1
|
Kumar Jha R, Rohilla K, Jain S, Parganiha D, Kumar S. Blue-Light Irradiated Mn(0)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation and C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization of Unactivated Alkanes with C(sp 2 )-H Bonds of Quinones for Alkylated Hydroxy Quinones and Parvaquone. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303537. [PMID: 37991931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective C(sp3 )-H functionalization of unreactive hydrocarbons is always challenging due to its inherited chemical inertness, slightly different reactivity of various C-H bonds, and intrinsically high bond dissociation energies. Here, a site-selective C-H alkylation of naphthoquinone with unactivated hydrocarbons using Mn2 (CO)10 as a catalyst under blue-light (457 nm) irradiation without any external acid or base and pre-functionalization is presented. The selective C-H functionalization of tertiary over secondary and secondary over primary C(sp3 )-H bonds in abundant chemical feedstocks was achieved, and hydroxylation of quinones was realized in situ by employing the developed methodology. This protocol provides a new catalytic system for the direct construction of high-value-added compounds, namely, parvaquone (a commercially available drug used to treat theileriosis) and its derivatives under ambient reaction conditions. Moreover, this operationally simple protocol applies to various linear-, branched-, and cyclo-alkanes with high degrees of site selectivity under blue-light irradiated conditions and could provide rapid and straightforward access to versatile methodologies for upgrading feedstock chemicals. Mechanistic insight by radical trapping, radical scavenging, EPR, and other controlled experiments well corroborated with DFT studies suggest that the reaction proceeds by a radical pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raushan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Komal Rohilla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Saket Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Devendra Parganiha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Samudrala KK, Conley MP. Effects of surface acidity on the structure of organometallics supported on oxide surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4115-4127. [PMID: 36912586 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined organometallics supported on high surface area oxides are promising heterogeneous catalysts. An important design factor in these materials is how the metal interacts with the functionalities on an oxide support, commonly anionic X-type ligands derived from the reaction of an organometallic M-R with an -OH site on the oxide. The metal can either form a covalent M-O bond or form an electrostatic M+⋯-O ion-pair, which impacts how well-defined organometallics will interact with substrates in catalytic reactions. A less common reaction pathway involves the reaction of a Lewis site on the oxide with the organometallic, resulting in abstraction to form an ion-pair, which is relevant to industrial olefin polymerization catalysts. This Feature Article views the spectrum of reactivity between an organometallic and an oxide through the prism of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidity of surface sites and draws analogies to the molecular frame where Lewis and Brønsted acids are known to form reactive ion-pairs. Applications of the well-defined sites developed in this article are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Watson JD, Field LD, Ball GE. [Fp(CH 4)] +, [η 5-CpRu(CO) 2(CH 4)] +, and [η 5-CpOs(CO) 2(CH 4)] +: A Complete Set of Group 8 Metal-Methane Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17622-17629. [PMID: 36121779 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the NMR spectroscopic analysis of the group 8 transition metal methane σ-complexes [η5-CpM(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4] (M = Fe, Ru) at -90 °C in the weakly coordinating solvent 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane. The iron(II)-methane complex has a 1H resonance at δ -4.27, a 13C resonance at δ -53.0, and 1JC-H = 126 Hz for the bound methane fragment. The ruthenium(II)-methane complex has a 1H resonance at δ -2.10, a 13C resonance at δ -48.8, and a 1JC-H = 126 Hz for the bound methane fragment. DFT and ab initio calculations support these experimental observations and provide further detail on the structures of the [η5-CpM(CO)2(CH4)]+ (M = Fe, Ru) complexes of the Group 8 metals. Both the iron centered methane complex, [η5-CpFe(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4], and the ruthenium centered methane complex, [η5-CpRu(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4], are significantly less stable than the previously reported osmium-methane complex [η5-CpOs(CO)2(CH4)][Al(OC(CF3)3)4].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Watson
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leslie D Field
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graham E Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Royle CG, Sotorrios L, Gyton MR, Brodie CN, Burnage AL, Furfari SK, Marini A, Warren MR, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Addition of H 2 to [Ir( iPr-PONOP)(propene)][BAr F4] and Comparison Between Solid-State and Solution Reactivity. Organometallics 2022; 41:3270-3280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G. Royle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Lia Sotorrios
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Matthew R. Gyton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Claire N. Brodie
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Arron L. Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | | | - Anna Marini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Turner JJ, George MW, Poliakoff M, Perutz RN. Photochemistry of transition metal carbonyls. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5300-5329. [PMID: 35708003 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00826a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this Tutorial Review is to outline the fundamental photochemistry of metal carbonyls, and to show how the advances in technology have increased our understanding of the detailed mechanisms, particularly how relatively simple experiments can provide deep understanding of complex problems. We recall some important early experiments that demonstrate the key principles underlying current research, concentrating on the binary carbonyls and selected substituted metal carbonyls. At each stage, we illustrate with examples from recent applications. This review first considers the detection of photochemical intermediates in three environments: glasses and matrices; gas phase; solution. It is followed by an examination of the theory underpinning these observations. In the final two sections, we briefly address applications to the characterization and behaviour of complexes with very labile ligands such as N2, H2 and alkanes, concentrating on key mechanistic points, and also describe some principles and examples of photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Turner
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | | | - Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perutz RN, Sabo‐Etienne S, Weller AS. Metathesis by Partner Interchange in σ‐Bond Ligands: Expanding Applications of the σ‐CAM Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylviane Sabo‐Etienne
- CNRS LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adams RW, John RO, Blazina D, Eguillor B, Cockett MCR, Dunne JP, López‐Serrano J, Duckett SB. Contrasting Photochemical and Thermal Catalysis by Ruthenium Arsine Complexes Revealed by Parahydrogen Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph W. Adams
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
- Current address: School of Chemistry University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Richard O. John
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
- Current address: Department of Physics University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Damir Blazina
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Beatriz Eguillor
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
- Current address: Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Zaragoza – CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | | | - John P. Dunne
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Joaquín López‐Serrano
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
- Current address: Departmento de Química Inorgánica Universidad de Sevilla 41012 Sevilla, Andalucía Spain
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The continuum of carbon-hydrogen (C-H) activation mechanisms and terminology. Commun Chem 2021; 4:173. [PMID: 36697593 PMCID: PMC9814233 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a rapidly growing field across all areas of chemistry, C-H activation/functionalisation is being used to access a wide range of important molecular targets. Of particular interest is the development of a sustainable methodology for alkane functionalisation as a means for reducing hydrocarbon emissions. This Perspective aims to give an outline to the community with respect to commonly used terminology in C-H activation, as well as the mechanisms that are currently understood to operate for (cyclo)alkane activation/functionalisation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Perutz RN, Sabo-Etienne S, Weller AS. Metathesis by Partner Interchange in σ-Bond Ligands: Expanding Applications of the σ-CAM Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111462. [PMID: 34694734 PMCID: PMC9299125 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2007 two of us defined the σ‐Complex Assisted Metathesis mechanism (Perutz and Sabo‐Etienne, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 2578–2592), that is, the σ‐CAM concept. This new approach to reaction mechanisms brought together metathesis reactions involving the formation of a variety of metal–element bonds through partner‐interchange of σ‐bond complexes. The key concept that defines a σ‐CAM process is a single transition state for metathesis that is connected by two intermediates that are σ‐bond complexes while the oxidation state of the metal remains constant in precursor, intermediates and product. This mechanism is appropriate in situations where σ‐bond complexes have been isolated or computed as well‐defined minima. Unlike several other mechanisms, it does not define the nature of the transition state. In this review, we highlight advances in the characterization and dynamic rearrangements of σ‐bond complexes, most notably alkane and zincane complexes, but also different geometries of silane and borane complexes. We set out a selection of catalytic and stoichiometric examples of the σ‐CAM mechanism that are supported by strong experimental and/or computational evidence. We then draw on these examples to demonstrate that the scope of the σ‐CAM mechanism has expanded to classes of reaction not envisaged in 2007 (additional σ‐bond ligands, agostic complexes, sp2‐carbon, surfaces). Finally, we provide a critical comparison to alternative mechanisms for metathesis of metal–element bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sylviane Sabo-Etienne
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bukvic A, Burnage AL, Tizzard GJ, Martínez-Martínez AJ, McKay AI, Rees NH, Tegner BE, Krämer T, Fish H, Warren MR, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Series of Crystallographically Characterized Linear and Branched σ-Alkane Complexes of Rhodium: From Propane to 3-Methylpentane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5106-5120. [PMID: 33769815 PMCID: PMC8154534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using solid-state molecular organometallic (SMOM) techniques, in particular solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity, a series of σ-alkane complexes of the general formula [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ηn:ηm-alkane)][BArF4] have been prepared (alkane = propane, 2-methylbutane, hexane, 3-methylpentane; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3). These new complexes have been characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and DFT computational techniques and present a variety of Rh(I)···H-C binding motifs at the metal coordination site: 1,2-η2:η2 (2-methylbutane), 1,3-η2:η2 (propane), 2,4-η2:η2 (hexane), and 1,4-η1:η2 (3-methylpentane). For the linear alkanes propane and hexane, some additional Rh(I)···H-C interactions with the geminal C-H bonds are also evident. The stability of these complexes with respect to alkane loss in the solid state varies with the identity of the alkane: from propane that decomposes rapidly at 295 K to 2-methylbutane that is stable and instead undergoes an acceptorless dehydrogenation to form a bound alkene complex. In each case the alkane sits in a binding pocket defined by the {Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)}+ fragment and the surrounding array of [BArF4]- anions. For the propane complex, a small alkane binding energy, driven in part by a lack of stabilizing short contacts with the surrounding anions, correlates with the fleeting stability of this species. 2-Methylbutane forms more short contacts within the binding pocket, and as a result the complex is considerably more stable. However, the complex of the larger 3-methylpentane ligand shows lower stability. Empirically, there therefore appears to be an optimal fit between the size and shape of the alkane and overall stability. Such observations are related to guest/host interactions in solution supramolecular chemistry and the holistic role of 1°, 2°, and 3° environments in metalloenzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Bukvic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Arron L. Burnage
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK
National Crystallography Service, University
of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | | | - Alasdair I. McKay
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Heather Fish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Warren
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK
National Crystallography Service, University
of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Boyd TM, Tegner BE, Tizzard GJ, Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Neale SE, Hayward MA, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Structurally Characterized Cobalt(I) σ-Alkane Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6177-6181. [PMID: 31943626 PMCID: PMC7187152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt σ-alkane complex, [Co(Cy2 P(CH2 )4 PCy2 )(norbornane)][BArF 4 ], was synthesized by a single-crystal to single-crystal solid/gas hydrogenation from a norbornadiene precursor, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Magnetic data show this complex to be a triplet. Periodic DFT and electronic structure analyses revealed weak C-H→Co σ-interactions, augmented by dispersive stabilization between the alkane ligand and the anion microenvironment. The calculations are most consistent with a η1 :η1 -alkane binding mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Boyd
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Michael A. Hayward
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dai Y, Poidevin C, Ochoa‐Hernández C, Auer AA, Tüysüz H. A Supported Bismuth Halide Perovskite Photocatalyst for Selective Aliphatic and Aromatic C-H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5788-5796. [PMID: 31850662 PMCID: PMC7154683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Direct selective oxidation of hydrocarbons to oxygenates by O2 is challenging. Catalysts are limited by the low activity and narrow application scope, and the main focus is on active C-H bonds at benzylic positions. In this work, stable, lead-free, Cs3 Bi2 Br9 halide perovskites are integrated within the pore channels of mesoporous SBA-15 silica and demonstrate their photocatalytic potentials for C-H bond activation. The composite photocatalysts can effectively oxidize hydrocarbons (C5 to C16 including aromatic and aliphatic alkanes) with a conversion rate up to 32900 μmol gcat -1 h-1 and excellent selectivity (>99 %) towards aldehydes and ketones under visible-light irradiation. Isotopic labeling, in situ spectroscopic studies, and DFT calculations reveal that well-dispersed small perovskite nanoparticles (2-5 nm) possess enhanced electron-hole separation and a close contact with hydrocarbons that facilitates C(sp3 )-H bond activation by photoinduced charges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Dai
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Corentin Poidevin
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | | | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boyd TM, Tegner BE, Tizzard GJ, Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Neale SE, Hayward MA, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Structurally Characterized Cobalt(I) σ‐Alkane Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Boyd
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Michael A. Hayward
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York York YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dai Y, Poidevin C, Ochoa‐Hernández C, Auer AA, Tüysüz H. A Supported Bismuth Halide Perovskite Photocatalyst for Selective Aliphatic and Aromatic C–H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Dai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Corentin Poidevin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Cristina Ochoa‐Hernández
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McKay AI, Bukvic AJ, Tegner BE, Burnage AL, Martı Nez-Martı Nez AJ, Rees NH, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Room Temperature Acceptorless Alkane Dehydrogenation from Molecular σ-Alkane Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11700-11712. [PMID: 31246012 PMCID: PMC7007236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The non-oxidative catalytic dehydrogenation of light alkanes via C-H activation is a highly endothermic process that generally requires high temperatures and/or a sacrificial hydrogen acceptor to overcome unfavorable thermodynamics. This is complicated by alkanes being such poor ligands, meaning that binding at metal centers prior to C-H activation is disfavored. We demonstrate that by biasing the pre-equilibrium of alkane binding, by using solid-state molecular organometallic chemistry (SMOM-chem), well-defined isobutane and cyclohexane σ-complexes, [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(η:η-(H3C)CH(CH3)2][BArF4] and [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(η:η-C6H12)][BArF4] can be prepared by simple hydrogenation in a solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal transformation of precursor alkene complexes. Solid-gas H/D exchange with D2 occurs at all C-H bonds in both alkane complexes, pointing to a variety of low energy fluxional processes that occur for the bound alkane ligands in the solid-state. These are probed by variable temperature solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These alkane σ-complexes undergo spontaneous acceptorless dehydrogenation at 298 K to reform the corresponding isobutene and cyclohexadiene complexes, by simple application of vacuum or Ar-flow to remove H2. These processes can be followed temporally, and modeled using classical chemical, or Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kologoromov, kinetics. When per-deuteration is coupled with dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to cyclohexadiene, this allows for two successive KIEs to be determined [kH/kD = 3.6(5) and 10.8(6)], showing that the rate-determining steps involve C-H activation. Periodic DFT calculations predict overall barriers of 20.6 and 24.4 kcal/mol for the two dehydrogenation steps, in good agreement with the values determined experimentally. The calculations also identify significant C-H bond elongation in both rate-limiting transition states and suggest that the large kH/kD for the second dehydrogenation results from a pre-equilibrium involving C-H oxidative cleavage and a subsequent rate-limiting β-H transfer step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair I McKay
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Bukvic
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Bengt E Tegner
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
| | - Arron L Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas H Rees
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bartlett SA, Besley NA, Dent AJ, Diaz-Moreno S, Evans J, Hamilton ML, Hanson-Heine MWD, Horvath R, Manici V, Sun XZ, Towrie M, Wu L, Zhang X, George MW. Monitoring the Formation and Reactivity of Organometallic Alkane and Fluoroalkane Complexes with Silanes and Xe Using Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11471-11480. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A. Bartlett
- DySS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Sofia Diaz-Moreno
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - John Evans
- DySS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Michelle L. Hamilton
- DySS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - Raphael Horvath
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Valentina Manici
- DySS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- DySS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Lingjun Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael W. George
- DySS, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aucott BJ, Duhme-Klair AK, Moulton BE, Clark IP, Sazanovich IV, Towrie M, Hammarback LA, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Manganese Carbonyl Compounds Reveal Ultrafast Metal–Solvent Interactions. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Aucott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | | | - Benjamin E. Moulton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | | | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Carlsen R, Jenkins JR, Huang TCJ, Pugh SL, Ess DH. Paddle Ball Dynamics during Conversion of a Rh–Methyl Hydride Complex to a Rh–Methane σ-Complex through Reductive Coupling. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Carlsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jordan R. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tsung-Chiang Johnny Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Samuel L. Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu X, Liu Z, Murphy TS, Sun XZ, Hanson-Heine MWD, Towrie M, Harvey JN, George MW. The effect of coordination of alkanes, Xe and CO 2 (η 1-OCO) on changes in spin state and reactivity in organometallic chemistry: a combined experimental and theoretical study of the photochemistry of CpMn(CO) 3. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:86-104. [PMID: 31608916 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00067d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical study is presented of several ligand addition reactions of the triplet fragment 3CpMn(CO)2 formed upon photolysis of CpMn(CO)3. Experimental data are provided for reactions in n-heptane and perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PFMCH), as well as in PFMCH doped with C2H6, Xe and CO2. In PFMCH we find that the conversion of 3CpMn(CO)2 to 1CpMn(CO)2(PFMCH) is much slower (τ = 18 (±3) ns) than the corresponding reactions in conventional alkanes (τ = 111 (±10) ps). We measure the effect of the coordination ability by doping PFMCH with alkane, Xe and CO2; these doped ligands form the corresponding singlet adducts with significantly variable formation rates. The reactivity as measured by the addition timescale follows the order 1CpMn(CO)2(C5H10) (τ = 270 (±10) ps) > 1CpMn(CO)2Xe (τ = 3.9 (±0.4) ns) ∼ 1CpMn(CO)2(CO2) (τ = 4.7 (±0.5) ns) > 1CpMn(CO)2(C7F14) (τ = 18 (±3) ns). Electronic structure theory calculations of the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces and of their intersections, together with non-adiabatic statistical rate theory, reproduce the observed rates semi-quantitatively. It is shown that triplet adducts of the ligand and 3CpMn(CO)2 play a role in the kinetics, and account for the variable timescales observed experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aucott BJ, Eastwood JB, Anders Hammarback L, Clark IP, Sazanovich IV, Towrie M, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Insight into the mechanism of CO-release from trypto-CORM using ultra-fast spectroscopy and computational chemistry. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16426-16436. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of trypto-CORM results in ultra-fast CO-dissociation and formation of a 16-e triplet followed by solvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | | | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martínez-Martínez AJ, Tegner BE, McKay AI, Bukvic AJ, Rees NH, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Warren MR, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Modulation of σ-Alkane Interactions in [Rh(L 2)(alkane)] + Solid-State Molecular Organometallic (SMOM) Systems by Variation of the Chelating Phosphine and Alkane: Access to η 2,η 2-σ-Alkane Rh(I), η 1-σ-Alkane Rh(III) Complexes, and Alkane Encapsulation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14958-14970. [PMID: 30351014 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal (SC-SC) hydrogenation of appropriate diene precursors forms the corresponding σ-alkane complexes [Rh(Cy2P(CH2) nPCy2)(L)][BArF4] ( n = 3, 4) and [ RhH(Cy2P(CH2)2( CH)(CH2)2PCy2)(L)][BArF4] ( n = 5, L = norbornane, NBA; cyclooctane, COA). Their structures, as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, have cations exhibiting Rh···H-C σ-interactions which are modulated by both the chelating ligand and the identity of the alkane, while all sit in an octahedral anion microenvironment. These range from chelating η2,η2 Rh···H-C (e.g., [Rh(Cy2P(CH2) nPCy2)(η2η2-NBA)][BArF4], n = 3 and 4), through to more weakly bound η1 Rh···H-C in which C-H activation of the chelate backbone has also occurred (e.g., [ RhH(Cy2P(CH2)2( CH)(CH2)2PCy2)(η1-COA)][BArF4]) and ultimately to systems where the alkane is not ligated with the metal center, but sits encapsulated in the supporting anion microenvironment, [Rh(Cy2P(CH2)3PCy2)][COA⊂BArF4], in which the metal center instead forms two intramolecular agostic η1 Rh···H-C interactions with the phosphine cyclohexyl groups. CH2Cl2 adducts formed by displacement of the η1-alkanes in solution ( n = 5; L = NBA, COA), [ RhH(Cy2P(CH2)2( CH)(CH2)2PCy2)(κ1-ClCH2Cl)][BArF4], are characterized crystallographically. Analyses via periodic DFT, QTAIM, NBO, and NCI calculations, alongside variable temperature solid-state NMR spectroscopy, provide snapshots marking the onset of Rh···alkane interactions along a C-H activation trajectory. These are negligible in [Rh(Cy2P(CH2)3PCy2)][COA⊂BArF4]; in [ RhH(Cy2P(CH2)2( CH)(CH2)2PCy2)(η1-COA)][BArF4], σC-H → Rh σ-donation is supported by Rh → σ*C-H "pregostic" donation, and in [Rh(Cy2P(CH2) nPCy2)(η2η2-NBA)][BArF4] ( n = 2-4), σ-donation dominates, supported by classical Rh(dπ) → σ*C-H π-back-donation. Dispersive interactions with the [BArF4]- anions and Cy substituents further stabilize the alkanes within the binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bengt E Tegner
- Institute of Chemical Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- Chemistry Research Laboratories , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Bukvic
- Chemistry Research Laboratories , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Chemistry Research Laboratories , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Warren
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light Source Ltd. , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Chemistry Research Laboratories , University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Procacci B, Duckett SB, George MW, Hanson-Heine MWD, Horvath R, Perutz RN, Sun XZ, Vuong KQ, Welch JA. Competing Pathways in the Photochemistry of Ru(H) 2(CO)(PPh 3) 3. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Procacci
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, York Science Park, University of York, York YO10 5NY, U.K
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, York Science Park, University of York, York YO10 5NY, U.K
| | - Michael W. George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Raphael Horvath
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Khuong Q. Vuong
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Janet A. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ramaraj A, Reddy KHK, Keil H, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Jemmis ED, Jagirdar BR. Approaches to Sigma Complexes via Displacement of Agostic Interactions: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ramaraj
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - K. Hari Krishna Reddy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Helena Keil
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut
für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eluvathingal D. Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Balaji R. Jagirdar
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reade TJ, Murphy TS, Calladine JA, Horvath R, Clark IP, Greetham GM, Towrie M, Lewis W, George MW, Champness NR. Photochemistry of framework-supported M(diimine)(CO)3X complexes in three-dimensional lithium carboxylate metal-organic frameworks: monitoring the effect of framework cations. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0033. [PMID: 27895261 PMCID: PMC5179936 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The structures and photochemical behaviour of two new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are reported. Reaction of Re(2,2'-bipy-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid)(CO)3Cl or Mn(2,2'-bipy-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid)(CO)3Br with LiCl or LiBr, respectively, produces single crystals of {Li2(DMF)2 [(2,2'-bipy-5,5'-dicarboxylate)Re(CO)3Cl]}n ( RELI: ) or {Li2(DMF)2[(2,2'-bipy-5,5'-dicarboxylate)Mn(CO)3Br]}n ( MNLI: ). The structures formed by the two MOFs comprise one-dimensional chains of carboxylate-bridged Li(I) cations that are cross-linked by units of Re(2,2'-bipy-5,5'-dicarboxylate)(CO)3Cl ( RELI: ) or Mn(2,2'-bipy-5,5'- dicarboxylate)(CO)3Br ( MNLI: ). The photophysical and photochemical behaviour of both RELI: and MNLI: are probed. The rhenium-containing MOF, RELI: , exhibits luminescence and the excited state behaviour, as established by time-resolved infrared measurements, is closer in behaviour to that of unsubstituted [Re(bipy)(CO)3Cl] rather than a related MOF where the Li(I) cations are replaced by Mn(II) cations. These observations are further supported by density functional theory calculations. Upon excitation MNLI: forms a dicarbonyl species which rapidly recombines with the dissociated CO, in a fashion consistent with the majority of the photoejected CO not escaping the MOF channels.This article is part of the themed issue 'Coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks: materials by design'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Reade
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Thomas S Murphy
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James A Calladine
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Raphael Horvath
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian P Clark
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Central Laser Facility, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Central Laser Facility, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab, Central Laser Facility, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - William Lewis
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cluff KJ, Blümel J. Adsorption of Metallocenes on Silica. Chemistry 2016; 22:16562-16575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Cluff
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012 College Station TX 77842-3012 USA
| | - Janet Blümel
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University P.O. Box 30012 College Station TX 77842-3012 USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abe M, Tada S, Mizuno T, Yamasaki K. Impact of Diradical Spin State (Singlet vs Triplet) and Structure (Puckered vs Planar) on the Photodenitrogenation Stereoselectivity of 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7217-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Abe
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University (HIRODAI), 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Saori Tada
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University (HIRODAI), 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takemi Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University (HIRODAI), 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Yamasaki
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University (HIRODAI), 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chadwick FM, Rees NH, Weller AS, Krämer T, Iannuzzi M, Macgregor SA. A Rhodium-Pentane Sigma-Alkane Complex: Characterization in the Solid State by Experimental and Computational Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3677-81. [PMID: 26880330 PMCID: PMC4797708 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pentane σ-complex [Rh{Cy2 P(CH2 CH2 )PCy2 }(η(2) :η(2) -C5 H12 )][BAr(F) 4 ] is synthesized by a solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal transformation by addition of H2 to a precursor 1,3-pentadiene complex. Characterization by low temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction (150 K) and SSNMR spectroscopy (158 K) reveals coordination through two Rh⋅⋅⋅H-C interactions in the 2,4-positions of the linear alkane. Periodic DFT calculations and molecular dynamics on the structure in the solid state provide insight into the experimentally observed Rh⋅⋅⋅H-C interaction, the extended environment in the crystal lattice and a temperature-dependent pentane rearrangement implicated by the SSNMR data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Mark Chadwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Physical-Chemistry Institute, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chadwick FM, Rees NH, Weller AS, Krämer T, Iannuzzi M, Macgregor SA. A Rhodium-Pentane Sigma-Alkane Complex: Characterization in the Solid State by Experimental and Computational Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Mark Chadwick
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Physical-Chemistry Institute; University of Zürich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The Covalent Bond Classification Method and Its Application to Compounds That Feature 3-Center 2-Electron Bonds. THE CHEMICAL BOND III 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2015_206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
Yau HM, McKay AI, Hesse H, Xu R, He M, Holt CE, Ball GE. Observation of Cationic Transition Metal–Alkane Complexes with Moderate Stability in Hydrofluorocarbon Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 138:281-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hon Man Yau
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alasdair I. McKay
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Henrique Hesse
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ran Xu
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mushi He
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Camille E. Holt
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Graham E. Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Procacci B, Jiao Y, Evans ME, Jones WD, Perutz RN, Whitwood AC. Activation of B–H, Si–H, and C–F Bonds with Tp′Rh(PMe3) Complexes: Kinetics, Mechanism, and Selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1258-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5113172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunzhe Jiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Meagan E. Evans
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William D. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pike SD, Chadwick FM, Rees NH, Scott MP, Weller AS, Krämer T, Macgregor SA. Solid-state synthesis and characterization of σ-alkane complexes, [Rh(L2)(η(2),η(2)-C7H12)][BAr(F)4] (L2 = bidentate chelating phosphine). J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:820-33. [PMID: 25506741 DOI: 10.1021/ja510437p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of solid/gas and single-crystal to single-crystal synthetic routes is reported for the synthesis and characterization of a number of σ-alkane complexes: [Rh(R2P(CH2)nPR2)(η(2),η(2)-C7H12)][BAr(F)4]; R = Cy, n = 2; R = (i)Pr, n = 2,3; Ar = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2. These norbornane adducts are formed by simple hydrogenation of the corresponding norbornadiene precursor in the solid state. For R = Cy (n = 2), the resulting complex is remarkably stable (months at 298 K), allowing for full characterization using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The solid-state structure shows no disorder, and the structural metrics can be accurately determined, while the (1)H chemical shifts of the Rh···H-C motif can be determined using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations show that the bonding between the metal fragment and the alkane can be best characterized as a three-center, two-electron interaction, of which σCH → Rh donation is the major component. The other alkane complexes exhibit solid-state (31)P NMR data consistent with their formation, but they are now much less persistent at 298 K and ultimately give the corresponding zwitterions in which [BAr(F)4](-) coordinates and NBA is lost. The solid-state structures, as determined by X-ray crystallography, for all these [BAr(F)4](-) adducts are reported. DFT calculations suggest that the molecular zwitterions within these structures are all significantly more stable than their corresponding σ-alkane cations, suggesting that the solid-state motif has a strong influence on their observed relative stabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D Pike
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Torres O, Calladine JA, Duckett SB, George MW, Perutz RN. Detection of σ-alkane complexes of manganese by NMR and IR spectroscopy in solution: (η 5-C 5H 5)Mn(CO) 2(ethane) and (η 5-C 5H 5)Mn(CO) 2(isopentane). Chem Sci 2015; 6:418-424. [PMID: 28936300 PMCID: PMC5587984 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02869d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation of CpMn(CO)3 in liquid ethane at 135 K at 355 nm yields a photoproduct that exhibits ν(CO) bands in the IR spectrum shifted to low wavenumber with respect to CpMn(CO)3 that are indicative of a Mn(i) dicarbonyl. Parallel experiments employing in situ irradiation within an NMR probe (133 K, 355 nm photolysis) reveal the 1H NMR signals of this product and confirm its formulation as the σ-ethane complex CpMn(CO)2(η2-C1-H-ethane). The resonance of its coordinated C-H group is observed at δ -5.84 and decays with lifetime of ca. 360 s. Analogous photolysis experiments in isopentane solution with IR detection produce CpMn(CO)2(η2-C-H-isopentane) with similar IR bands to those of CpMn(CO)2(η2-C-H-ethane). 1H NMR spectra of the same species were obtained by irradiation of CpMn(CO)3 in a 60 : 40 mixture of propane and isopentane; three isomers of CpMn(CO)2(η2-C-H-isopentane) were detected with coordination of manganese at the two inequivalent methyl positions and at the methylene group, respectively. The lifetimes of these isomers are ca. 380 ± 20 s at 135 K and do not vary significantly from each other. These σ-complexes of manganese are far more reactive than those of related CpRe(CO)2(alkane) complexes which are stable in solution at 170-180 K. The room temperature lifetimes of CpMn(CO)2(η2-C-H-ethane) and CpMn(CO)2(η2-C-H-isopentane), as determined by TRIR spectroscopy, are 2.0 ± 0.1 and 28 ± 1 μs, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Torres
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | - James A Calladine
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , UK . ;
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , UK . ;
| | - Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , York YO10 5DD , UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zins EL, Silvi B, Alikhani ME. Activation of C–H and B–H bonds through agostic bonding: an ELF/QTAIM insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9258-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05728g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
X–H agostic bonding: a topological insight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie-Laure Zins
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06
- MONARIS
- UMR 8233
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie
| | - Bernard Silvi
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT)
- UMR 7616
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie
| | - M. Esmaïl Alikhani
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ. Paris 06
- MONARIS
- UMR 8233
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Day DP, Dann T, Blagg RJ, Wildgoose GG. Synthesis and characterization of redox active cyrhetrene–triazole click products. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
37
|
|
38
|
Naidu K, Jagirdar BR. Approaches toward (η2-HX) (X = H, SiR (R=Me3 or Me2Ph), CH3) sigma-complexes of ruthenium. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
39
|
Torres O, Procacci B, Halse ME, Adams RW, Blazina D, Duckett SB, Eguillor B, Green RA, Perutz RN, Williamson DC. Photochemical Pump and NMR Probe: Chemically Created NMR Coherence on a Microsecond Time Scale. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10124-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504732u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Torres
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Barbara Procacci
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Meghan E. Halse
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Ralph W. Adams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Damir Blazina
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Beatriz Eguillor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Richard A. Green
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | - Robin N. Perutz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pitts AL, Wriglesworth A, Sun XZ, Calladine JA, Zarić SD, George MW, Hall MB. Carbon–Hydrogen Activation of Cycloalkanes by Cyclopentadienylcarbonylrhodium—A Lifetime Enigma. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8614-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5014773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| | | | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - James A. Calladine
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Snežana D. Zarić
- Science Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael B. Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Easun TL, Jia J, Calladine JA, Blackmore DL, Stapleton CS, Vuong KQ, Champness NR, George MW. Photochemistry in a 3D metal-organic framework (MOF): monitoring intermediates and reactivity of the fac-to-mer photoisomerization of Re(diimine)(CO)3Cl incorporated in a MOF. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2606-12. [PMID: 24512024 DOI: 10.1021/ic402955e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism and intermediates in the UV-light-initiated ligand rearrangement of fac-Re(diimine)(CO)3Cl to form the mer isomer, when incorporated into a 3D metal-organic framework (MOF), have been investigated. The structure hosting the rhenium diimine complex is a 3D network with the formula {Mn(DMF)2[LRe(CO)3Cl]}∞ (ReMn; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide), where the diimine ligand L, 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate, acts as a strut of the MOF. The incorporation of ReMn into a KBr disk allows spatial distribution of the mer-isomer photoproduct in the disk to be mapped and spectroscopically characterized by both Fourier transform infrared and Raman microscopy. Photoisomerization has been monitored by IR spectroscopy and proceeds via dissociation of a CO to form more than one dicarbonyl intermediate. The dicarbonyl species are stable in the solid state at 200 K. The photodissociated CO ligand appears to be trapped within the crystal lattice and, upon warming above 200 K, readily recombines with the dicarbonyl intermediates to form both the fac-Re(diimine)(CO)3Cl starting material and the mer-Re(diimine)(CO)3Cl photoproduct. Experiments over a range of temperatures (265-285 K) allow estimates of the activation enthalpy of recombination for each process of ca. 16 (±6) kJ mol(-1) (mer formation) and 23 (±4) kJ mol(-1) (fac formation) within the MOF. We have compared the photochemistry of the ReMn MOF with a related alkane-soluble Re(dnb)(CO)3Cl complex (dnb = 4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bipyridine). Time-resolved IR measurements clearly show that, in an alkane solution, the photoinduced dicarbonyl species again recombines with CO to both re-form the fac-isomer starting material and form the mer-isomer photoproduct. Density functional theory calculations of the possible dicarbonyl species aids the assignment of the experimental data in that the ν(CO) IR bands of the CO loss intermediate are, as expected, shifted to lower energy when the metal is bound to DMF rather than to an alkane and both solution data and calculations suggest that the ν(CO) band positions in the photoproduced dicarbonyl intermediates of ReMn are consistent with DMF binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Easun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Day DP, Dann T, Hughes DL, Oganesyan VS, Steverding D, Wildgoose GG. Cymantrene–Triazole “Click” Products: Structural Characterization and Electrochemical Properties. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om4007642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Day
- Energy & Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Dann
- Energy & Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - David. L. Hughes
- Energy & Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Vasily S. Oganesyan
- Energy & Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dietmar Steverding
- BioMedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical
School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory G. Wildgoose
- Energy & Materials Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Algarra AG, Sewell LJ, Johnson HC, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A combined experimental and computational study of fluxional processes in sigma amine–borane complexes of rhodium and iridium. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:11118-28. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
45
|
Clark JL, Duckett SB. Photochemical studies of (η5-C5H5)Ru(PPh3)2Cl and (η5-C5H5)Ru(PPh3)2Me: formation of Si–H and C–H bond activation products. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:1162-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52069b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
46
|
Calladine JA, Love A, Fields PA, Wilson RGM, George MW. High-pressure-low-temperature cryostat designed for use with fourier transform infrared spectrometers and time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:324-331. [PMID: 24666949 DOI: 10.1366/13-07270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The design for a new high-pressure-low-temperature infrared (IR) cell for performing experiments using conventional Fourier transform infrared or fast laser-based time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, in a range of solvents, is described. The design builds upon a commercially available compressor and cold end (Polycold PCC(®) and CryoTiger(®)), which enables almost vibration-free operation, ideal for use with sensitive instrumentation. The design of our cell and cryostat allows for the study of systems at temperatures from 77 to 310 K and at pressures up to 250 bar. The CaF2 windows pass light from the mid-IR to the ultraviolet (UV), enabling a number of experiments to be performed, such as Raman, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and time-resolved techniques where sample excitation/probing using continuous wave or pulsed lasers is required. We demonstrate the capabilities of this cell by detailing two different applications: (i) the reactivity of a range of Group V-VII organometallic alkane complexes using time-resolved spectroscopy on the millisecond timescale and (ii) the gas-to-liquid phase transition of CO2 at low temperature, which is applicable to measurements associated with transportation issues related to carbon capture and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Calladine
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Ashley Love
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Peter A Fields
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Richard G M Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Etienne M, Weller AS. Intramolecular C–C agostic complexes: C–C sigma interactions by another name. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:242-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60295h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
48
|
Walter MD, White PS, Schauer CK, Brookhart M. Stability and dynamic processes in 16VE iridium(III) ethyl hydride and rhodium(I) σ-ethane complexes: experimental and computational studies. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15933-47. [PMID: 24053635 DOI: 10.1021/ja4079539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iridium(I) and rhodium(I) ethyl complexes, (PONOP)M(C2H5) (M = Ir (1-Et), Rh (2-Et)) and the iridium(I) propyl complex (PONOP)Ir(C3H7) (1-Pr), where PONOP is 2,6-(tBu2PO)2C5H3N, have been prepared. Low-temperature protonation of the Ir complexes yields the alkyl hydrides, (PONOP)Ir(H)(R) (1-(H)(Et)(+) and 1-(H)(Pr)(+)), respectively. Dynamic (1)H NMR characterization of 1-(H)(Et)(+) establishes site exchange between the Ir-H and Ir-CH2 protons (ΔG(exH)(‡)(-110 °C) = 7.2(1) kcal/mol), pointing to a σ-ethane intermediate. By dynamic (13)C NMR spectroscopy, the exchange barrier between the α and β carbons ("chain-walking") was measured (ΔG(exC)(‡)(-110 °C) = 8.1(1) kcal/mol). The barrier for ethane loss is 17.4(1) kcal/mol (-40 °C), to be compared with the reported barrier to methane loss in 1-(H)(Me)(+) of 22.4 kcal/mol (22 °C). A rhodium σ-ethane complex, (PONOP)Rh(EtH) (2-(EtH)(+)), was prepared by protonation of 2-Et at -150 °C. The barrier for ethane loss (ΔG(dec)(‡)(-132 °C) = 10.9(2) kcal/mol) is lower than for the methane complex, 2-(MeH)(+), (ΔG(dec)(‡)(-87 °C) = 14.5(4) kcal/mol). Full spectroscopic characterization of 2-(EtH)(+) is reported, a key feature of which is the upfield signal at -31.2 ppm for the coordinated CH3 group in the (13)C NMR spectrum. The exchange barrier of the hydrogens of the coordinated methyl group is too low to be measured, but the chain-walking barrier of 7.2(1) kcal/mol (-132 °C) is observable by (13)C NMR. The coordination mode of the alkane ligand and the exchange pathways for the Rh and Ir complexes are evaluated by DFT studies. On the basis of the computational studies, it is proposed that chain-walking occurs by different mechanisms: for Rh, the lowest energy path involves a η(2)-ethane transition state, while for Ir, the lowest energy exchange pathway proceeds through the symmetrical ethylene dihydride complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Walter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
van der Eide EF, Yang P, Bullock RM. Isolation of Two Agostic Isomers of an Organometallic Cation: Different Structures and Colors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
50
|
van der Eide EF, Yang P, Bullock RM. Isolation of Two Agostic Isomers of an Organometallic Cation: Different Structures and Colors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10190-4. [PMID: 23897712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin F van der Eide
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99352 (USA)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|