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Abstract
The continuous progress of printing technologies over the past 20 years has fueled the development of a plethora of applications in materials sciences, flexible electronics, and biotechnologies. More recently, printing methodologies have started up to explore the world of Artificial Biology, offering new paradigms in the direct assembly of Artificial Biosystems (small condensates, compartments, networks, tissues, and organs) by mimicking the result of the evolution of living systems and also by redesigning natural biological systems, taking inspiration from them. This recent progress is reported in terms of a new field here defined as Printing Biology, resulting from the intersection between the field of printing and the bottom up Synthetic Biology. Printing Biology explores new approaches for the reconfigurable assembly of designed life-like or life-inspired structures. This work presents this emerging field, highlighting its main features, i.e., printing methodologies (from 2D to 3D), molecular ink properties, deposition mechanisms, and finally the applications and future challenges. Printing Biology is expected to show a growing impact on the development of biotechnology and life-inspired fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrara
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
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Lee J, Purushothaman B, Song JM. Inkjet Bioprinting on Parchment Paper for Hit Identification from Small Molecule Libraries. ACS Omega 2020; 5:588-596. [PMID: 31956806 PMCID: PMC6964283 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an inkjet bioprinting-based high-throughput screening (HTS) system was designed and applied for the first time to a catecholpyrimidine-based small molecule library to find hit compounds that inhibit c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase1 (JNK1). JNK1 kinase, inactivated MAPKAPK2, and specific fluorescent peptides along with bioink were printed on parchment paper under optimized printing conditions that did not allow rapid evaporation of printed media based on Triton-X and glycerol. Subsequently, different small compounds were printed and tested against JNK1 kinase to evaluate their degree of phosphorylation inhibition. After printing and incubation, fluorescence intensities from the phosphorylated/nonphosphorylated peptide were acquired for the % phosphorylation analysis. The IM50 (inhibitory mole 50) value was determined as 1.55 × 10-15 mol for the hit compound, 22. Thus, this work demonstrated that inkjet bioprinting-based HTS can potentially be adopted for the drug discovery process using small molecule libraries, and cost-effective HTS can be expected to be established based on its low nano- to picoliter printing volume.
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Wang Z, Lang B, Qu Y, Li L, Song Z, Wang Z. Single-cell patterning technology for biological applications. Biomicrofluidics 2019; 13:061502. [PMID: 31737153 PMCID: PMC6847985 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell patterning technology has revealed significant contributions of single cells to conduct basic and applied biological studies in vitro such as the understanding of basic cell functions, neuronal network formation, and drug screening. Unlike traditional population-based cell patterning approaches, single-cell patterning is an effective technology of fully understanding cell heterogeneity by precisely controlling the positions of individual cells. Therefore, much attention is currently being paid to this technology, leading to the development of various micro-nanofabrication methodologies that have been applied to locate cells at the single-cell level. In recent years, various methods have been continuously improved and innovated on the basis of existing ones, overcoming the deficiencies and promoting the progress in biomedicine. In particular, microfluidics with the advantages of high throughput, small sample volume, and the ability to combine with other technologies has a wide range of applications in single-cell analysis. Here, we present an overview of the recent advances in single-cell patterning technology, with a special focus on current physical and physicochemical methods including stencil patterning, trap- and droplet-based microfluidics, and chemical modification on surfaces via photolithography, microcontact printing, and scanning probe lithography. Meanwhile, the methods applied to biological studies and the development trends of single-cell patterning technology in biological applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baihe Lang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | | | | | | | - Zuobin Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Lietard J, Somoza MM. Spotting, Transcription and In Situ Synthesis: Three Routes for the Fabrication of RNA Microarrays. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:862-868. [PMID: 31321002 PMCID: PMC6612525 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA microarrays have become commonplace in the last two decades, but the synthesis of other nucleic acids biochips, most importantly RNA, has only recently been developed to a similar extent. RNA microarrays can be seen as organized surfaces displaying a potentially very large number of unique sequences and are of invaluable help in understanding the complexity of RNA structure and function as they allow the probing and treatment of each of the many different sequences simultaneously. Three approaches have emerged for the fabrication of RNA microarrays. The earliest examples used a direct, manual or mechanical, deposition of pre-synthesized, purified RNA oligonucleotides onto the surface in a process called spotting. In a second approach, pre-spotted or in situ-synthesized DNA microarrays are employed as templates for the transcription of RNA, subsequently or immediately captured on the surface. Finally, a third approach attempts to mirror the phosphoramidite-based protocols for in situ synthesis of high-density DNA arrays in order to produce in situ synthesized RNA microarrays. In this mini-review, we describe the chemistry and the engineering behind the fabrications methods, underlining the advantages and shortcomings of each, and illustrate how versatile these platforms can be by presenting some of their applications.
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Shmidov Y, Zhou M, Yosefi G, Bitton R, Matson JB. Hydrogels composed of hyaluronic acid and dendritic ELPs: hierarchical structure and physical properties. Soft Matter 2019; 15:917-925. [PMID: 30644510 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02450b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels that mimic the native extracellular matrix were prepared from hyaluronic acid (HA) and amine-terminated dendritic elastin-like peptides (denELPs) of generations 1, 2, and 3 (G1, 2, and 3) as crosslinking units. The physical properties of the hydrogels were investigated by rheology, scanning electron microscopy, swelling tests, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and model drug loading and release assays. Hydrogel properties depended on the generation number of the denELP, which contained structural segments based on the repeating GLPGL pentamer. Hydrogels with higher generation denELPs (G2 and 3) showed similar properties, but those prepared from G1 denELPs were rheologically weaker, had a larger mesh size, absorbed less model drug, and released the drug more quickly. Interestingly, most of the HA_denELP hydrogels studied here remained transparent upon gelation, but after lyophilization and addition of water retained opaque, "solid-like" regions for up to 4 d during rehydration. This rehydration process was carefully evaluated through time-course SAXS studies, and the phenomenon was attributed to the formation of pre-coacervates in the gel-forming step, which slowly swelled in water during rehydration. These findings provide important insights into the behavior of ELP-based hydrogels, in which physical crosslinking of the ELP domains can be controlled to tune mechanical properties, highlighting the potential of HA_denELP hydrogels as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shmidov
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Ilze Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Widyaya VT, Riga EK, Müller C, Lienkamp K. Sub-micrometer Sized, 3D-Surface-attached Polymer Networks by Microcontact Printing: Using UV-Crosslinking Efficiency to Tune Structure Height. Macromolecules 2018; 54:1409-1417. [PMID: 34404958 PMCID: PMC7611507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lateral dimensions of micro- and nanostructures obtained by microcontact printing (μCP) can be easily varied by selecting stamps with the desired spacing and pattern. However, the height of these structures cannot be tuned as easily, and in most cases only 2D structures are obtained. Here, we show how the chemical cross-linking properties of polymer inks designed for μCP can be used to obtain 3D structures with heights ranging from 3 to 750 nm using the same μCP stamps. This is technologically relevant because the ink concentration affects the quality and resolution of the printed image, and therefore can only be varied in a certain range. By exploiting the cross-linking efficiency to tune the height, an additional parameter is available to reach the desired structure height without compromising the image quality. The inks were made from copolymers containing a low percentage of different UV cross-linkable repeat units: nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD), coumarin (COU), and/or benzophenone (BP). The base polymer of the here presented model system was an antimicrobially active poly(oxanorbornene) (SMAMP), however the concept should be transferable to many other polymer backbones. We describe the fabrication and characterization of the printed micro- and nanostructures made from pure SMAMP, NBD-SMAMP, coumarin-SMAMP, BP-SMAMP, BP-NBD-SMAMP and BP-coumarin-SMAMP polymer inks. The photo-dimerization of COU during UV irradiation at λ = 254 nm was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Since NBD and COU are fluorescent, the polymer could be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, their height profiles were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The heights of the 3D surface-attached polymer networks obtained from the here presented polymer inks correlated with the gel-content of the corresponding unstructured polymer layers, and thus with the cross-linking efficiency of the NBD, COU and BP cross-linkers. Due to being covalently cross-linked, these 3D-surface attached polymer structures were solvent-stable and stable in aqueous surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Tanda Widyaya
- Bioactive Polymer Synthesis and Surface Engineering Group, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther K. Riga
- Bioactive Polymer Synthesis and Surface Engineering Group, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claas Müller
- Laboratory for Process Technology, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Bioactive Polymer Synthesis and Surface Engineering Group, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Fredonnet J, Foncy J, Cau JC, Séverac C, François JM, Trévisiol E. Automated and Multiplexed Soft Lithography for the Production of Low-Density DNA Microarrays. Microarrays (Basel) 2016; 5:E25. [PMID: 27681742 PMCID: PMC5197944 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays5040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microarrays are established research tools for genotyping, expression profiling, or molecular diagnostics in which DNA molecules are precisely addressed to the surface of a solid support. This study assesses the fabrication of low-density oligonucleotide arrays using an automated microcontact printing device, the InnoStamp 40(®). This automate allows a multiplexed deposition of oligoprobes on a functionalized surface by the use of a MacroStamp(TM) bearing 64 individual pillars each mounted with 50 circular micropatterns (spots) of 160 µm diameter at 320 µm pitch. Reliability and reuse of the MacroStamp(TM) were shown to be fast and robust by a simple washing step in 96% ethanol. The low-density microarrays printed on either epoxysilane or dendrimer-functionalized slides (DendriSlides) showed excellent hybridization response with complementary sequences at unusual low probe and target concentrations, since the actual probe density immobilized by this technology was at least 10-fold lower than with the conventional mechanical spotting. In addition, we found a comparable hybridization response in terms of fluorescence intensity between spotted and printed oligoarrays with a 1 nM complementary target by using a 50-fold lower probe concentration to produce the oligoarrays by the microcontact printing method. Taken together, our results lend support to the potential development of this multiplexed microcontact printing technology employing soft lithography as an alternative, cost-competitive tool for fabrication of low-density DNA microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Fredonnet
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31000, France.
| | - Julie Foncy
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31000, France.
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France.
| | | | | | - Jean Marie François
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31000, France.
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse F-31077, France.
- Dendris SAS, 335 Rue du Chêne Vert, Labège 31670, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Trévisiol
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31000, France.
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
- LAAS, Univ de Toulouse, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
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Castagna R, Bertucci A, Prasetyanto EA, Monticelli M, Conca DV, Massetti M, Sharma PP, Damin F, Chiari M, De Cola L, Bertacco R. Reactive Microcontact Printing of DNA Probes on (DMA-NAS-MAPS) Copolymer-Coated Substrates for Efficient Hybridization Platforms. Langmuir 2016; 32:3308-3313. [PMID: 26972953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-performing hybridization platforms fabricated by reactive microcontact printing of DNA probes are presented. Multishaped PDMS molds are used to covalently bind oligonucleotides over a functional copolymer (DMA-NAS-MAPS) surface. Printed structures with minimum width of about 1.5 μm, spaced by 10 μm, are demonstrated, with edge corrugation lower than 300 nm. The quantification of the immobilized surface probes via fluorescence imaging gives a remarkable concentration of 3.3 × 10(3) oligonucleotides/μm(2), almost totally active when used as probes in DNA-DNA hybridization assays. Indeed, fluorescence and atomic force microscopy show a 95% efficiency in target binding and uniform DNA hybridization over printed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Castagna
- Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano , Via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertucci
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eko Adi Prasetyanto
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Monticelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , Via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Valter Conca
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , Via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Massetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , Via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Damin
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Riccardo Bertacco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano , Via G. Colombo 81, 20133, Milano, Italy
- IFN-CNR Via Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Wang L, Lee J, Zhang M, Duan Q, Zhang J, Qi H. Fluorescence imaging technology (FI) for high-throughput screening of selenide-modified nano-TiO2 catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2944-7. [PMID: 26777131 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10436j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening (HTS) method based on fluorescence imaging (FI) was implemented to evaluate the catalytic performance of selenide-modified nano-TiO2. Chemical ink-jet printing (IJP) technology was reformed to fabricate a catalyst library comprising 1405 (Ni(a)Cu(b)Cd(c)Ce(d)In(e)Y(f))Se(x)/TiO2 (M6Se/Ti) composite photocatalysts. Nineteen M6Se/Tis were screened out from the 1405 candidates efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Lab of Env-Mat, Department of Environmental Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Jianchao Lee
- Lab of Env-Mat, Department of Environmental Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Lab of Env-Mat, Department of Environmental Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Qiannan Duan
- Lab of Env-Mat, Department of Environmental Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Lab of Env-Mat, Department of Environmental Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Hailang Qi
- Lab of Env-Mat, Department of Environmental Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, China
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Rauschenberg M, Fritz EC, Schulz C, Kaufmann T, Ravoo BJ. Molecular recognition of surface-immobilized carbohydrates by a synthetic lectin. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1354-64. [PMID: 24991289 PMCID: PMC4077543 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular recognition of carbohydrates and proteins mediates a wide range of physiological processes and the development of synthetic carbohydrate receptors (“synthetic lectins”) constitutes a key advance in biomedical technology. In this article we report a synthetic lectin that selectively binds to carbohydrates immobilized in a molecular monolayer. Inspired by our previous work, we prepared a fluorescently labeled synthetic lectin consisting of a cyclic dimer of the tripeptide Cys-His-Cys, which forms spontaneously by air oxidation of the monomer. Amine-tethered derivatives of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), β-D-galactose, β-D-glucose and α-D-mannose were microcontact printed on epoxide-terminated self-assembled monolayers. Successive prints resulted in simple microarrays of two carbohydrates. The selectivity of the synthetic lectin was investigated by incubation on the immobilized carbohydrates. Selective binding of the synthetic lectin to immobilized NANA and β-D-galactose was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The selectivity and affinity of the synthetic lectin was screened in competition experiments. In addition, the carbohydrate binding of the synthetic lectin was compared with the carbohydrate binding of the lectins concanavalin A and peanut agglutinin. It was found that the printed carbohydrates retain their characteristic selectivity towards the synthetic and natural lectins and that the recognition of synthetic and natural lectins is strictly orthogonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rauschenberg
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Eva-Corrina Fritz
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Meyer R, Giselbrecht S, Rapp BE, Hirtz M, Niemeyer CM. Advances in DNA-directed immobilization. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 18:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Roling O, Mardyukov A, Lamping S, Vonhören B, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Studer A, Ravoo BJ. Surface patterning with natural and synthetic polymers via an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction employing microcontact chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7828-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01379d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal ligation methods are the focus of current research due to their versatile applications in biotechnology and materials science for post-functionalization and immobilization of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Roling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Artur Mardyukov
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Vonhören
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Rinnen
- Physikalisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo
- Biophysics
Unit (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Leioa, and Department of Logic and Philosophy
of Science, University of the Basque Country, Avenida de Tolosa 70, 20080 Donostia−San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Carlos Briones
- Department
of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC−INTA, associated to the NASA Astrobiology Institute), Carretera de Ajalvir, Km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés de la Escosura
- Organic
Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Rusu BG, Cunin F, Barboiu M. Real-Time Optical Detection of Stabilized Artificial G-Quadruplexes Under Confined Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Rusu BG, Cunin F, Barboiu M. Real-time optical detection of stabilized artificial G-quadruplexes under confined conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12597-601. [PMID: 24115752 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan George Rusu
- Adaptive Supramolecular Nanosystems Group, Institut Européen des Membranes, ENSCM-UMII-UMR-CNRS 5635, Place Eugène Bataillon CC047, 34095 Montpellier (France); Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Faculty of Physics, Bd. Carol I no.11, 700506 (Iasi Romania); Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253 CNRS/ENSCM/Université de Montpellier II, 8 rue de l'Ecole Normale, F-34296 Montpellier (France)
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Wasserberg D, Nicosia C, Tromp EE, Subramaniam V, Huskens J, Jonkheijm P. Oriented Protein Immobilization using Covalent and Noncovalent Chemistry on a Thiol-Reactive Self-Reporting Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3104-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wasserberg
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and MIRA Institute for Biomedical
Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Carlo Nicosia
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Eldrich E. Tromp
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and MIRA Institute for Biomedical
Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and MIRA Institute for Biomedical
Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science
and Technology, University of Twente, 7500
AE, Enschede, Netherlands
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Carlson A, Bowen AM, Huang Y, Nuzzo RG, Rogers JA. Transfer printing techniques for materials assembly and micro/nanodevice fabrication. Adv Mater 2012; 24:5284-318. [PMID: 22936418 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transfer printing represents a set of techniques for deterministic assembly of micro-and nanomaterials into spatially organized, functional arrangements with two and three-dimensional layouts. Such processes provide versatile routes not only to test structures and vehicles for scientific studies but also to high-performance, heterogeneously integrated functional systems, including those in flexible electronics, three-dimensional and/or curvilinear optoelectronics, and bio-integrated sensing and therapeutic devices. This article summarizes recent advances in a variety of transfer printing techniques, ranging from the mechanics and materials aspects that govern their operation to engineering features of their use in systems with varying levels of complexity. A concluding section presents perspectives on opportunities for basic and applied research, and on emerging use of these methods in high throughput, industrial-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Carlson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fredrick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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19
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Voskuhl J, Wendeln C, Versluis F, Fritz EC, Roling O, Zope H, Schulz C, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Kros A. Immobilisierung von Liposomen und Vesikeln auf strukturierten Oberflächen mithilfe eines Coiled-Coil-Peptidbindungsmotivs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Voskuhl J, Wendeln C, Versluis F, Fritz EC, Roling O, Zope H, Schulz C, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Kros A. Immobilization of Liposomes and Vesicles on Patterned Surfaces by a Peptide Coiled-Coil Binding Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12616-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Mehlich J, Miyata Y, Shinohara H, Ravoo BJ. Fabrication of a carbon-nanotube-based field-effect transistor by microcontact printing. Small 2012; 8:2258-2263. [PMID: 22511338 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of a field-effect transistor with both channel material and source and drain electrodes made from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through patterned deposition of CNT films by microcontact printing is described. Surfactant-dispersed single-walled CNTs are first separated into semiconducting and metallic fractions by gel filtration. The semiconducting and metallic CNTs are then sequentially transferred by dendrimer-coated polydimethylsiloxane stamps onto dendrimer-coated silicon wafers following a printing protocol optimized for this purpose. The resulting CNT micropatterns are visualized by atomic force microscopy. Semiconducting as well as metallic CNTs preserve their characteristic electronic properties within the transferred films. A device composed of a rather thick (ca. 5 nm) and densely patterned film of metallic CNTs cross-printed on top of a thinner (ca. 1.5 nm) and less dense film of semiconducting CNTs shows the typical properties of a field-effect transistor with the metallic CNT stripes as electrodes, the semiconductive CNT stripes as channel material, and the silicon substrate as gate electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mehlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and CeNTech, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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22
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Wendeln C, Rinnen S, Schulz C, Kaufmann T, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. Rapid Preparation of Multifunctional Surfaces for Orthogonal Ligation by Microcontact Chemistry. Chemistry 2012; 18:5880-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
In this Feature Article we describe recent progress in covalent surface patterning by microcontact chemistry. Microcontact chemistry is a variation of microcontact printing based on the transfer of reactive "ink" molecules from a microstructured, elastomeric stamp onto surfaces modified with complementary reactive groups, leading to a chemical reaction in the area of contact. In comparison with other lithographic methods, microcontact chemistry has a number of advantageous properties including very short patterning times, low consumption of ink molecules, high resolution and large area patterning. During the past 5 years we and many others have investigated a set of different reactions that allow the modification of flat and also spherical surfaces in an effective way. Especially click-type reactions were found to be versatile for substrate patterning by microcontact chemistry and were applied for chemical modification of reactive self-assembled monolayers and polymer surfaces. Microcontact chemistry has already found broad application for the production of functional surfaces and was also used for the preparation of DNA, RNA, and carbohydrate microarrays, for the immobilization of proteins and cells and for the development of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wendeln
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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24
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Luo Y, Bernien M, Krüger A, Hermanns CF, Miguel J, Chang YM, Jaekel S, Kuch W, Haag R. In situ hydrolysis of imine derivatives on Au(111) for the formation of aromatic mixed self-assembled monolayers: multitechnique analysis of this tunable surface modification. Langmuir 2012; 28:358-366. [PMID: 22126233 DOI: 10.1021/la202696a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel method for preparing aromatic, mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with a dilute surface fraction coverage of protonated amine via in situ hydrolysis of C═N double bond on gold surface. Two imine compounds, (4'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzylideneamino)biphenyl-4-yl)methanethiol (CF(3)-C(6)H(4)-CH═N-C(6)H(4)-C(6)H(4)-CH(2)-SH, TFBABPMT) and (4'-(4-cyanobenzylideneamino)biphenyl-4-yl)methanethiol (CN-C(6)H(4)-CH═N-C(6)H(4)-C(6)H(4)-CH(2)-SH, CBABPMT), self-assembled on Au(111) to form highly ordered monolayers, which was demonstrated by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A nearly upright molecular orientation for CF(3)- and CN-terminated SAM was detected by near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements. Afterward, the acidic catalyzed hydrolysis was carried out in chloroform or an aqueous solution of acetic acid (pH = 3). Systematic studies of this hydrolysis process for CN-terminated SAM in acetic acid at 25 °C were performed by NEXAFS measurements. It was found that about 30% of the imine double bonds gradually cleaved in the first 40 min. Subsequently, a larger hydrolysis rate was observed due to the freer penetration of acetic acid in the SAM and resultant more open molecular packing. Furthermore, the molecular orientation in mixed SAMs did not change during the whole hydrolysis process. This partially hydrolyzed surface contains a controlled amount of free amines/ammonium ions which can be used for further chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Seo H, Choi I, Lee J, Kim S, Kim DE, Kim SK, Yeo WS. Facile Method for Development of Ligand-Patterned Substrates Induced by a Chemical Reaction. Chemistry 2011; 17:5804-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Wu CC, Reinhoudt DN, Otto C, Subramaniam V, Velders AH. Strategies for patterning biomolecules with dip-pen nanolithography. Small 2011; 7:989-1002. [PMID: 21400657 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based lithography technique, which has the ability to fabricate patterns with a feature size down to approximately 15 nm using both top-down and bottom-up approaches. DPN utilizes the water meniscus formed between an AFM tip and a substrate to transfer ink molecules onto surfaces. A major application of this technique is the fabrication of micro- and nano-arrays of patterned biomolecules. To achieve this goal, a variety of chemical approaches has been used. This review concisely describes the development of DPN in the past decade and presents the related chemical strategies that have been reported to fabricate biomolecular patterns with DPN at micrometer and nanometer scale, classified into direct- and indirect DPN methodologies, discussing tip-functionalization strategies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Wu
- Laboratory for Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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27
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Calabretta A, Wasserberg D, Posthuma-Trumpie GA, Subramaniam V, van Amerongen A, Corradini R, Tedeschi T, Sforza S, Reinhoudt DN, Marchelli R, Huskens J, Jonkheijm P. Patterning of peptide nucleic acids using reactive microcontact printing. Langmuir 2011; 27:1536-1542. [PMID: 20799750 DOI: 10.1021/la102756k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PNAs (peptide nucleic acids) have been immobilized onto surfaces in a fast, accurate way by employing reactive microcontact printing. Surfaces have been first modified with aldehyde groups to react with the amino end of the synthesized PNAs. When patterning fluorescein-labeled PNAs by reactive microcontact printing using oxygen-oxidized polydimethylsiloxane stamps, homogeneous arrays were fabricated and characterized using optical methods. PNA-patterned surfaces were hybridized with complementary and mismatched dye-labeled oligonucleotides to test their ability to recognize DNA sequences. The stability and selectivity of the PNA-DNA duplexes on surfaces have been verified by fluorescence microscopy, and the melting curves have been recorded. Finally, the technique has been applied to the fabrication of chips by spotting a PNA microarray onto a flat PDMS stamp and reproducing the same features onto many slides. The chips were finally applied to single nucleotide polymorphism detection on oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Calabretta
- Molecular Nanofabrication and Biophysical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PEnschede, The Netherlands
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28
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Qing G, Xiong H, Seela F, Sun T. Spatially controlled DNA nanopatterns by "click" chemistry using oligonucleotides with different anchoring sites. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:15228-32. [PMID: 20936845 DOI: 10.1021/ja105246b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA patterning on surfaces has broad applications in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and other fields of life science. The common patterns make use of the highly selective base pairing which might not be stable enough for further manipulations. Furthermore, the fabrication of well-defined DNA nanostructures on solid surfaces usually lacks chemical linkages to the surface. Here we report a template-free strategy based on "click" chemistry to fabricate spatially controlled DNA nanopatterns immobilized on surfaces. The self-assembly process utilizes DNA with different anchoring sites. The position of anchoring is of crucial importance for the self-assembly process of DNA and greatly influences the assembly of particular DNA nanopatterns. It is shown that the anchoring site in a central position generates tunable nanonetworks with high regularity, compared to DNAs containing anchoring sites at terminal and other positions. The prepared patterns may find applications in DNA capturing and formation of pores and channels and can serve as templates for the patterning using other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Composite, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Miyamura Y, Park C, Kinbara K, Leibfarth FA, Hawker CJ, Aida T. Controlling Volume Shrinkage in Soft Lithography through Heat-Induced Cross-Linking of Patterned Nanofibers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2840-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chiyoung Park
- ERATO-SORST Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- ERATO-SORST Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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31
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Wendeln C, Rinnen S, Schulz C, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. Photochemical microcontact printing by thiol-ene and thiol-yne click chemistry. Langmuir 2010; 26:15966-15971. [PMID: 20857903 DOI: 10.1021/la102966j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the microstructured immobilization of functional thiols on alkene- and alkyne-terminated self-assembled monolayers on silicon oxide substrates by photochemical microcontact printing. A photochemical thiol-ene or thiol-yne “click” reaction was locally induced in the area of contact between stamp and substrate by irradiation with UV light (365 nm). The immobilization reaction by photochemical microcontact printing was verified by contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The reaction rate of photochemical microcontact printing by thiol-ene chemistry was studied using time dependent contact angle measurements. The selective binding of lectins to galactoside microarrays prepared by photochemical microcontact printing was also demonstrated. It was found that photochemical microcontact printing results in a high surface coverage of functional thiols within 30 s of printing even for dilute (mM) ink solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wendeln
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Liu Z, Yi Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Ngo TH, Smet M. Cation-selective microcontact printing based on surface-molecular-imprinted layer-by-layer films. Adv Mater 2010; 22:2689-2693. [PMID: 20503210 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This Article describes the preparation of carbohydrate microarrays by the immobilization of carbohydrates via microcontact printing (microCP) on glass and silicon substrates. To this end, diene-modified carbohydrates (galactose, glucose, mannose, lactose, and maltose) were printed on maleimide-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A Diels-Alder reaction occurred exclusively in the contact area between stamp and substrate and resulted in a carbohydrate pattern on the substrate. It was found that cyclopentadiene-functionalized carbohydrates could be printed within minutes at room temperature, whereas furan-functionalized carbohydrates required long printing times and high temperatures. By successive printing, microstructured arrays of up to three different carbohydrates could be produced. Immobilization and patterning of the carbohydrates on the surfaces was investigated with contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the lectins concanavalin A (ConA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) bind to the microarrays, and the printed carbohydrates retain their characteristic selectivity toward these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wendeln
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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35
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Scheres L, ter Maat J, Giesbers M, Zuilhof H. Microcontact printing onto oxide-free silicon via highly reactive acid fluoride-functionalized monolayers. Small 2010; 6:642-650. [PMID: 20143349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a new route for patterning organic monolayers on oxide-free silicon by microcontact printing (microCP) on a preformed, reactive, acid-fluoride-terminated monolayer. This indirect printing approach is fast and easily preserves the oxide-free and well-defined monolayer-silicon interface, which is the most important property for potential applications in biosensing and molecular electronics. Water-contact-angle measurements, ellipsometry, attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate the formation of the initial acid-fluoride-terminated monolayers without upside-down attachment. Subsequent printing for twenty seconds with an N-hexadecylamine-inked poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamp results in well-defined 5-microm N-hexadecylamide dots, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Printing with a flat stamp allows investigation of the efficiency of amide formation by microCP and water-contact-angle measurements, ellipsometry, and XPS reveal the quantitative conversion of the acid fluoride groups to the corresponding amide within twenty seconds. The absence of silicon oxide, even after immersion in water for 16 h, demonstrates that the oxide-free monolayer-silicon interface is easily preserved by this patterning route. Finally, it is shown by fluorescence microscopy that complex biomolecules, like functionalized oligo-DNA, can also be immobilized on the oxide-free silicon surface via microCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Scheres
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University Dreijenplein 8, Wageningen, 6703 HB, The Netherlands
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36
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Xu H, Huskens J. Versatile Stamps in Microcontact Printing: Transferring Inks by Molecular Recognition and from Ink Reservoirs. Chemistry 2010; 16:2342-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
It's all about polymers! Polymers play a key role in the patterning and functionalization of surfaces by microcontact printing. Polymers are versatile stamps, inks and substrates and microcontact printing can provide microstructured polymer surfaces in a single printing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaufmann
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
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Xu H, Gomez-Casado A, Liu Z, Reinhoudt DN, Lammertink RGH, Huskens J. Porous multilayer-coated PDMS stamps for protein printing. Langmuir 2009; 25:13972-13977. [PMID: 19594128 DOI: 10.1021/la901797n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A polyelectrolyte multilayer was assembled on top of a patterned PDMS stamp employing the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. By post-treatment with a base and further cross-linking, a porous multilayer-coated PDMS composite stamp was obtained. With the pore structures acting as an ink reservoir, the multiple printing of proteins was successfully achieved without the need to re-ink the stamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Xu
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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40
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Kim WJ, Kim S, Lee BS, Kim A, Ah CS, Huh C, Sung GY, Yun WS. Enhanced protein immobilization efficiency on a TiO2 surface modified with a hydroxyl functional group. Langmuir 2009; 25:11692-7. [PMID: 19788222 DOI: 10.1021/la901615e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An antibody immobilization was investigated using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) over the highly refractive coatings with a SiO2, TiO2, or Si3N4 substrate. The immobilization was characterized by analyzing the hydrophilic properties of hydroxyl (OH) groups on surface coatings with contact angle (CA) measurements to enhance protein immobilization. The hydroxyl (OH) group was formed in greater amounts as the oxygen plasma exposure time was increased, which resulted in a large enhancement in antibody immobilization. It indicated that hydroxyl (OH) group formation is critical for developing a label-free optical transducer with a high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Joong Kim
- Biosensor Research Team, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn F. M. van Dongen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Hans-Peter M. de Hoog
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Ruud J. R. W. Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nallani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Materials Research & Engineering (IMRE), Research Link 3, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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Lackey JG, Mitra D, Somoza MM, Cerrina F, Damha MJ. Acetal levulinyl ester (ALE) groups for 2'-hydroxyl protection of ribonucleosides in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides on glass and microarrays. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:8496-502. [PMID: 19485360 DOI: 10.1021/ja9002074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe a synthetic strategy that permits both the growth and deprotection of RNA chains that remain attached to a solid polymer support or chip surface. The key synthons for RNA synthesis are novel 5'-O-DMTr 2'-acetal levulinyl ester (2'-O-ALE) ribonucleoside 3'-phosphoramidite derivatives. In the presence of 4,5-dicyanoimidazole (DCI) as the activator, these monomers coupled to Q-CPG solid support with excellent coupling efficiency (approximately 98.7%). The method was extended to the light directed synthesis of poly rU and poly rA on a microarray through the use of a 5'-O-(2-(2-nitrophenyl)propoxycarbonyl)-2'-O-ALE-3'-phosphoramidite derivative. A two-stage deprotection strategy was employed to fully deblock the RNA directly on the Q-CPG or microarray support without releasing it from the support's surface: phosphate group deblocking with NEt(3) in acetonitrile (ACN) (2:3 v/v; 1 h, r.t.) followed by removal of the 2'-O-ALE groups under mild hydrazinolysis conditions (0.5-4 h, r.t.). This last treatment also removed the levulinyl (Lv) group on adenine (N(6)) and cytosine (N(4)) and the dimethylformamidine (dmf) group on guanine (N(2)). The chemistry and methods described here pave the way to the fabrication of microarrays of immobilized RNA probes for analyzing molecular interactions of biological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Lackey
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
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Lalo H, Vieu C. Nanoscale patterns of dendrimers obtained by soft lithography using elastomeric stamps spontaneously structured by plasma treatment. Langmuir 2009; 25:7752-7758. [PMID: 19499930 DOI: 10.1021/la804121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps submitted to an adequate plasma treatment spontaneously develop an ordered surface roughness. In this work, we show that thin layers made of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers can be patterned at the nanoscale using these buckled PDMS stamps. The structures accurately reproduce the self-assembled waves observed on the stamp surface after plasma treatment. We discuss the involved transfer of molecules from the stamp to the surface, which relies on molding rather than on printing. Self-assembled networks of lines made of dendrimers with submicrometric pitch can therefore be produced using this process at very low cost without any advanced lithography method for generating hard molds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lalo
- LAAS-CNRS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche, Toulouse 31077, France.
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Cheedarala RK, Sunkara V, Park JW. Facile Synthesis of Second-Generation Dendrons with an Orthogonal Functional Group at the Focal Point. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910802627076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang Y, Goh SH, Bi X, Yang K. Replication of DNA submicron patterns by combining nanoimprint lithography and contact printing. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 333:188-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Dip pen nanolithography (DPN) involves the direct transfer of an ink from a coated atomic force microscope (AFM) tip to a substrate of interest and uses as many as 55,000 pens to form arbitrary patterns of alkanethiols, oligonucleotides, proteins, and viruses. Two limitations of DPN are the difficulty in transporting high molecular weight inks and the need to optimize individually the transport rates and tip inking methods of each molecule. As an alternative strategy that circumvents these two challenges, a method termed redox activating DPN (RA-DPN) is reported. In this strategy, an electrochemically active, quinone functionalized surface is toggled from the reduced hydroquinone form to the oxidized benzoquinone form by the delivery of an oxidant by DPN. While the benzoquinone form is susceptible to nucleophilic attack in Michael-type additions, hydroquinone is not and acts as a passivating agent. Because both forms of the quinone are kinetically stable, the patterned surface can be immersed in a solution of a target containing any strong nucleophile, which will react only where the benzoquinone form persists on the surface. For proof-of-concept demonstrations, quinone surfaces were patterned by the delivery of the oxidant cerric ammonium nitrate and were immersed in solutions of AF549 labeled cholera toxin beta subunit or oligonucleotides modified at the 5' end with an amine and the 3' end with a fluorophore. Fluorescent patterns of both the proteins and oligonucleotides were observed by epifluorescence microscopy. Additionally, RA-DPN maintains the advantageous ability of DPN to control feature size by varying the dwell time of the tip on the surface, and variation of this parameter has resulted in feature sizes as small as 165 nm. With this resolution, patterns of 50,000 spots could be made in a 100 x 100 microm(2) grid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Braunschweig
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Lai SL, Huang S, Bi X, Yang KL. Optical imaging of surface-immobilized oligonucleotide probes on DNA microarrays using liquid crystals. Langmuir 2009; 25:311-6. [PMID: 19067505 DOI: 10.1021/la802672b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a new label-free method for the imaging of immobilized oligonucleotide probes on DNA microarrays. The imaging principle is based on the disruption of orientations of nematic liquid crystals (LCs), 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB), by the immobilized oligonucleotides on a surface. Because LCs are birefringent materials, disruption of their orientations by the immobilized oligonucleotides can manifest as optical signals visible to the naked eye. LC cells with two homeotropic boundary conditions, which align 5CB perpendicularly to both surfaces, were developed to deliver a distinct contrast between a dark background and a bright image caused by the immobilized oligonucleotides. This design also allows the quantification of immobilized oligonucleotide concentrations through the interference colors of LCs. The LC-based imaging method has a good signal-to-noise ratio and a clear distinction between positive and negative results and is nondestructive to the immobilized oligonucleotides. These advantages make it a promising means of assessing the quality of DNA microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siok Lian Lai
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
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Lee Y, Kim J, Kim S, Jang WD, Park S, Koh WG. Protein-conjugated, glucose-sensitive surface using fluorescent dendrimer porphyrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b906587n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Inflammation is a defense reaction of an organism against harmful stimuli such as tissue injury or infectious agents. The relationship between the infecting microorganism and the immune, inflammatory, and coagulation responses of the host is intricately intertwined. Due to its complex nature, the molecular mechanisms of inflammation are not yet understood in detail and additional diagnostic tools are required to clarify further aspects. In recent years, protein microarray-based research has moved from being technology-based to application-oriented. Protein microarrays are perfect tools for studying inflammatory diseases. High-density protein arrays enable new classes of autoantibodies, which cause autoimmune diseases, to be discovered. Protein arrays consisting of miniaturized multiplexed sandwich immunoassays allow the simultaneous expression analysis of dozens of signaling molecules such as the cytokines and chemokines involved in the regulation of the immune system. The data enable statements to be made on the status of the disease and its progression as well as support for the clinicians in choosing patient-specific treatment. This chapter reviews the technology and the applications of protein microarrays in diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yu
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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