binding characteristics and biological activity of an N-formamido pyrrole- and imidazole-containing H-pin polyamide (f-PIP H-pin, 2) designed to selectively target the ICB2 site on the topoIIalpha promoter, is reported herein. Thermal denaturation, circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry, surface plasmon resonance and DNase I footprinting studies demonstrated that 2 maintained the selectivity of the unlinked parent monomer f-PIP (1) and with a slight enhancement in binding affinity (K(eq)=5 x 10(5)M(-1)) to the cognate site (5'-TACGAT-3'). H-pin 2 also exhibited comparable ability to inhibit NF-Y binding to 1, as demonstrated by gel shift studies. However, in stark contrast to monomer 1, the H-pin did not affect the up-regulation of topoisomerase IIalpha (topoIIalpha) in cells (Western blot), suggesting that the H-pin does not enter the nucleus. This study is the first to the authors' knowledge that reports such a markedly different cellular response between two compounds of almost identical binding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Franks
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
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Babu B, Mackay H, Prast A, Dittenhafer K, Davis R, Tronrud C, Rice T, Chavda S, Lee M. Synthesis and biophysical studies of hairpin polyamides targeting the Brn-3b and GATA-3 transcriptional sites. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2010.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lajiness J, Sielaff A, Mackay H, Brown T, Kluza J, Nguyen B, Wilson WD, Lee M, Hartley JA. Polyamide curvature and DNA sequence selective recognition: use of 4-aminobenzamide to adjust curvature. Med Chem 2009; 5:216-26. [PMID: 19442211 DOI: 10.2174/157340609788185945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole and pyrrole-containing polyamides belong to an important class of compounds that can be designed to target specific DNA sequences, and they are potentially useful in applications of controlling gene expression. The extent of polyamide curvature is an important consideration when studying the ability of such compounds to bind in the minor groove of DNA. The current study investigates the importance of curvature using polyamides of the form f-Im-Phenyl-Im, in which the imidazole heterocycles are placed in ortho-, meta-, and para-configurations of the phenyl moiety. The synthesis and biophysical evaluation of each compound binding to its cognate DNA sequence (5'-ACGCGT-3') and a negative control sequence (5'-AAATTT-3') is reported, along with their comparison to the parent binder, f-Im-Py-Im (3). ACGCGT is a medicinally significant sequence present in the MluI cell-cycle box (MCB) transcriptional element found in the promoter of a gene associated with cell division. The results demonstrated that the para-derivative has the greatest affinity for its cognate sequence, as indicated via thermal denaturation, CD, ITC, SPR analyses, and DNase I footprinting. ITC studies showed that binding of the para-isomer (2c) to ACGCGT was significantly more exothermic than binding to AAATTT. In contrast, no heat change was observed for binding of the meta- (2b) and ortho- (2a) isomers to both DNAs, due to low binding affinities. This is consistent with results from SPR studies, which indicate that the para-derivative binds in a 2:1 fashion to ACGCGT and binds weakly to ACCGGT (K = 1.8 x 10(6) and 4.0 x 10(4) M(-1), respectively). Interestingly, it binds in a 1:1 fashion to AAATTT (K = 5.4 x 10(5) M(-1)). The meta-compound does not bind to any sequence. The para-derivative also was the only compound to show an induced peak via CD at 330 nm, indicative of minor groove binding, and produced a DeltaT(m) value of 5.8 degrees C. Molecular modeling experiments have been performed to determine the shape differences between the three compounds, and the results indicate that the para-derivative 2c has a closest curvature to previously synthesized polyamides. DNase I footprinting studies confirmed earlier observations that only the para-derivative 2c produced a footprint with ACGCGT (1 microM) and no significant footprint was observed at any sites examined for meta-2b and ortho-2a analogs up to 40 microM. The results of these studies suggest that the shape of the ortho- and meta- derivatives is too curved to match the curvature of the DNA minor groove to facilitate binding. The para-derivative gives the highest binding affinity in the series and the results illustrate that 4-aminobenzamide is a reasonable substitute for 4-aminopyrrole-2-carboxylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Lajiness
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA
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Westrate L, Mackay H, Brown T, Nguyen B, Kluza J, Wilson WD, Lee M, Hartley JA. Effects of the N-Terminal Acylamido Group of Imidazole- and Pyrrole-Containing Polyamides on DNA Sequence Specificity and Binding Affinity. Biochemistry 2009; 48:5679-88. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900242t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Westrate
- Division of Natural Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 35 East 12th Street, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49422
| | - Hilary Mackay
- Division of Natural Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 35 East 12th Street, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49422
| | - Toni Brown
- Division of Natural Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 35 East 12th Street, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49422
| | - Binh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Jerome Kluza
- Cancer Research UK Drug−DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Moses Lee
- Division of Natural Sciences and Department of Chemistry, 35 East 12th Street, Hope College, Holland, Michigan 49422
| | - John A. Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug−DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Mackay H, Brown T, Uthe PB, Westrate L, Sielaff A, Jones J, Lajiness JP, Kluza J, O'Hare C, Nguyen B, Davis Z, Bruce C, Wilson WD, Hartley JA, Lee M. Sequence specific and high affinity recognition of 5'-ACGCGT-3' by rationally designed pyrrole-imidazole H-pin polyamides: thermodynamic and structural studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9145-53. [PMID: 18819814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole (Im) and Pyrrole (Py)-containing polyamides that can form stacked dimers can be programmed to target specific sequences in the minor groove of DNA and control gene expression. Even though various designs of polyamides have been thoroughly investigated for DNA sequence recognition, the use of H-pin polyamides (covalently cross-linked polyamides) has not received as much attention. Therefore, experiments were designed to systematically investigate the DNA recognition properties of two symmetrical H-pin polyamides composed of PyImPyIm (5) or f-ImPyIm (3e, f=formamido) tethered with an ethylene glycol linker. These compounds were created to recognize the cognate 5'-ACGCGT-3' through an overlapped and staggered binding motif, respectively. Results from DNaseI footprinting, thermal denaturation, circular dichroism, surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration microcalorimetry studies demonstrated that both H-pin polyamides bound with higher affinity than their respective monomers. The binding affinity of formamido-containing H-pin 3e was more than a hundred times greater than that for the tetraamide H-pin 5, demonstrating the importance of having a formamido group and the staggered motif in enhancing affinity. However, compared to H-pin 3e, tetraamide H-pin 5 demonstrated superior binding preference for the cognate sequence over its non-cognates, ACCGGT and AAATTT. Data from SPR experiments yielded binding constants of 1.6x10(8)M(-1) and 2.0x10(10)M(-1) for PyImPyIm H-pin 5 and f-ImPyIm H-pin 3e, respectively. Both H-pins bound with significantly higher affinity (ca. 100-fold) than their corresponding unlinked PyImPyIm 4 and f-ImPyIm 2 counterparts. ITC analyses revealed modest enthalpies of reactions at 298 K (DeltaH of -3.3 and -1.0 kcal mol(-1) for 5 and 3e, respectively), indicating these were entropic-driven interactions. The heat capacities (DeltaC(p)) were determined to be -116 and -499 cal mol(-1)K(-1), respectively. These results are in general agreement with DeltaC(p) values determined from changes in the solvent accessible surface areas using complexes of the H-pins bound to (5'-CCACGCGTGG)(2). According to the models, the H-pins fit snugly in the minor groove and the linker comfortably holds both polyamide portions in place, with the oxygen atoms pointing into the solvent. In summary, the H-pin polyamide provides an important molecular design motif for the discovery of future generations of programmable small molecules capable of binding to target DNA sequences with high affinity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Mackay
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, 35 E. 12th Street, P.O. Box 9000, Holland, MI 49422, USA
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Rahimian M, Miao Y, Wilson WD. Influence of DNA structure on adjacent site cooperative binding. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8770-8. [PMID: 18582108 DOI: 10.1021/jp801997v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous NMR studies of Hoechst 33258 with the d(CTTTTGCAAAAG)2 sequence have shown very strong (K2 >> K1) cooperativity between two adjacent binding sites (Searle, M. S.; Embrey, K. J. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990, 18 (13), 3753- 3762). In contrast, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results with the hairpin analog of the same sequence show significantly reduced cooperativity. In an effort to explain the difference, two-dimensional (2-D) NMR experiments were done on both duplex and hairpin. Hoechst 33258 and an amidine analog, DB183, show very strong cooperativity with the duplex DNA but much weaker cooperativity with the hairpin. The significantly lower thermal melting temperature (Tm) of the duplex (34.8 degrees C) in comparison to its hairpin analog (62.3 degrees C) supports the idea of a dynamic difference between the two DNA structures that can influence cooperativity in binding. These results confirm the role of conformational entropy in positive cooperativity in some DNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimian
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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Brown T, Mackay H, Turlington M, Sutterfield A, Smith T, Sielaff A, Westrate L, Bruce C, Kluza J, O'Hare C, Nguyen B, Wilson WD, Hartley JA, Lee M. Modifying the N-terminus of polyamides: PyImPyIm has improved sequence specificity over f-ImPyIm. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5266-76. [PMID: 18353654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seven N-terminus modified derivatives of a previously published minor-groove binding polyamide (f-ImPyIm, 1) were synthesized and the biochemical and biophysical chemistry evaluated. These compounds were synthesized with the aim of attaining a higher level of sequence selectivity over f-ImPyIm (1), a previously published strong minor-groove binder. Two compounds possessing a furan or a benzofuran moiety at the N-terminus showed a footprint of 0.5microM at the cognate ACGCGT site (determined by DNase I footprinting); however, the specificity of these compounds was not improved. In contrast, PyImPyIm (4) produced a footprint of 0.5microM but showed a superior specificity using the same technique. When evaluated by thermal melting experiments and circular dichroism using ACGCGT and the non-cognate AAATTT sequence, all compounds were shown to bind in the minor-groove of DNA and stabilize the cognate sequence much better than the non-cognate (except for the non-amido-compound that did not bind either sequence, as expected). PyImPyIm (4) was interesting as the DeltaT(m) for this compound was only 4 degrees C but the footprint was very selective. No binding was observed for this compound with a third DNA (non-cognate, ACCGGT). ITC studies on compound 4 showed exothermic binding with ACGCGT and no heat change was observed for titrating the compound to the other two DNA sequences. The heat capacity (DeltaC(p)) of the PIPI/ACGCGT complex calculated from the hydrophobic interactions and SASA calculations was comparable to the experimental value obtained from ITC (-146calmol(-1)K(-1)). SPR results provided confirmation of the sequence specificity of PyImPyIm (4), with a K(eq) value determined to be 7.1x10(6) M(-1) for the cognate sequence and no observable binding to AAATTT and ACCGGT. Molecular dynamic simulations affirmed that PyImPyIm (4) binds as a dimer in an overlapped conformation, and it fits snugly in the minor-groove of the ACGCGT oligonucleotide. PyImPyIm (4) is an especially interesting molecule, because although the binding affinity is slightly reduced, the specificity with respect to f-ImPyIm (1) is significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
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2-Aminopurine/cytosine base pair containing oligonucleotides: fluorescence spectroscopy studies on DNA-polyamide binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:630-4. [PMID: 18294452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the binding of a triamide f-IPI (1) to its cognate sequence labeled with a 2-aminopurine (2AP or G( *)) group are described. ITC studies showed that f-IPI (1) bound to the cognate site (ACG( *)CGT) with only 3.5-fold lower affinity than binding to the unlabeled DNA (ACGCGT) (K(eq)=2 x 10(7) and 7 x 10(7)M(-1), respectively). Titration of f-IPI (1) to both sequences gave strong induced bands at 330 nm via circular dichroism studies. The compound also gave comparable DeltaT(m) values of 5.0 and 7.8 degrees C, respectively. These techniques also proved that the sequence selectivity of f-IPI (1) was uncompromised, as only limited binding to the non-cognate sequence ACCG( *)GT was observed. Fluorescence studies demonstrated a 2:1 ligand:DNA binding motif as anticipated, and indicated that the limit of detection for this technique was 20muM DNA concentration. The results demonstrate that 2-aminopurine is a sufficient substitute for guanine in a G.C base pair useful in DNA binding studies.
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Mulder K, Sexton J, Taherbhai Z, Jones J, Uthe P, Brown T, Lee M. N‐Formamido‐Containing Mono‐ and Diheterocyclic Pyrrole‐and Imidazole‐2‐carboxylic Acids as Building Blocks for Polyamide Synthesis. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701648785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Mulder
- a Division of Natural and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland, Michigan, USA
| | - Jim Sexton
- b Department of Chemistry , Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zarmeen Taherbhai
- b Department of Chemistry , Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Justin Jones
- b Department of Chemistry , Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Uthe
- b Department of Chemistry , Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Toni Brown
- a Division of Natural and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland, Michigan, USA
- b Department of Chemistry , Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Moses Lee
- a Division of Natural and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry , Hope College , Holland, Michigan, USA
- b Department of Chemistry , Furman University , Greenville, South Carolina, USA
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Liu Y, Kumar A, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. Sequence and length dependent thermodynamic differences in heterocyclic diamidine interactions at AT base pairs in the DNA minor groove. Biophys Chem 2007; 131:1-14. [PMID: 17889984 PMCID: PMC2291445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the goal of developing a better understanding of the antiparasitic biological action of DB75, we have evaluated its interaction with duplex alternating and nonalternating sequence AT polymers and oligomers. These DNAs provide an important pair of sequences in a detailed thermodynamic analysis of variations in interaction of DB75 with AT sites. The results for DB75 binding to the alternating and nonalternating AT sequences are quite different at the fundamental thermodynamic level. Although the Gibbs energies are similar, the enthalpies for DB75 binding with poly(dA).poly(dT) and poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) are +3.1 and -4.5 kcal/mol, respectively, while the binding entropies are 41.7 and 15.2 cal/mol.K, respectively. The underlying thermodynamics of binding to AT sites in the minor groove plays a key role in the recognition process. It was also observed that DB75 binding with poly(dA).poly(dT) can induce T.A.T triplet formation and the compound binds strongly to the dT.dA.dT triplex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - W. David Wilson
- *Corresponding author : W. David Wilson, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098, USA, Tel: +1-404-413-5503, Fax: +1-404-413-5505,
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Minoshima M, Bando T, Sasaki S, Shinohara KI, Shimizu T, Fujimoto J, Sugiyama H. DNA Alkylation by Pyrrole−Imidazole seco-CBI Conjugates with an Indole Linker: Sequence-Specific DNA Alkylation with 10-Base-Pair Recognition through Heterodimer Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5384-90. [PMID: 17425308 DOI: 10.1021/ja065235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The sequence-specific DNA alkylation by conjugates 4 and 5, which consist of N-methylpyrrole (Py)-N-methylimidazole (Im) polyamides and 1-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-3H-benz[e]indole (seco-CBI) linked with an indole linker, was investigated in the absence or presence of partner Py-Im polyamide 6. High-resolution denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that conjugate 4 alkylates DNA at the sequences 5'-(A/T)GCCTA-3' through hairpin formation, and alkylates 5'-GGAAAGAAAA-3' through an extended binding mode. However, in the presence of partner Py-Im polyamide 6, conjugate 4 alkylates DNA at a completely different sequence, 5'-AGGTTGTCCA-3'. Alkylation of 4 in the presence of 6 was effectively inhibited by a competitor 7. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results indicated that conjugate 4 does not bind to 5'-AGGTTGTCCA-3', whereas 6 binds tightly to this sequence. The results suggest that alkylation proceeds through heterodimer formation, indicating that this is a general way to expand the recognition sequence for DNA alkylation by Py-Im seco-CBI conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Minoshima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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42
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Dynamics of guest binding to supramolecular systems: techniques and selected examples. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(07)42004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Harris D, Stewart M, Sielaff A, Mulder K, Brown T, Mackay H, Lee M. SOLUTION PHASE SYNTHESIS OF IMIDAZOLE- AND PYRROLE-CONTAINING HAIRPIN POLYAMIDES. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2007.13.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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44
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Le NM, Sielaff AM, Cooper AJ, Mackay H, Brown T, Kotecha M, O'Hare C, Hochhauser D, Lee M, Hartley JA. Binding of f-PIP, a pyrrole- and imidazole-containing triamide, to the inverted CCAAT box-2 of the topoisomerase IIα promoter and modulation of gene expression in cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6161-4. [PMID: 17011187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An N-formamido pyrrole- and imidazole-containing triamide (f-PIP) has been shown by DNase I footprinting, SPR, and CD studies to bind as a stacked dimer to its cognate sequences: 5'-TACGAT-3' (5'-flank of the inverted CCAAT box-2 of the human topoisomerase IIalpha promoter) and 5'-ATCGAT-3'. A gel shift experiment provided evidence for f-PIP to inhibit protein-DNA interaction at the ICB2 site. Western blot studies showed that expression of the topoisomerase IIalpha gene in confluent NIH 3T3 cells was induced by treatment with f-PIP. The results suggested that the triamide was able to enter the nucleus, interacted with the target site within ICB2, inhibited NF-Y binding, and activated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Minh Le
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Pointsett Highway, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
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Buchmueller KL, Taherbhai Z, Howard CM, Bailey SL, Nguyen B, O'Hare C, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA, Wilson WD, Lee M. Design of a hairpin polyamide, ZT65B, for targeting the inverted CCAAT box (ICB) site in the multidrug resistant (MDR1) gene. Chembiochem 2006; 6:2305-11. [PMID: 16254941 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel hairpin polyamide, ZT65B, containing a 3-methylpicolinate moiety was designed to target the inverted CCAAT box (ICB) of the human multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) promoter. Binding of nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) to the ICB site upregulates MDR1 gene expression and is, therefore, a good target for anticancer therapeutic agents. However, it is important to distinguish amongst different promoter ICB sites so that only specific genes will be affected. All ICB sites have the same sequence but they differ in the sequence of the flanking base pairs, which can be exploited in the design of sequence-specific polyamides. To test this hypothesis, ten ICB-containing DNA hairpins were designed with different flanking base pairs; the sequences ICBa and ICBb were similar to the 3'-ICB site of MDR1 (TGGCT). Thermal-denaturation studies showed that ZT65B effectively targeted ICBa and ICBb (DeltaTM=6.5 and 7.0 degrees C) in preference to the other DNA hairpins (<3.5 degrees C), with the exception of ICBc (5.0 degrees C). DNase I-footprinting assays were carried out with the topoisomerase IIalpha-promoter sequence, which contains five ICB sites; of these, ICB1 and ICB5 are similar to the ICB site of MDR1. ZT65B was found to selectively bind ICB1 and ICB5; footprints were not observed with ICB2, ICB3, or ICB4. A strong, positive induced ligand band at 325 nm in CD studies confirmed that ZT65B binds in the DNA minor groove. The selectivity of ZT65B binding to hairpins that contained the MDR1 ICB site compared to one that did not (ICBd) was confirmed by surface-plasmon studies, and equilibrium constants of 5x10(6)-1x10(7) and 4.6x10(5) M-1 were obtained with ICB1, ICB5,and ICB2 respectively. ZT65B and the previously published JH37 (J. A. Henry, et al. Biochemistry 2004, 43, 12 249-12 257) serve as prototypes for the design of novel polyamides. These can be used to specifically target the subset of ubiquitous gene elements known as ICBs, and thereby affect the expression of one or a few proteins.
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Flores LV, Staples AM, Mackay H, Howard CM, Uthe PB, Sexton JS, Buchmueller KL, Wilson WD, O'Hare C, Kluza J, Hochhauser D, Hartley JA, Lee M. Synthesis and Evaluation of an Intercalator-Polyamide Hairpin Designed to Target the Inverted CCAAT Box 2 in the Topoisomerase IIα Promoter. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1722-9. [PMID: 16991167 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and DNA-binding properties of a novel naphthalimide-polyamide hairpin (3) designed to target the inverted CCAAT box 2 (ICB2) site on the topoisomerase IIalpha (topoIIalpha) promoter are described. The polyamide component of 3 was derived from the minor-groove binder, 2, and tailored to bind to the 5'-TTGGT sequence found in and flanking ICB2. The propensity of mitonafide 4 to intercalate between G-C base pairs was exploited by the incorporation of a naphthalimide moiety at the N terminus of 2. Hybrid 3 targeted 5'-CGATTGGT and covered eight contiguous base pairs, which included the underlined ICB2 site. DNase I footprinting analysis with the topoIIalpha promoter sequence demonstrated that 3 bound selectively to the ICB2 and ICB3 sites. Thermal-denaturation studies confirmed these results, and the highest degree of stabilization was found for ICB2 and -3 in preference to ICB1 (4.1, 4.6, and 0.6 degrees C, respectively). CD studies confirmed minor-groove binding and suggested a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Emission-titration experiments established intercalative binding. Surface plasmon resonance results showed strong binding to ICB2 (2.5x10(7) M(-1)) with no observable binding to ICB1. Furthermore, the binding constant of 3 to ICB2 was larger than that of the parent polyamide 2. The increased binding affinity was primarily due to a reduction in the dissociation-rate constant of the polyamide-DNA complex, which can be attributed to the N-terminal naphthalimide moiety. In addition, the binding site of 3 was larger than that of 2, which innately improved sequence selectivity. We conclude that the polyamide-naphthalimide 3 selectively binds to the ICB2 site by simultaneous intercalation and minor-groove binding, and warrants further investigation as a model compound for the regulation of topoIIalpha gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd V Flores
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
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White EW, Tanious F, Ismail MA, Reszka AP, Neidle S, Boykin DW, Wilson WD. Structure-specific recognition of quadruplex DNA by organic cations: influence of shape, substituents and charge. Biophys Chem 2006; 126:140-53. [PMID: 16831507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Combining structure-specific recognition of nucleic acids with limited sequence reading is a promising method to reduce the size of the recognition unit required to achieve the necessary selectivity and binding affinity to control function. It has been demonstrated recently that G-quadruplex DNA structures can be targeted by organic cations in a structure-specific manner. Structural targets of quadruplexes include the planar end surfaces of the G-tetrad stacked columns and four grooves. These provide different geometries and functional groups relative to duplex DNA. We have used surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry to show that binding affinity and selectivity of a series of quadruplex end-stacking molecules to human telomeric DNA are sensitive to compound shape as well as substituent type and position. ITC results indicate that binding is largely enthalpy driven. Circular dichroism was also used to identify a group of structurally related compounds that selectively target quadruplex grooves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W White
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Pace TCS, Monahan SL, MacRae AI, Kaila M, Bohne C. Photophysics of aminoxanthone derivatives and their application as binding probes for DNA. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 82:78-87. [PMID: 16097858 DOI: 10.1562/2005-05-16-ra-529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones with amino substituents were synthesized to diminish the photoreactivity of the xanthone chromophore with DNA, with the objective of using these molecules to study their binding dynamics with DNA. The aminoxanthones showed a strong solvatochromic effect on their singlet and triplet excited-state photophysics, where polar solvents led to a decrease of the energies for the excited states. Quenching of the triplet excited states by nitrite anions was used to determine the binding dynamics, and a residence time in the microsecond time domain was estimated for the bound 2-aminoxanthone with DNA. The quenching experiments performed showed that this methodology will not be applicable to study the binding dynamics of a wide variety of guests with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C S Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Turlington M, Mackay H, Rutledge C, Taherbhai Z, Nguyen B, Wilson D, Lee M. SYNTHESIS AND BIOPHYSICAL TESTING OF A NOVEL PYRROLE-CONTAINING POLYAMIDE-BENZAMIDINE HYBRID. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1515/hc.2006.12.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rezler EM, Seenisamy J, Bashyam S, Kim MY, White E, Wilson WD, Hurley LH. Telomestatin and diseleno sapphyrin bind selectively to two different forms of the human telomeric G-quadruplex structure. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:9439-47. [PMID: 15984871 DOI: 10.1021/ja0505088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human telomeric sequence d[T(2)AG(3)](4) has been demonstrated to form different types of G-quadruplex structures, depending upon the incubation conditions. For example, in sodium (Na(+)), a basket-type G-quadruplex structure is formed. In this investigation, using circular dichroism (CD), biosensor-surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and a polymerase stop assay, we have examined how the addition of different G-quadruplex-binding ligands affects the conformation of the telomeric G-quadruplex found in solution. The results show that while telomestatin binds preferentially to the basket-type G-quadruplex structure with a 2:1 stoichiometry, 5,10,15,20-[tetra-(N-methyl-3-pyridyl)]-26-28-diselena sapphyrin chloride (Se2SAP) binds to a different form with a 1:1 stoichiometry in potassium (K(+)). CD studies suggest that Se2SAP binds to a hybrid G-quadruplex that has strong parallel and antiparallel characteristics, suggestive of a structure containing both propeller and lateral, or edgewise, loops. Telomestatin is unique in that it can induce the formation of the basket-type G-quadruplex from a random coil human telomeric oligonucleotide, even in the absence of added monovalent cations such as K(+) or Na(+). In contrast, in the presence of K(+), Se2SAP was found to convert the preformed basket G-quadruplex to the hybrid structure. The significance of these results is that the presence of different ligands can determine the type of telomeric G-quadruplex structures formed in solution. Thus, the biochemical and biological consequences of binding of ligands to G-quadruplex structures found in telomeres and promoter regions of certain important oncogenes go beyond mere stabilization of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evonne M Rezler
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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