1
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Varandas AJC. From six to eight Π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements and beyond: can planarity be deciphered from the "quasi-molecules" they embed? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8488-8507. [PMID: 35343978 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular orbital theory is used to study the structures of six and eight π-electron bare rings of group-XIV elements, and even larger [n]annulenes up to C18H18, including some of their mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-anions. While some of the above rings are planar, others are nonplanar. A much spotlighted case is cyclo-octatetraene (C8H8), which is predicted to be nonplanar together with its heavier group-XIV analogues Si8H8 and Ge8H8, with the solely planar members of its family having the stoichiometric formulas C4Si4H8 and C4Ge4H8. A similar situation arises with the six π-electron bare rings, where benzene and substituted ones up to C3Si3H6 or so are planar, while others are not. However, the explanations encountered in the literature find support in ab initio calculations for such species, often rationalized from distinct calculated features. Using second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and, when affordable (particularly tetratomics, which may allow even higher levels), the coupled-cluster method including single, double, and perturbative triple excitations, a common rationale is suggested based on a novel concept of quasi-molecules or the (3+4)-atom partition scheme. Any criticism of tautology is therefore avoided. The same analysis has also been successfully applied to even larger [n]annulenes, to their mixed family members involving silicon and germanium atoms, and to the C18 carbon ring. Furthermore, it has been extended to annulene anions to check the criteria of the popular Hückel rule for planarity and aromaticity. Exploratory work on cycloarenes is also reported. Besides a partial study of the involved potential energy surfaces, equilibrium geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies have been calculated anew, for both the parent and the actual prototypes of the quasi-molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J C Varandas
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, 273165 Qufu, China.,Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Esp rito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, and Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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2
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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3
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Krasnoukhov VS, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Doddipatla S, Yang Z, Goettl S, Kaiser RI. Combined Crossed Molecular Beams and Ab Initio Study of the Bimolecular Reaction of Ground State Atomic Silicon (Si; 3 P) with Germane (GeH 4 ; X 1 A 1 ). Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1497-1504. [PMID: 34004053 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chemical dynamics of the elementary reaction of ground state atomic silicon (Si; 3 P) with germane (GeH4 ; X1 A1 ) were unraveled in the gas phase under single collision condition at a collision energy of 11.8±0.3 kJ mol-1 exploiting the crossed molecular beams technique contemplated with electronic structure calculations. The reaction follows indirect scattering dynamics and is initiated through an initial barrierless insertion of the silicon atom into one of the four chemically equivalent germanium-hydrogen bonds forming a triplet collision complex (HSiGeH3 ; 3 i1). This intermediate underwent facile intersystem crossing (ISC) to the singlet surface (HSiGeH3 ; 1 i1). The latter isomerized via at least three hydrogen atom migrations involving exotic, hydrogen bridged reaction intermediates eventually leading to the H3 SiGeH isomer i5. This intermediate could undergo unimolecular decomposition yielding the dibridged butterfly-structured isomer 1 p1 (Si(μ-H2 )Ge) plus molecular hydrogen through a tight exit transition state. Alternatively, up to two subsequent hydrogen shifts to i6 and i7, followed by fragmentation of each of these intermediates, could also form 1 p1 (Si(μ-H2 )Ge) along with molecular hydrogen. The overall non-adiabatic reaction dynamics provide evidence on the existence of exotic dinuclear hydrides of main group XIV elements, whose carbon analog structures do not exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S Krasnoukhov
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086.,Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.,Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086
| | - Srinivas Doddipatla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Shane Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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4
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Yang Z, Sun BJ, He C, Goettl S, Lin YT, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Combined Experimental and Computational Study on the Reaction Dynamics of the D1-Silylidyne(SiD) – Silane (SiH4) System. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2472-2479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Bing-Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Shane Goettl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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5
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Yang Z, Doddipatla S, Kaiser RI, Krasnoukhov VS, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM. Directed Gas Phase Formation of the Elusive Silylgermylidyne Radical (H 3 SiGe, X 2 A''). Chemphyschem 2021; 22:184-191. [PMID: 33245830 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The previously unknown silylgermylidyne radical (H3 SiGe; X2 A'') was prepared via the bimolecular gas phase reaction of ground state silylidyne radicals (SiH; X2 Π) with germane (GeH4 ; X1 A1 ) under single collision conditions in crossed molecular beams experiments. This reaction begins with the formation of a van der Waals complex followed by insertion of silylidyne into a germanium-hydrogen bond forming the germylsilyl radical (H3 GeSiH2 ). A hydrogen migration isomerizes this intermediate to the silylgermyl radical (H2 GeSiH3 ), which undergoes a hydrogen shift to an exotic, hydrogen-bridged germylidynesilane intermediate (H3 Si(μ-H)GeH); this species emits molecular hydrogen forming the silylgermylidyne radical (H3 SiGe). Our study offers a remarkable glance at the complex reaction dynamics and inherent isomerization processes of the silicon-germanium system, which are quite distinct from those of the isovalent hydrocarbon system (ethyl radical; C2 H5 ) eventually affording detailed insights into an exotic chemistry and intriguing chemical bonding of silicon-germanium species at the microscopic level exploiting crossed molecular beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | | | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Vladislav S Krasnoukhov
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086 and Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriy N Azyazov
- Samara National Research University, Samara 443086 and Lebedev Physical Institute, Samara, 443011, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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6
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Huang Y, Wu J, Qiu R, Xu F, Zhu J. Probing the tautomerization of disilenes and disilabenzenes with their isomeric silylenes: significant substituent, aromaticity and base effects. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17341-17349. [PMID: 33206739 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03527k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Disilene has attracted considerable interest due to the trans-bending geometry which is significantly different from the planar alkene. However, the equilibrium between disilene and isomeric silylsilylene has not been fully understood. Here, we report a density functional theory (DFT) study on this equilibrium. Calculations reveal significant effects of substituent, aromaticity and base. Specifically, the parent disilene is thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric silylene. When the methoxy substituent is introduced, the corresponding silylene becomes thermodynamically more stable, which could be rationalized by the Bent's rule. Interestingly, disilabenzene becomes thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric silylene when the concept of aromaticity is taken into account. Finally, once the base is introduced, the silylene could become thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric disilabenzene. The kinetic effect of the tautomerization with several typical substituents (F, Me and OMe) has also been investigated. Some species with a bridged form have been found to have a higher thermodynamic stability over the nonbridged ones. All these findings could be particularly useful to develop the chemistry of disilenes and silylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
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7
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Lin SY, Chou SL, Lin MY, Huang WJ, Huang TP, Wu YJ. Formation and IR spectrum of monobridged Si 2H 4 isolated in solid argon. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:204308. [PMID: 32486679 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The infrared (IR) spectrum of monobridged Si2H4 (denoted as mbr-Si2H4) isolated in solid Ar was recorded, and a set of lines (in the major matrix site) observed at 858.3 cm-1, 971.5 cm-1, 999.2 cm-1, 1572.7 cm-1, 2017.7 cm-1, 2150.4 cm-1, and 2158.4 cm-1 were characterized. The species was produced by the electron bombardment of an Ar matrix sample containing a small proportion of SiH4 during matrix deposition. Upon photolysis of the matrix samples using 365 nm and 160 nm light, the content of mbr-Si2H4 increased. The band positions, relative intensity ratios, and D-isotopic shift ratios of the observed IR features are generally in good agreement with those predicted by the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ method. In addition, the photochemistry of the observed products was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Chou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yeh Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jian Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jong Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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8
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Bhattacharyya P, Rai DK, Shukla A. Systematic First-Principles Configuration-Interaction Calculations of Linear Optical Absorption Spectra in Silicon Hydrides: Si 2H 2n ( n = 1-3). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8619-8631. [PMID: 31508955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have performed first-principles electron-correlated calculations employing large basis sets to optimize the geometries and to compute linear optical absorption spectra of various low-lying conformers of silicon hydrides: Si2H2n, n = 1, 2, 3. The geometry optimization for various isomers was carried out at the coupled-cluster singles-doubles-perturbative-triples [CCSD(T)] level of theory, while their excited states and absorption spectra were computed using a large-scale multireference singles-doubles configuration-interaction approach, which includes electron-correlation effects at a sophisticated level. Our calculated spectra are the first ones for Si2H2 and Si2H4 conformers, while for Si2H6, we obtain excellent agreement with the experimental measurements, suggesting that our computational approach is reliable. Our calculated absorption spectra exhibit a strong structure-property relationship, suggesting the possibility of identifying various conformers based on their optical absorption fingerprints. Furthermore, we have also performed geometry optimization for the selected optically excited states, providing insights into their character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Bhattacharyya
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Deepak Kumar Rai
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Alok Shukla
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
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9
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Xu LT, Thompson JVK, Dunning TH. Spin-Coupled Generalized Valence Bond Description of Group 14 Species: The Carbon, Silicon and Germanium Hydrides, XH n ( n = 1-4). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2401-2419. [PMID: 30855956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although elements in the same group in the Periodic Table tend to behave similarly, the differences in the simplest Group 14 hydrides-XH n (X = C, Si, Ge; n = 1-4)-are as pronounced as their similarities. Spin-coupled generalized valence bond (SCGVB) as well as coupled cluster [CCSD(T)] calculations are reported for all of the molecules in the CH n/SiH n/GeH n series to gain insights into the factors underlying these differences. It is found that the relative weakness of the recoupled pair bonds of SiH and GeH gives rise to the observed differences in the ground state multiplicities, molecular structures, and bond energies of SiH n and GeH n. A number of factors that influence the strength of the recoupled pair bonds in CH, SiH, and GeH were examined. Two factors were identified as potential contributors to the decrease in the strengths of these bonds from CH to SiH and GeH: (i) a decrease in the overlap between the orbitals involved in the bond and (ii) an increase in Pauli repulsion between the electrons in the two lobe orbitals centered on the X atoms. Finally, an analysis of the hybridization of the SCGVB orbitals in XH4 indicates that they are closer to sp hybrids than sp3 hybrids, which implies that the underlying cause of the tetrahedral structure of the XH4 molecules is not a direct result of the hybridization of the X atom orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195
| | - Jasper V K Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195
| | - Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195
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10
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Stanford MW, Schweizer JI, Menche M, Nichol GS, Holthausen MC, Cowley MJ. Intercepting the Disilene-Silylsilylene Equilibrium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W. Stanford
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Maximilian Menche
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Michael J. Cowley
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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11
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Stanford MW, Schweizer JI, Menche M, Nichol GS, Holthausen MC, Cowley MJ. Intercepting the Disilene-Silylsilylene Equilibrium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1329-1333. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W. Stanford
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Maximilian Menche
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Michael J. Cowley
- School of Chemistry; University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building; David Brewster Road Edinburgh EH9 3FJ UK
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12
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Chakkingal Parambil P, Hoffmann R. Donor–Acceptor Strategies for Stabilizing Planar Diplumbenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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13
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Fujita Y, Abe M. Computational study on 1,3-disilacyclobutane-1,3-diylidene disilylenes: A synthetic strategy for cis
-bent disilenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
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14
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Sinha Ray S, Ghosh P, Chaudhuri RK, Chattopadhyay S. Improved virtual orbitals in state specific multireference perturbation theory for prototypes of quasidegenerate electronic structure. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064111. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Nguyen TN, Lin MC. Ab Initio Chemical Kinetics for SiH xReactions with Si 2H y( x= 1,2,3,4; y= 6,5,4,3; x+ y= 7) under a-Si:H CVD Condition. INT J CHEM KINET 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trong-Nghia Nguyen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science; Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Hanoi University of Science and Technology; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - M. C. Lin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Molecular Science; Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiao Tung University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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16
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Al-Rafia SMI, Momeni MR, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Brown A, Rivard E. Stable Complexes of Parent Digermene: An Inorganic Analogue of Ethylene. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400361n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Ibrahim Al-Rafia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Mohammad R. Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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17
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Parker DSN, Wilson AV, Kaiser RI, Labrador T, Mebel AM. Gas-Phase Synthesis of the Silaisocyanoethylene Molecule (C2H3NSi). J Org Chem 2012; 77:8574-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3015402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. S. N. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - A. V. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - R. I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - T. Labrador
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - A. M. Mebel
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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18
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Ivanov AS, Boldyrev AI. Si6–nCnH6 (n = 0–6) Series: When Do Silabenzenes Become Planar and Global Minima? J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9591-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307722q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Ivanov
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main
Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main
Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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19
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Rozhenko AB, Ruban A, Thelen V, Nieger M, Airola K, Schoeller WW, Niecke E. Island Homoaromaticity in the W‐Shaped 2,4‐Diphospha‐3‐arsapentadienide Anion and Related Compounds – Theoretical and Experimental Investigations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B. Rozhenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmans'ka str. 5, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine, Fax: +380‐44‐573‐2543
- Fakultät für Chemie der Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Ruban
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmans'ka str. 5, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine, Fax: +380‐44‐573‐2543
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Str. 1, 5300 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vera Thelen
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Str. 1, 5300 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Str. 1, 5300 Bonn, Germany
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karri Airola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, 40114 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Wolfgang W. Schoeller
- Fakultät für Chemie der Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521‐0403, USA
| | - Edgar Niecke
- Anorganisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Bonn, Gerhard‐Domagk‐Str. 1, 5300 Bonn, Germany
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20
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Agou T, Sugiyama Y, Sasamori T, Sakai H, Furukawa Y, Takagi N, Guo JD, Nagase S, Hashizume D, Tokitoh N. Synthesis of Kinetically Stabilized 1,2-Dihydrodisilenes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:4120-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja300694p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Agou
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Kyoto University Pioneering
Research Unit for Next Generation, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sugiyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sasamori
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Heisuke Sakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Nozomi Takagi
- Department of Theoretical and
Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Jing-Dong Guo
- Department of Theoretical and
Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Department of Theoretical and
Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Advanced Technology Support
Division, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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21
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Oyedepo GA, Peterson C, Wilson AK. Accurate predictions of the energetics of silicon compounds using the multireference correlation consistent composite approach. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:094103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3626838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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22
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Scheschkewitz D. The Versatile Chemistry of Disilenides: Disila Analogues of Vinyl Anions as Synthons in Low-valent Silicon Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Wu Q, Hao Q, Yamaguchi Y, Li Q, Fang DC, Schaefer HF. Unusual isomers of disilacyclopropenylidene (Si2CH2). J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7102-9. [PMID: 20540500 DOI: 10.1021/jp912280z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nine electronic singlet state structures of Si(2)CH(2) have been systematically investigated by high level theoretical methods. This research employed coupled cluster (CC) methods with single and double excitations (CCSD) and CCSD with perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] using the correlation-consistent polarized valence cc-pVXZ/cc-pV(X+d)Z (X = D, T, and Q) basis sets. Full valence complete active space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) wave functions were used for the interpretation of geometries and physical properties. Among the nine singlet stationary points, six structures (1S-6S) are found to be minima, two structures (7S and 8S) are transition states, and one structure (9S) is a second-order saddle point. The existence of the two peculiar hydrogen bridged isomers, 1S (Si...H...Si) and 4S (agostic CH...Si) is established. Extensive focal point analyses are used to obtain complete basis set (CBS) limit energies. For the six lowest-lying singlet minima, after focal point analyses, the energy ordering and energy differences (in kcal mol(-1), with the zero-point vibrational energy corrected values in parentheses) are predicted to be 1S [0.0 (0.0)] < 3S [14.7 (14.5)] < 4S [25.1 (25.3)] < 5S [28.2 (26.0)] < 6S [45.0 (45.4)] < 2S [73.8 (72.0)]. Their relative energies are strikingly different from those for the isovalent parent C(3)H(2) molecule. Geometries, dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and associated infrared (IR) intensities are reported for all equilibrium structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Wu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, PR China 100081
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24
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Lattanzi V, Thorwirth S, Halfen D, Mück L, Ziurys L, Thaddeus P, Gauss J, McCarthy M. Die Bindungsverhältnisse in schweren Analoga des Cyanwasserstoffs: der merkwürdige Fall des HPSi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Lattanzi V, Thorwirth S, Halfen DT, Mück LA, Ziurys LM, Thaddeus P, Gauss J, McCarthy MC. Bonding in the Heavy Analogue of Hydrogen Cyanide: The Curious Case of Bridged HPSi. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5661-4. [PMID: 20818754 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Lattanzi
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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26
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Puzzarini C, Stanton JF, Gauss J. Quantum-chemical calculation of spectroscopic parameters for rotational spectroscopy. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01442351003643401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Wang Z, Lu G, Li H, Zhao L. Encumbering the intramolecular π donation by using a bridge: A strategy for designing metal-free compounds to hydrogen activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Moteki M, Maeda S, Ohno K. Systematic Search for Isomerization Pathways of Hexasilabenzene for Finding Its Kinetic Stability. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om800881y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Moteki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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30
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Pintér B, Olasz A, Petrov K, Veszprémi T. Cyclotrimetallenes: Bridged and Distorted Structures. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Pintér
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gellért tér 4, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Olasz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gellért tér 4, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Petrov
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gellért tér 4, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Veszprémi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Gellért tér 4, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
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31
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Carrier W, Zheng W, Osamura Y, Kaiser RI. Infrared spectroscopic identification of digermene, Ge2H4(X1Ag), and of the digermenyl radical, Ge2H3(X2A″), together with their deuterated counterparts in low temperature germane matrices. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Li CP, Li XJ, Yang JC. Silicon Hydride Clusters Si5Hn (n = 3−12) and Their Anions: Structures, Thermochemistry, and Electron Affinities. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:12026-34. [PMID: 17064192 DOI: 10.1021/jp064502w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures, electron affinities, and dissociation energies of the Si(5)H(n)/Si(5)H(n)(-) (n = 3-12) species have been calculated by means of three density functional theory (DFT) methods. The basis set used in this work is of double-zeta plus polarization quality with additional diffuse s- and p-type functions, denoted DZP++. The geometries are fully optimized with each DFT method independently. Three different types of the neutral-anion energy separations presented in this work are the adiabatic electron affinity (EA(ad)), the vertical electron affinity (EA(vert)), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). The first Si-H dissociation energies for neutral Si(5)H(n) and its anion have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ping Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China
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33
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Abstract
The rotational spectrum of a new monobridged isomer of Si(2)H(4), denoted here as H(2)Si(H)SiH, has been detected by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of a supersonic molecular beam through the discharge products of silane. On the basis of high-level coupled cluster theory, this isomer is calculated to lie only 7 kcalmol above disilene (H(2)SiSiH(2)), the most stable isomeric arrangement of Si(2)H(4), and to be fairly polar, with a calculated dipole moment of mu = 1.14 D. The rotational spectrum of H(2)Si(H)SiH exhibits closely spaced line doubling, characteristic of a molecule undergoing high-frequency inversion. Transition state calculations indicate that inversion probably occurs in two steps: migration of the bridged hydrogen atom to form silylsilylene, H(3)SiSiH, and then internal rotation of the SiH(3) group, followed by the reverse process. The potential energy surface for this type of inversion is quite shallow, with a barrier height of only 2-3 kcalmol. Searches for the rotational lines of silylsilylene, calculated to be of comparable stability to H(2)Si(H)SiH but about five times less polar (mu = 0.23 D), have also been undertaken, so far without success, even though strong lines of H(2)Si(H)SiH have been detected. The favorable energetics and high polarity of monobridged Si(2)H(4) with respect to either disilene or silylsilylene make it a plausible candidate for radioastronomical detection in sources such as IRC + 10216, where comparably large silicon molecules such as SiS, SiC(3), and SiC(4) have already been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C McCarthy
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Tsutsui S, Kwon E, Tanaka H, Matsumoto S, Sakamoto K. Preparation, Structure, and Reactions of a Lattice-Framework Disilene. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050362l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Tsutsui
- Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 519-1399 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 519-1399 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 519-1399 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsumoto
- Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 519-1399 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenkichi Sakamoto
- Photodynamics Research Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 519-1399 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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35
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Yang J, Bai X, Li C, Xu W. Silicon Monohydride Clusters SinH (n = 4−10) and Their Anions: Structures, Thermochemistry, and Electron Affinities. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:5717-23. [PMID: 16833904 DOI: 10.1021/jp0441543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structures, electron affinities, and dissociation energies of the Si(n)H/Si(n)H- (n = 4-10) species have been examined via five hybrid and pure density functional theory (DFT) methods. The basis set used in this work is of double-zeta plus polarization quality with additional diffuse s- and p-type functions, denoted DZP++. The geometries are fully optimized with each DFT method independently. The three different types of neutral-anion energy separations presented in this work are the adiabatic electron affinity (EA(ad)), the vertical electron affinity (EA(vert)), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). The first Si-H dissociation energies, D(e)(Si(n)H --> Si(n) + H) for neutral Si(n)H and D(e)(Si(n)H- --> Si(n)- + H) for anionic Si(n)H- species, have also been reported. The structures of the ground states of these clusters are traditional H-Si single-bond forms. The ground-state geometries of Si5H, Si6H, Si8H, and Si9H predicted by the DFT methods are different from previous calculations, such as those obtained by Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics and nonorthogonal tight-binding molecular dynamics schemes. The most reliable EA(ad) values obtained at the B3LYP level of theory are 2.59 (Si4H), 2.84 (Si5H), 2.86 (Si6H), 3.19 (Si7H), 3.14 (Si8H), 3.36 (Si9H), and 3.56 (Si10H) eV. The first dissociation energies (Si(n)H --> Si(n) + H) predicted by all of these methods are 2.20-2.29 (Si4H), 2.30-2.83 (Si5H), 2.12-2.41 (Si6H), 1.75-2.03 (Si7H), 2.41-2.72 (Si8H), 1.86-2.11 (Si9H), and 1.92-2.27 (Si10H) eV. For the negatively charged ion clusters (Si(n)H- --> Si(n)- + H), the dissociation energies predicted are 2.56-2.69 (Si4H-), 2.80-3.01 (Si5H-), 2.86-3.06 (Si6H-), 2.80-3.03 (Si7H-), 2.69-2.92 (Si8H-), 2.92-3.18 (Si9H-), and 2.89-3.25 (Si10H-) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuCai Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Huhehaote, 010062, People's Republic of China.
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Saitoh T, Naoe T, Ikuta S. Ab initiomolecular-orbital study of structures and energetics of Si3H3 neutral and anion. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:204314. [PMID: 15945731 DOI: 10.1063/1.1898210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric structures and isomeric stabilities of various stationary points in Si(3)H(3) neutral and its anion are investigated at the coupled-cluster singles, doubles (triples) [CCSD(T)] level of theory. For geometrical surveys, the basis sets used are of the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of triple-zeta quality for the neutral. To the anions, the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of double-zeta quality with diffuse functions are applied. For the three lower-lying anion isomers, the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of triple-zeta quality with diffuse functions (aug-cc-pVTZ) are also used. The final energies for the optimized stationary points are calculated at the CCSD(T) level of theory with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. The basis sets of 6-311++G(3df,2pd) were also used for the lower-lying anion isomers. The Gaussian-2 method was performed only for the lower-lying anion isomers to clarify the relative stabilities. The global minimum neutral 1 (C(1):(2)A) has an unsymmetrical hydrogen-bridged bond; the conformer 2 in C(s) symmetry is a saddle point connecting the two equivalent isomers 1. Two lower-lying isomers (3 and 4) are also predicted within the energy range of 20 kJmol. In the anion, however, the conformer 4 (C(s):(1)A(')) with five formal valence electrons is a global minimum. Two more isomers (2 and 3) lie within 20 kJmol as in the neutral; the conformer 1 converts to the isomer 2. The quartets for the neutrals and diradical triplets for the anions were further studied; lower-lying quartets and triplets, competing with the corresponding doublet and singlet, respectively, were not found in the present systems. The vertical and adiabatic electron affinities of the global minimum neutral 1, producing the second lowest-lying anion isomer 2, amount to 2.18 and 2.35 eV, respectively, at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The electron addition to the third lowest-lying neutral isomer 4 produces the largest vertical electron affinities of 2.48 eV. The D(3h) structure, being the global minimum in the corresponding Si(3)H(3) (+) cation (trisilacyclopropenyl cation), converts to the isomer 8 (C(s)) or 11 (C(2)) due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the Si(3)H(3) neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Saitoh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Li X, Kiran B, Wang LS. Gold as Hydrogen. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Structures and Bonding in Disilicon Gold Clusters Si2Aun- and Si2Aun (n = 2 and 4) and Comparisons to Si2H2 and Si2H4. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4366-74. [PMID: 16833767 DOI: 10.1021/jp0512560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a previous communication, we showed that a single Au atom behaves like H in its bonding to Si in a series of Si-Au clusters, SiAu(n) (n = 2-4) (Kiran et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 2125). In this article, we show that the H analogy of Au is more general. We find that the chemical bonding and potential energy surfaces of two disilicon Au clusters, Si(2)Au(2) and Si(2)Au(4), are analogous to Si(2)H(2) and Si(2)H(4), respectively. Photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations are used to investigate the geometrical and electronic structures of Si(2)Au(2)(-), Si(2)Au(4)(-), and their neutral species. The most stable structures for both Si(2)Au(2) and Si(2)Au(2)(-) are found to be C(2)(v), in which each Au bridges the two Si atoms. For Si(2)Au(4)(-), two nearly degenerate dibridged structures in a cis (C(2)(h)) and a trans (C(2)(v)) configuration are found to be the most stable isomers. However, in the neural potential energy surface of Si(2)Au(4), a monobridged isomer is the global minimum. The ground-state structures of Si(2)Au(2)(-) and Si(2)Au(4)(-) are confirmed by comparing the computed vertical detachment energies with the experimental data. The various stable isomers found for Si(2)Au(2) and Si(2)Au(4) are similar to those known for Si(2)H(2) and Si(2)H(4), respectively. Geometrical and electronic structure comparisons with the corresponding silicon hydrides are made to further establish the isolobal analogy between a gold atom and a hydrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Kasalová V, Schaefer HF. Structures and electron affinities of the di-arsenic fluorides As2Fn/As2F n− (n= 1-8). J Comput Chem 2005; 26:411-35. [PMID: 15688438 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the preparation of new materials for microelectronics are focusing new attention on molecular systems incorporating several arsenic atoms. A systematic investigation of the As2Fn/As2Fn- systems was carried out using Density Functional Theory methods and a DZP++ quality basis set. Global and low-lying local geometric minima and relative energies are discussed and compared. The three types of neutral-anion separations reported in this work are: the adiabatic electron affinity (EAad), the vertical electron affinity (EAvert), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). Harmonic vibrational frequencies pertaining to the global minimum for each compound are reported. From the first four studied species (As2Fn, n=1-4), all neutral molecules and their anions are shown to be stable with respect to As-As bond breaking. The neutral As2F molecule and its anion are predicted to have Cs symmetry. We find the trans F-As-As-F isomer of C2h symmetry and a pyramidalized vinylidene-like As-As-F2- isomer of Cs symmetry to be the global minima for the As2F2 and As2F2- species, respectively. The lowest lying minima of As2F3 and As2F3- are vinyl radical-like structures F-As-As-F2 of Cs symmetry. The neutral As2F4 global minimum is a trans-bent (like Si2H4) F2-As-As-F2 isomer of C2 symmetry, while its anion is predicted to have an unusual fluorine-bridged (C(1)) structure. The global minima of the neutral As2Fn species, n=5-8, are weakly bound complexes, held together by dipole-dipole interactions. All such structures have the AsFm-AsFn form, where (m,n) is (2,3) for As2F5, (3,3) for As2F6, (4,3) for As2F7), and (5,3) for As2F8. For As2F8 the beautiful pentavalent F4As-AsF4 structure (analogous to the stable AsF5 molecule) lies about 30 kcal/mol above the AsF3 . . . AsF5 complex. The stability of AsF(5) depends crucially on the strong As-F bonds, and replacing one of these with an As-As bond (in F4As-AsF4) has a very negative impact on the molecule's stability. The anions As2Fn-, n=5-8, are shown to be stable with respect to the As-As bond breaking, and we predict that all of them have fluorine-bridged or fluorine-linked structures. The zero-point vibrational energy corrected adiabatic electron affinities are predicted to be 2.28 eV (As2F), 1.95 eV (As2F2), 2.39 eV (As2F3), 1.71 eV (As2F4), 2.72 eV (As2F5), 1.79 eV (As2F6), 5.26 eV (As2F7), and 3.40 eV (As2F8) from the BHLYP method. Vertical detachment energies are rather large, especially for species with fluorine-bridged global minima, having values up to 6.45 eV (As2F7, BHLYP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kasalová
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, 1004 Cedar Street, Room 505, Athens, Georgia 30602-2525, USA
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Abstract
Using theoretical calculations we predict a novel family of compounds, which might serve for hydrogen storage, and for chemical vapour deposition of titanium carbide coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Grochala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteur 1, 02093 Warsaw, Poland.
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Xu, Yang, Xiao. The Silicon Hydride Clusters Si3Hn (n ≤ 8) and Their Anions: Structures, Thermochemistry, and Electron Affinities. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046987z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China and School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, HuHeHaoTe, 010062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China and School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, HuHeHaoTe, 010062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China and School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, HuHeHaoTe, 010062, People's Republic of China
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Ikuta S, Saitoh T, Wakamatsu S. Theoretical study on isomeric stabilities of C2H2Si and its ionization potentials and electron affinities. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:3478-85. [PMID: 15303912 DOI: 10.1063/1.1777217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric structures and isomeric stabilities of various stationary points in C(2)H(2)Si neutral and its cation and anion are investigated at the coupled-cluster singles, doubles (triples) [CCSD(T)] level of theory. For the geometrical survey, the basis sets used are of the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of triple-zeta quality (cc-pVTZ) for the neutral and cation. For the anions, the cc-pVTZ basis sets with diffuse functions (aug-cc-pVTZ) are used. The final energies are calculated by the use of the CCSD(T) level of theory with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set at their optimized geometries. To lower lying neutrals and cations, the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of quadruple-zeta quality (cc-pVQZ) are also applied. Both the global minima of the C(2)H(2)Si neutral and cation, N-1 (C(2v):(1)A(1)) and C-1 (C(2v):(2)B(2)), respectively, are silacyclopropenylidene conformers, having a CCSi ring with a C[Double Bond]C double bond. No competitive stable isomers exist in the present C(2)H(2)Si neutral. In the cation, however, the second lowest lying isomer C-2 lies 10.8 kJ/mol above the most stable C-1. The vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials from the lowest lying neutral N-1 are 9.83 and 8.97 eV, respectively, at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ level of theory. The electron addition to the N-1 does not result in the anion with positive (real) electron affinities. On the other hand, the electron addition to the N-2 isomer produces the global minimum anion A-1 (C(2v):(2)B(1)) with the positive electron affinities of 1.13 eV. The second lowest lying anion isomer A-2 with silylenylacetylene conformer, produced from an electron addition to the N-3 neutral, very well competes with the A-1 after the zero-point vibrational energy corrections. The energy difference between the two lowest lying isomers of the neutral and its anion, N-1 and A-1, is only 0.39 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Ikuta
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, Computer Center, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Infrared spectroscopic detection of the disilenyl (Si2H3) and d3-disilenyl (Si2D3) radicals in silane and d4-silane matrices. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ikuta S, Wakamatsu S. Ab initiomolecular orbital study of structures and energetics of Si3H2, Si3H2+, and Si3H2−. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:11071-81. [PMID: 15268137 DOI: 10.1063/1.1740747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric structures, isomeric stabilities, and potential energy profiles of various isomers and transition states in Si(3)H(2) neutral, cation and anion are investigated at the coupled-cluster singles, doubles (triples) level of theory. For the geometrical survey, the basis sets used are of the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of triple-zeta quality (cc-pVTZ) for the neutral and cation and the Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of double-zeta quality with diffuse functions (aug-cc-pVDZ) for the anion. For the final energy calculations, the aug-cc-pVTZ: Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of triple-zeta quality with diffuse functions and cc-pVQZ: Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets of quadruple-zeta quality basis sets are used for the neutral and the aug-cc-pVTZ ones for the cation and anion. The global minimum neutral (I-1: (1)A(1)) has the same framework as that (cyclopropenylidene) of the C(3)H(2) molecule. Other low-lying three isomers (I-2, I-3, and I-4) are also predicted to be within 20 kJ/mol. Five transition states are optimized and their energy relationships with the isomers are clarified. The geometric structure of the global minimum cation (C-1: (2)A(1)) has the same framework as that of the neutral, but that of the anion (A-1: (2)A(')) differs very much from those of the neutral and cation. The calculated vertical and adiabatic ionization potentials from the global minimum neutral (I-1) are 7.85 and 7.77 eV, respectively. The adiabatic electron affinity of the neutral I-1 and the electron detachment energy of the global minimum anion (A-1) are predicted to be 1.21 and 1.92 eV, respectively. The two-electron three-centered bond is widely observed in the present Si(3)H(2) neutral, cation, and anion. The contour plots of their localized molecular orbitals clearly show the existence of such nonclassical chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Ikuta
- Tokyo Metropolitan University, Computer Center, 1-1 Minami-Ohsawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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Ge Y, Head JD. Global Optimization of H-Passivated Si Clusters at the Ab Initio Level via the GAM1 Semiempirical Method. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049949o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingbin Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - John D. Head
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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Stanciu C, Richards AF, Power PP. Characterization of Ar‘Sn(μ-Br)Sn(Ar‘)CH2C6H4-4-Pri (Ar‘ = C6H3-2,6-Dipp2; Dipp = C6H3-2,6-Pri2): A Stable Structural Analogue for a Heavier Group 14 Element Monobridged Alkene Isomer HM(μ-H)MH2 (M = Sn or Pb). J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:4106-7. [PMID: 15053590 DOI: 10.1021/ja0316871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The title compound is the first stable structural analogue for the monobridged isomer of a heavier group 14 alkene analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Stanciu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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