Native freshwater lake microbial community response to an in situ experimental dilbit spill

With the increase in crude oil transport throughout Canada, the potential for spills into freshwater ecosystems has increased and additional research is needed in these sensitive environments. Large enclosures erected in a lake were used as mesocosms for this controlled experimental dilbit (diluted bitumen) spill under ambient environmental conditions. The microbial response to dilbit, the efficacy of standard remediation protocols on different shoreline types commonly found in Canadian freshwater lakes, including a testing of a shoreline washing agent were all evaluated. We found that the native microbial community did not undergo any significant shifts in composition after exposure to dilbit or the ensuing remediation treatments. Regardless of the treatment, sample type (soil, sediment, or water), or type of associated shoreline, the community remained relatively consistent over a 3-month monitoring period. Following this, metagenomic analysis of polycyclic aromatic and alkane hydrocarbon degradation mechanisms also showed that while many key genes identified in PAH and alkane biodegradation were present, their abundance did not change significantly over the course of the experiment. These results showed that the native microbial community present in a pristine freshwater lake has the prerequisite mechanisms for hydrocarbon degradation in place, and combined with standard remediation practices in use in Canada, has the genetic potential and resilience to potentially undertake bioremediation.

Chemical and Transcriptomic Analyses of Leaf Cuticular Wax Metabolism in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus under Osmotic Stress

Plant cuticular wax forms a hydrophobic structure in the cuticle layer covering epidermis as the first barrier between plants and environments. Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, a leguminous desert shrub, exhibits high tolerances to multiple abiotic stress. The physiological, chemical, and transcriptomic analyses of epidermal permeability, cuticular wax metabolism and related gene expression profiles under osmotic stress in A. mongolicus leaves were performed. Physiological analyses revealed decreased leaf epidermal permeability under osmotic stress. Chemical analyses revealed saturated straight-chain alkanes as major components of leaf cuticular wax, and under osmotic stress, the contents of total wax and multiple alkane components significantly increased. Transcriptome analyses revealed the up-regulation of genes involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids and alkanes and wax transportation under osmotic stress. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 17 modules and 6 hub genes related to wax accumulation, including 5 enzyme genes coding KCS, KCR, WAX2, FAR, and LACS, and an ABCG transporter gene. Our findings indicated that the leaf epidermal permeability of A. mongolicus decreased under osmotic stress to inhibit water loss via regulating the expression of wax-related enzyme and transporter genes, further promoting cuticular wax accumulation. This study provided new evidence for understanding the roles of cuticle lipids in abiotic stress tolerance of desert plants.

Biodegradation of used engine oil by lead-resistant bacteria Acinetobacter sp.HAR20 newly isolated from harbour seawater (Oran, Algeria)

This paper focuses on the degrading capacity of various hydrocarbon fractions of used engine oils (UEO) by marine microorganisms, as well as the biosorption of heavy metals. A bacterial strain with a significant capability to grow on UEO as a sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from harbour seawater samples (Oran, Algeria). The molecular identification by sequencing the 16S rDNA gene revealed that the bacterium matched Acinetobacter baumanii with 96.84% homology similarity. Thus, strain HAR20 was named Acinetobacter sp.HAR20. The degradation rate of UEO (at 1%, v/v) obtained after 15 days of incubation was about 53.4 ± 4.2%. The results of GC-MS analysis of the biodegraded residual motor oil indicate that strain Acinetobacter sp.HAR20 degrades alkanes with chain lengths ranging from C4 to C48 completely or to shorter fractions. The bacterium was also able to degrade all aromatic compounds of UEO, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (alkylated and no alkylated naphthalene, alkylated phenanthrene, and fluorene). The strain Acinetobacter sp.HAR20 exhibited different degrees of resistance to the heavy metals tested (Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Pb). The highest tolerance was obtained for Pb (600 mg.l-1). The study of lead biosorption at a concentration of 300 mg.l-1 revealed that the bacterium displayed a removal rate of 57.47 ± 7.5%. The strain Acinetobacter sp.HAR20 has shown an interesting biodegradation potential; therefore, it could be proposed as a choice for the bioremediation of contaminated seawater by used engine oils.

Phytochemistry and Micromorphology of Epicuticular Waxes in Four Juniper Species With Fragmented Distribution in the Balkans

The cuticle is important in the interaction between the plant and its environment, especially in the dry areas. Four species of junipers from the section Sabina wild growing in the Balkans were selected to study leaf wax composition using GC/MS and GC-FID and its surface morphology under SEM to understand the correlation between the distribution and/or habitat of these species and their cuticles. SEM micrographs showed continuous, smooth epicuticular layers with crusts in all species but with a species-specific distribution of different 3D crystalloid types and different cuticle thickness. n-C33 alkane was the most abundant compound, followed by n-C29, n-C31, and n-C35, depending on the species and the site. The average chain length (N) was the lowest in J. phoenicea, but with the greatest dispersion around it. At the same time, the two most continental species (J. foetidissima and J. excelsa) show the N with the lowest dispersion around it. The statistical analyses confirmed the significance of climate on the evolution of the specific epicuticular wax composition in studied junipers.

Investigation of AFeO3 (A=Ba, Sr) Perovskites for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes under Chemical Looping Conditions

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of light alkanes to produce C2 -C3 olefins is a promising alternative to conventional steam cracking. Perovskite oxides are emerging as efficient catalysts for this process due to their unique properties such as high oxygen storage capacity (OSC), reversible redox behavior, and tunability. Here, we explore AFeO3 (A=Ba, Sr) bulk perovskites for the ODH of ethane and propane under chemical looping conditions (CL-ODH). The higher OSC and oxygen mobility of SrFeO3 perovskite contributed to its higher activity but lower olefin selectivity than its Ba counterpart. However, SrFeO3 perovskite is superior in terms of cyclic stability over multiple redox cycles. Transformations of the perovskite to reduced phases including brownmillerite A2 Fe2 O5 were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a cause of performance degradation, which was fully reversible upon air regeneration. A pre-desorption step was utilized to selectively tune the amount of lattice oxygen as a function of temperature and dwell time to enhance olefin selectivity while suppressing CO2 formation from the deep oxidation of propane. Overall, SrFeO3 exhibits promising potential for the CL-ODH of light alkanes, and optimization through surface and structural modifications may further engineer well-regulated lattice oxygen for maximizing olefin yield.

Genome-Centric Metatranscriptomics Reveals Multiple Co-occurring Routes for Hydrocarbon Degradation in Chronically Contaminated Marine Microbial Mats

Long-term hydrocarbon pollution is a devious threat to aquatic and marine ecosystems. However, microbial responses to chronic pollution remain poorly understood. Combining genome-centric metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses of microbial mat samples that experienced chronic hydrocarbon pollution for more than 80 years, we analyzed the transcriptomic activity of alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon degradation pathways at the population level. Consistent with the fluctuating and stratified redox conditions of the habitat, both aerobic and anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation pathways were expressed by taxonomically and metabolically contrasted lineages including members of Bacteroidiales, Desulfobacteraceae, Pseudomonadales; Alcanivoraceae and Halieaceae populations with (photo)-heterotrophic, sulfur- and organohalide-based metabolisms, providing evidence for the co-occurrence and activity of aerobic and anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation pathways in shallow marine microbial mats. In addition, our results suggest that aerobic alkane degradation in long-term pollution involved bacterial families that are naturally widely distributed in marine habitats, but hydrocarbon concentration and composition were found to be a strong structuring factor of their intrafamily diversity and transcriptomic activities.

Anaerobic hexadecane degradation by a thermophilic Hadarchaeon from Guaymas Basin

Hadarchaeota inhabit subsurface and hydrothermally heated environments, but previous to this study, they had not been cultured. Based on metagenome-assembled genomes, most Hadarchaeota are heterotrophs that grow on sugars and amino acids, or oxidize carbon monoxide or reduce nitrite to ammonium. A few other metagenome-assembled genomes encode alkyl-coenzyme M reductases (Acrs), β-oxidation, and Wood-Ljungdahl pathways, pointing toward multicarbon alkane metabolism. To identify the organisms involved in thermophilic oil degradation, we established anaerobic sulfate-reducing hexadecane-degrading cultures from hydrothermally heated sediments of the Guaymas Basin. Cultures at 70°C were enriched in one Hadarchaeon that we propose as Candidatus Cerberiarchaeum oleivorans. Genomic and chemical analyses indicate that Ca. C. oleivorans uses an Acr to activate hexadecane to hexadecyl-coenzyme M. A β-oxidation pathway and a tetrahydromethanopterin methyl branch Wood-Ljungdahl (mWL) pathway allow the complete oxidation of hexadecane to CO2. Our results suggest a syntrophic lifestyle with sulfate reducers, as Ca. C. oleivorans lacks a sulfate respiration pathway. Comparative genomics show that Acr, mWL, and β-oxidation are restricted to one family of Hadarchaeota, which we propose as Ca. Cerberiarchaeaceae. Phylogenetic analyses further indicate that the mWL pathway is basal to all Hadarchaeota. By contrast, the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-coenzyme A synthase complex in Ca. Cerberiarchaeaceae was horizontally acquired from Bathyarchaeia. The Acr and β-oxidation genes of Ca. Cerberiarchaeaceae are highly similar to those of other alkane-oxidizing archaea such as Ca. Methanoliparia and Ca. Helarchaeales. Our results support the use of Acrs in the degradation of petroleum alkanes and suggest a role of Hadarchaeota in oil-rich environments.

Draft Genome of Nocardia canadensis sp. nov. Isolated from Petroleum-Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil

The bacterial strain WB46 was isolated from the rhizosphere of willow plants (Salix purpurea L.) growing in soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The strain was subjected to whole-genome shotgun sequencing using Illumina HiSeq. Its draft genome is 7.15 Mb, with a 69.55% GC content, containing 6387 protein-coding genes and 51 tRNA and 15 rRNA sequences. The quality and reliability of the genome were assessed using CheckM, attaining an estimated genome completeness of 98.75% and an estimated contamination of 1.68%. These results indicate a high-quality genome (>95%) and low contamination (<5%). Many of these genes are responsible for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation, such as alkane 1-monooxygenase (alkB) and naphthalene dioxygenase (ndo). 16S rRNA gene analysis, including in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) and average nucleotide identity (ANI), showed that strain WB46 belongs to the genus Nocardia, and the most closely related species is Nocardia asteroides. The strain WB46 showed a distance of 63.4% and sequence identity of 88.63%, respectively. These values fall below the threshold levels of 70% and 95%, respectively, suggesting that the strain WB46 is a new species. We propose the name of Nocardia canadensis sp. nov. for this new species. Interestingly, the sequence divergence of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the divergence only occurred in the V2 region. Therefore, the conventional V3-V4, V5-V7, or V8-V9 targeting metabarcoding, among others, would not be able to assess the diversity related to this new species.

Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope fractionation due to monooxygenation of short-chain alkanes by butane monooxygenase of Thauera butanivorans Bu-B1211

Multi element compound-specific stable isotope analysis (ME-CSIA) is a tool to assess (bio)chemical reactions of molecules in the environment based on their isotopic fingerprints. To that effect, ME-CSIA concepts are initially developed with laboratory model experiments to determine the isotope fractionation factors specific for distinct (bio)chemical reactions. Here, we determined for the first time the carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation factors for the monooxygenation of the short-chain alkanes ethane, propane, and butane. As model organism we used Thauera butanivorans strain Bu-B1211 which employs a non-haem iron monooxygenase (butane monooxygenase) to activate alkanes. Monooxygenation of alkanes was associated with strong carbon and hydrogen isotope effects: εbulkC = -2.95 ± 0.5 ‰ for ethane, -2.68 ± 0.1 ‰ for propane, -1.19 ± 0.18 ‰ for butane; εbulkH = -56.3 ± 15 ‰ for ethane, -40.5 ± 2.3 ‰ for propane, -14.6 ± 3.6 ‰ for butane. This resulted in lambda (Λ ≈ εHbulk/εCbulk) values of 16.2 ± 3.7 for ethane, 13.2 ± 0.7 for propane, and 11.4 ± 2.8 for butane. The results show that ME-CSIA can be used to track the occurrence and impact of monooxygenase-dependent aerobic processes converting short-chain alkanes in natural settings like marine and terrestrial seeps, gas reservoirs, and other geological formations impacted by natural gas.

Update of the risk assessment of mineral oil hydrocarbons in food

Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are composed of saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). Due to the complexity of the MOH composition, their complete chemical characterisation is not possible. MOSH accumulation is observed in various tissues, with species-specific differences. Formation of liver epithelioid lipogranulomas and inflammation, as well as increased liver and spleen weights, are observed in Fischer 344 (F344) rats, but not in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. These effects are related to specific accumulation of wax components in the liver of F344 rats, which is not observed in SD rats or humans. The CONTAM Panel concluded that F344 rats are not an appropriate model for effects of MOSH with wax components. A NOAEL of 236 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, corresponding to the highest tested dose in F344 rats of a white mineral oil product virtually free of wax components, was selected as relevant reference point (RP). The highest dietary exposure to MOSH was estimated for the young population, with lower bound-upper bound (LB-UB) means and 95th percentiles of 0.085-0.126 and 0.157-0.212 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Considering a margin of exposure approach, the Panel concluded that the present dietary exposure to MOSH does not raise concern for human health for all age classes. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are associated with MOAH with three or more aromatic rings. For this subfraction, a surrogate RP of 0.49 mg/kg bw per day, calculated from data on eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was considered. The highest dietary exposure to MOAH was also in the young population, with LB-UB mean and 95th percentile estimations of 0.003-0.031 and 0.011-0.059 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Based on two scenarios on three or more ring MOAH contents in the diet and lacking toxicological information on effects of 1 and 2 ring MOAH, a possible concern for human health was raised.

The Prokaryotic Microalga Limnothrix redekei KNUA012 to Improve Aldehyde Decarbonylase Expression for Use as a Biological Resource

The prokaryotic microalga Limnothrix redekei KNUA012 isolated from a freshwater bloom sample from Lake Hapcheon, Hapcheon-gun, South Korea, was investigated for its potential as a biofuel feedstock. Microalgae produce straight-chain alkanes/alkenes from acyl carrier protein-linked fatty acyls via aldehyde decarbonylase (AD; EC 1.2.1.3), which can convert aldehyde intermediates into various biofuel precursors, such as alkanes and free fatty acids. In L. redekei KNUA012, long-chain ADs can convert fatty aldehyde intermediates into alkanes. After heterologous AD expression in Escherichia coli (pET28-AD), we identified an AD in L. redekei KNUA012 that can synthesize various alkanes, such as pentadecane (C15H32), 8-heptadecene (C17H34), and heptadecane (C17H36). These alkanes can be directly used as fuels without transesterification. Biodiesel constituents including dodecanoic acid (C13H26O2), tetradecanoic acid (C15H30O2), 9-hexa decenoic acid (C17H32O2), palmitoleic acid (C17H32O2), hexadecanoic acid (C17H34O2), 9-octadecenoic acid (C19H36O2), and octadecanoic acid (C19H38O2) are produced by L. redekei KNUA012 as the major fatty acids. Our findings suggest that Korean domestic L. redekei KNUA012 is a promising resource for microalgae-based biofuels and biofuel feedstock.

"Magic Numbers" in Self-Faceting of Alcohol-Doped Emulsion Droplets

Oil-in-water emulsion droplets spontaneously adopt, below some temperature Td , counterintuitive faceted and complex non-spherical shapes while remaining liquid. This transition is driven by a crystalline monolayer formed at the droplets' surface. Here, we show that ppm-level doping of the droplet's bulk by long-chain alcohols allows tuning Td by >50 °C, implying formation of drastically different interfacial structures. Furthermore, "magic" alcohol chain lengths maximize Td . This we show to arise from self-assembly of mixed alcohol:alkane interfacial structures of stacked alkane layers, co-crystallized with hydrogen-bonded alcohol dimers. These structures are accounted for theoretically and resolved by direct cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), confirming the proposed structures. The discovered tunability of key properties of commonly-used emulsions by minute concentrations of specific bulk additives should benefit these emulsions' technological applicability.

Characterization of the Mycoremediation of n-Alkanes and Branched-Chain Alkanes by Filamentous Fungi from Oil-Polluted Soil Samples in Kazakhstan

For decades, researchers have focused on containing terrestrial oil pollution. The heterogeneity of soils, with immense microbial diversity, inspires them to transform pollutants and find cost-effective bioremediation methods. In this study, the mycoremediation potentials of five filamentous fungi isolated from polluted soils in Kazakhstan were investigated for their degradability of n-alkanes and branched-chain alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources. Dry weight estimation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) monitored the growth and the changes in the metabolic profile during degradation, respectively. Penicillium javanicum SBUG-M1741 and SBUG-M1742 oxidized medium-chain alkanes almost completely through mono- and di-terminal degradation. Pristane degradation by P. javanicum SBUG-M1741 was >95%, while its degradation with Purpureocillium lilacinum SBUG-M1751 was >90%. P. lilacinum SBUG-M1751 also exhibited the visible degradation potential of tetradecane and phytane, whereby in the transformation of phytane, both the mono- and di-terminal degradation pathways as well as α- and ß-oxidation steps could be described. Scedosporium boydii SBUG-M1749 used both mono- and di-terminal degradation pathways for n-alkanes, but with poor growth. Degradation of pristane by Fusarium oxysporum SBUG-M1747 followed the di-terminal oxidation mechanism, resulting in one dicarboxylic acid. These findings highlight the role of filamentous fungi in containing oil pollution and suggest possible degradation pathways.

Whole Genome Analysis and Assessment of the Metabolic Potential of Gordonia rubripertincta Strain 112, a Degrader of Aromatic and Aliphatic Compounds

The application of Gordonia strains in biotechnologies of environmental purification as degraders of pollutants of different chemical structures is an interesting research topic. The strain Gordonia rubripertincta 112 (IEGM112) is capable of utilizing diesel fuel, alkanes, and aromatic compounds. The aim of this work was to study the potential of G. rubripertincta 112 as a degrader of aromatic and aliphatic compounds and analyze its complete genome in comparison with other known G. rubripertincta strains. The genome had a total length of 5.28 Mb and contained 4861 genes in total, of which 4799 were coding sequences (CDS). The genome contained 62 RNA genes in total, of which 50 were tRNAs, three were ncRNAs, and nine were rRNAs. The strain bears plasmid elements with a total length of 189,570 nucleotides (plasmid p1517). The strain can utilize 10.79 ± 1.17% of hexadecane and 16.14 ± 0.16% of decane over 3 days of cultivation. In the genome of the strain, we have found metabolic pathways of alkane (cytochrome P450 hydroxylases) and catechol (ortho- and meta-pathways) degradation. These results will help us to further approach the fundamental study of the processes occurring in the strain cells and to enrich our knowledge of the catabolic capabilities of G. rubripertincta.

Broadening of the ν2 Raman Band of CH4 by C3H8 and C4H10

Raman spectroscopy is a promising method for the analysis of natural gas. It is necessary to account for the broadening effects on spectral lines to improve measurement accuracy. In this study, the broadening coefficients for methane lines in the region of the ν₂ band perturbed by propane, n-butane, and isobutane at room temperature were measured. We estimated the measurement errors of the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the case of neglecting the broadening effects on the methane spectrum by the pressure of C₂-C₆ alkanes. The obtained data are suited for the correct simulation of the methane spectrum in the hydrocarbon-bearing gases and can be used to improve the accuracy of the analysis of natural gas by Raman spectroscopy.

Tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) cuticular wax composition is essential for leaf retention during drought, facilitating a speedy recovery following rewatering

Despite decades of extensive study, the role of cuticular lipids in sustaining plant fitness is far from being understood. We utilized genome-edited tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) to investigate the significance of different classes of epicuticular wax in abiotic stress such as cuticular water loss, drought, and light response. We generated mutants displaying a range of wax compositions. Four wax mutants and one cutin mutant were extensively investigated for alterations in their response to abiotic factors. Although the mutations led to elevated cuticular water loss, the wax mutants did not display elevated transpiration or reduced growth under nonstressed conditions. However, under drought, plants lacking alkanes were unable to reduce their transpiration, leading to leaf death, impaired recovery, and stem cracking. By contrast, plants deficient in fatty alcohols exhibited elevated drought tolerance, which was part of a larger trend of plant phenotypes not clustering by a glossy/glaucous appearance in the parameters examined in this study. We conclude that although alkanes have little effect on whole N. glauca transpiration and biomass gain under normal, nonstressed conditions, they are essential during drought responses, since they enable plants to seal their cuticle upon stomatal closure, thereby reducing leaf death and facilitating a speedy recovery.

Gas-Particle Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Compounds in a Residence: Influence of Particles from Candles, Cooking, and Outdoors

Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) represent an important class of indoor pollutants. The partitioning of SVOCs between airborne particles and the adjacent air influences human exposure and uptake. Presently, little direct experimental evidence exists about the influence of indoor particle pollution on the gas-particle phase partitioning of indoor SVOCs. In this study, we present time-resolved gas- and particle-phase distribution data for indoor SVOCs in a normally occupied residence using semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography. Although SVOCs in indoor air are found mostly in the gas phase, we show that indoor particles from cooking, candle use, and outdoor particle infiltration strongly affect the gas-particle phase distribution of specific indoor SVOCs. From gas- and particle-phase measurements of SVOCs spanning a range of chemical functionalities (alkanes, alcohols, alkanoic acids, and phthalates) and volatilities (vapor pressures from 10^-13 to 10^-4 atm), we find that the chemical composition of the airborne particles influences the partitioning of individual SVOC species. During candle burning, the enhanced partitioning of gas-phase SVOCs to indoor particles not only affects the particle composition but also enhances surface off-gassing, thereby increasing the total airborne concentration of specific SVOCs, including diethylhexyl phthalate.

Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soil of the Republic of Kazakhstan Using a New Biopreparation

A new biopreparation is developed to clean soils from oil pollution in the arid climate of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The biopreparation includes bacterial strains R. qingshengii F2-1, R. qingshengii F2-2, and P. alloputida BS3701. When using the biopreparation in a liquid mineral medium with 15% crude oil, laboratory studies have revealed degradation of 48% n-alkanes and 39% of PAHs after 50 days. The effectiveness of the biopreparation has been demonstrated in field experiments in the soil contaminated with 10% crude oil at the K-Kurylys landfill, Republic of Kazakhstan. During the six-month field experiment, the number of oil degraders reached 10⁷ CFU/g soil, which degraded 70% of crude oil by the end of the experiment.

Cagelike Octacopper Methylsilsesquioxanes: Self-Assembly in the Focus of Alkaline Metal Ion Influence-Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity

A family of unusual octacopper cage methylsilsesquioxanes 1-4 were prepared and characterized. Features of their cagelike (prismatic) structure were established using X-ray diffraction studies. Effects of distortion of prismatic cages 1-4 due to variation of (i) additional alkaline metal ions (K, Rb, or Cs), (ii) combination of solvating ligands, and (iii) nature of encapsulating species were found. Opportunities for the design of supramolecular 1D extended structures were found. These opportunities are based on (i) formate linkers between copper centers (in the case of Cu₈K₂-based compound 2) or (ii) crown ether-like contacts between cesium ions and siloxane cycles (in the case of Cu₈Cs₂-based compound 4). Cu₈Cs₂-complex 4 was evaluated in the catalysis of alkanes and alcohols. Complex 4 exhibits high catalytic activity. The yield of cyclohexane oxidation products is 35%. The presence of nitric acid is necessary as a co-catalyst. The oxidation of alcohols with the participation of complex 4 as a catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidizer also proceeds in high yields of up to 98%.

Tuning the Mechanism of H/D Exchange for Isobutane on H-BEA by Loading Zn Species in Zeolite

Kinetics of H/D hydrogen exchange between deuterated isobutane-d₁₀ and Brønsted acid sites (BAS) of three zeolite samples (H-BEA, ZnO/H-BEA, Zn²⁺ /H-BEA) were monitored with ¹ H MAS NMR in situ at 343-468 K. The regioselective H/D exchange in the methyl groups detected on H-BEA can be rationalized in terms of the mechanism of indirect exchange, which involves protonation of the intermediate olefin and further hydride abstraction from the other alkane molecule by the formed carbenium ion. Loading of Zn species in the zeolite results in a decrease of the rate and an increase of the activation energy of the exchange. The loaded Zn species provide the tuning effect on the reaction occurrence, changing the mechanism from the indirect one to the mechanism of the direct exchange.

Hybrid Silsesquioxane/Benzoate Cu(7)-Complexes: Synthesis, Unique Cage Structure, and Catalytic Activity

A series of phenylsilsesquioxane-benzoate heptacopper complexes 1-3 were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Two parallel routes of toluene spontaneous oxidation (into benzyl alcohol and benzoate) assisted the formation of the cagelike structure 1. A unique multi-ligation of copper ions (from (i) silsesquioxane, (ii) benzoate, (iii) benzyl alcohol, (iv) pyridine, (v) dimethyl-formamide and (vi) water ligands) was found in 1. Directed self-assembly using benzoic acid as a reactant afforded complexes 2-3 with the same main structural features as for 1, namely heptanuclear core coordinated by (i) two distorted pentameric cyclic silsesquioxane and (ii) four benzoate ligands, but featuring other solvate surroundings. Complex 3 was evaluated as a catalyst for the oxidation of alkanes to alkyl hydroperoxides and alcohols to ketones with hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide, respectively, at 50 °C in acetonitrile. The maximum yield of cyclohexane oxidation products as high as 32% was attained. The oxidation reaction results in a mixture of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide, cyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone. Upon the addition of triphenylphosphine, the cyclohexyl hydroperoxide is completely converted to cyclohexanol. The specific regio- and chemoselectivity in the oxidation of n-heptane and methylcyclohexane, respectively, indicate the involvement of of hydroxyl radicals. Complex 3 exhibits a high activity in the oxidation of alcohols.

Chemical Variability of Hexane Extracts from Five Subspecies of Calendula suffruticosa from Spain

The chemical profile of the hexane extracts of the subspecies carbonellii, greuteri, marginata, trialata, and vejerensis of Calendula suffruticosa growing in Spain, herein described for the first time, were studied to access their value as a chemo taxonomical tool and search for potentially useful compounds. The subsp. greuteri and carbonellii showed higher extract yields. Terpenoids were the most abundant chemical class in subsp. carbonellii, greuteri, trialata, and vejerensis, while alkanes were the most abundant in subsp. marginata. Differences in chemical constituents were identified among the subspecies of C. suffruticosa analysed, which the PCA can prove. The subsp. trialata and greuteri showed more significant phytochemical similarity, which might indicate genetic proximity between these two subspecies. C. suffruticosa subsp. marginata presented the fewest number of compounds and in the smallest quantities, and C. suffruticosa subsp. vejerensis presented the largest number, however, both showed no alcohols. Furthermore, some of the compounds found in significant amounts are known for their pharmacological and nutraceutical properties, denoting potential use.

Iron Compounds in Anaerobic Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: A Review

Waste and wastewater containing hydrocarbons are produced worldwide by various oil-based industries, whose activities also contribute to the occurrence of oil spills throughout the globe, causing severe environmental contamination. Anaerobic microorganisms with the ability to biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbons are important in the treatment of contaminated matrices, both in situ in deep subsurfaces, or ex situ in bioreactors. In the latter, part of the energetic value of these compounds can be recovered in the form of biogas. Anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons can be improved by various iron compounds, but different iron species exert distinct effects. For example, Fe(III) can be used as an electron acceptor in microbial hydrocarbon degradation, zero-valent iron can donate electrons for enhanced methanogenesis, and conductive iron oxides may facilitate electron transfers in methanogenic processes. Iron compounds can also act as hydrocarbon adsorbents, or be involved in secondary abiotic reactions, overall promoting hydrocarbon biodegradation. These multiple roles of iron are comprehensively reviewed in this paper and linked to key functional microorganisms involved in these processes, to the underlying mechanisms, and to the main influential factors. Recent research progress, future perspectives, and remaining challenges on the application of iron-assisted anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation are highlighted.

Metal-Catalyzed, Photo-Assisted Selective Transformation of Tertiary Alkylbenzenes and Polystyrenes into Carbonyl Compounds

Every year, thousands of tons of polystyrene are produced and discarded, filling landfills and polluting the marine environment. Although several degradation alternatives have been proposed, the need for an effective procedure for the chemical recycling of polystyrene still remains. Here, a vanadium-catalyzed reaction, assisted by visible light, promoted the direct, selective conversion of tertiary alkylbenzenes into acetophenone and other ketone derivatives. Likewise, standard polystyrene samples as well as polystyrenes from insulation and packaging waste could be chemically recycled into acetophenone in a scalable way regardless of their molecular weight, polydispersity, or form. Preliminary mechanistic investigations revealed the participation of singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical species in this homogenously catalyzed process. Acetophenone could be used as an additive to accelerate the reaction and to increase the yields in some cases.

Comparative Analysis of Epicuticular Lipids in Locusta migratoria and Calliptamus italicus: A Possible Role in Susceptibility to Entomopathogenic Fungi

Cuticular lipids protect insects from desiccation and may determine resistance to fungal pathogens. Nonetheless, the trade-off between these lipid functions is still poorly understood. The migratory locust Locusta migratoria and the Italian locust Calliptamus italicus have dissimilar hygrothermal preferences: L. migratoria inhabits areas near water bodies with a reed bed, and C. italicus exploits a wide range of habitats and prefers steppes and semideserts with the predominance of sagebrushes. This paper presents significant differences between these species' nymphs in epicuticular lipid composition (according to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry) and in susceptibility to Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. The main differences in lipid composition are shifts to longer chain and branched hydrocarbons (di- and trimethylalkanes) in C. italicus compared to L. migratoria. C. italicus also has a slightly higher n-alkane content. Fatty acids showed low concentrations in the extracts, and L. migratoria has a wider range of fatty acids than C. italicus does. Susceptibility to M. robertsii and the number of conidia adhering to the cuticle proved to be significantly higher in C. italicus, although conidia germination percentages on epicuticular extracts did not differ between the species. We propose that the hydrocarbon composition of C. italicus may be an adaptation to a wide range of habitats including arid ones but may make the C. italicus cuticle more hospitable for fungi.

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

The addition of metal oxide nanoparticles to fluids has been used as a means of enhancing the thermal conductive properties of base fluids. This method formulates a heterogeneous fluid conferred by nanoparticles and can be used for high-end fluid heat-transfer applications, such as phase-change materials and fluids for internal combustion engines. These nanoparticles can enhance the properties of both polar and nonpolar fluids. In the current paper, dispersions of nanoparticles were carried out in hydrocarbon and aqueous-based fluids using molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). The MDS results have been validated using the autocorrelation function and previous experimental data. Highly concurrent trends were achieved for the obtained results. According to the obtained results of MDS, adding CuO nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity of water by 25% (from 0.6 to 0.75 W·m^-1·K^-1). However, by adding these nanoparticles to hydrocarbon-based fluids (i.e., alkane) the thermal conductivity was increased three times (from 0.1 to 0.4 W·m^-1·K^-1). This approach to determine the thermal conductivity of metal oxide nanoparticles in aqueous and nonaqueous fluids using visual molecular dynamics and interactive autocorrelations demonstrate a great tool to quantify thermophysical properties of nanofluids using a simulation environment. Moreover, this comparison introduces data on aqueous and nonaqueous suspensions in one study.

Valorization of Small Alkanes by Biocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization

The oxidation of alkanes into valuable chemical products is a vital reaction in organic synthesis. This reaction, however, is challenging, owing to the inertness of C-H bonds. Transition metal catalysts for C-H functionalization are frequently explored. Despite chemical alternatives, nature has also evolved powerful oxidative enzymes (e. g., methane monooxygenases, cytochrome P450 oxygenases, peroxygenases) that are capable of transforming C-H bonds under very mild conditions, with only the use of molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as electron acceptors. Although progress in alkane oxidation has been reviewed extensively, little attention has been paid to small alkane oxidation. The latter holds great potential for the manufacture of chemicals. This Minireview provides a concise overview of the most relevant enzyme classes capable of small alkanes (C_<6 ) oxyfunctionalization, describes the essentials of the catalytic mechanisms, and critically outlines the current state-of-the-art in preparative applications.

Raman Natural Gas Analyzer: Effects of Composition on Measurement Precision

Raman spectroscopy is a promising method for analyzing natural gas due to its high measurement speed and the potential to monitor all molecular components simultaneously. This paper discusses the features of measurements of samples whose composition varies over a wide range (0.005-100%). Analysis of the concentrations obtained during three weeks of experiments showed that their variation is within the error caused by spectral noise. This result confirms that Raman gas analyzers can operate without frequent calibrations, unlike gas chromatographs. It was found that a variation in the gas composition can change the widths of the spectral lines of methane. As a result, the measurement error of oxygen concentration can reach 200 ppm. It is also shown that neglecting the measurement of pentanes and n-hexane leads to an increase in the calculated concentrations of other alkanes and to errors in the density and heating value of natural gas.

In-Depth Characterization of Plant Growth Promotion Potentials of Selected Alkanes-Degrading Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Isolates

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a bioremediation enhancer in plant-assisted phytoremediation requires several steps, consisting of the screening, selection, and characterization of isolates. A subset of 50 bacterial isolates representing a wide phylogenetic range were selected from 438 morphologically different bacteria that were originally isolated from a petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC)-polluted site of a former petrochemical plant. Selected candidate bacteria were screened using six conventional plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits, complemented with the genetic characterization of genes involved in alkane degradation, as well as other pertinent functions. Finally, the bacterial isolates were subjected to plant growth promotion tests using a gnotobiotic approach under normal and stressed conditions. Our results indicated that 35 bacterial isolates (70%) possessed at least four PGP traits. Twenty-nine isolates (58%) were able to utilize n-hexadecane as a sole carbon source, whereas 43 isolates (86%) were able to utilize diesel as the sole carbon source. The presence of catabolic genes related to hydrocarbon degradation was assessed using endpoint PCR, with the alkane monooxygenase (alkB) gene found in 34 isolates, the cytochrome P450 hydroxylase (CYP153) gene found in 24 isolates, and the naphthalene dioxygenase (nah1) gene found to be present in 33 isolates. Thirty-six strains (72%) promoted canola root elongation in the growth pouch assay. After several rounds of screening, seven bacterial candidates (individually or combined in a consortium) were tested for canola root and shoot growth promotion in substrates amended by different concentrations of n-hexadecane (0%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) under gnotobiotic conditions. Our results showed that Nocardia sp. (WB46), Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (ET27), Stenotrophomonas pavanii (EB31), and Gordonia amicalis (WT12) significantly increased the root length of canola grown in 3% n-hexadecane compared with the control treatment, whereas Nocardia sp. (WB46) and Bacillus megaterium (WT10) significantly increased shoot length compared to control treatment at the same concentration of n-hexadecane. The consortium had a significant enhancement effect on root length compared to all isolates inoculated individually or to the control. This study demonstrates that the combination of PGPR traits and the PHC degradation potential of bacteria can result in an enhanced beneficial effect in phytoremediation management, which could lead to the development of innovative bacterial inoculants for plants to remediate PHC-contaminated soils.

Changes in Morphology, Metabolism and Composition of Cuticular Wax in Zucchini Fruit During Postharvest Cold Storage

Cuticle composition is an important economic trait in agriculture, as it is the first protective barrier of the plant against environmental conditions. The main goal of this work was to study the role of the cuticular wax in maintaining the postharvest quality of zucchini fruit, by comparing two commercial varieties with contrasting behavior against low temperatures; the cold-tolerant variety 'Natura', and the cold-sensitive 'Sinatra', as well as 'Sinatra' fruit with induced-chilling tolerance through a preconditioning treatment (15°C for 48 h). The freshly-harvested 'Natura' fruit had a well-detectable cuticle with a significant lower permeability and a subset of 15 up-regulated cuticle-related genes. SEM showed that zucchini epicuticular waxes mainly consisted of round-shaped crystals and clusters of them, and areas with more dense crystal deposition were found in fruit of 'Natura' and of preconditioned 'Sinatra'. The cuticular wax load per surface was higher in 'Natura' than in 'Sinatra' fruit at harvest and after 14 days at 4°C. In addition, total cuticular wax load only increased in 'Natura' and preconditioned 'Sinatra' fruit with cold storage. With respect to the chemical composition of the waxes, the most abundant components were alkanes, in both 'Natura' and 'Sinatra', with similar values at harvest. The total alkane content only increased in 'Natura' fruit and in the preconditioned 'Sinatra' fruit after cold storage, whereas the amount of total acids decreased, with the lowest values observed in the fruit that showed less chilling injury (CI) and weight loss. Two esters were detected, and their content also decreased with the storage in both varieties, with a greater reduction observed in the cold-tolerant variety in response to low temperature. Gene expression analysis showed significant differences between varieties, especially in CpCER1-like and CpCER3-like genes, involved in alkane production, as well as in the transcription factors CpWIN1-like and CpFUL1-like, associated with cuticle development and epidermal wax accumulation in other species. These results suggest an important role of the alkane biosynthetic pathway and cuticle morphology in maintaining the postharvest quality of zucchini fruit during the storage at low temperatures.

Salix purpurea and Eleocharis obtusa Rhizospheres Harbor a Diverse Rhizospheric Bacterial Community Characterized by Hydrocarbons Degradation Potentials and Plant Growth-Promoting Properties

Phytoremediation, a method of phytomanagement using the plant holobiont to clean up polluted soils, is particularly effective for degrading organic pollutants. However, the respective contributions of host plants and their associated microbiota within the holobiont to the efficiency of phytoremediation is poorly understood. The identification of plant-associated bacteria capable of efficiently utilizing these compounds as a carbon source while stimulating plant-growth is a keystone for phytomanagement engineering. In this study, we sampled the rhizosphere and the surrounding bulk soil of Salixpurpurea and Eleocharis obusta from the site of a former petrochemical plant in Varennes, QC, Canada. Our objectives were to: (i) isolate and identify indigenous bacteria inhabiting these biotopes; (ii) assess the ability of isolated bacteria to utilize alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) as the sole carbon source, and (iii) determine the plant growth-promoting (PGP) potential of the isolates using five key traits. A total of 438 morphologically different bacterial isolates were obtained, purified, preserved and identified through PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Identified isolates represent 62 genera. Approximately, 32% of bacterial isolates were able to utilize all five different hydrocarbons compounds. Additionally, 5% of tested isolates belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Serratia, Klebsiella, Microbacterium, Bacillus and Stenotrophomonas possessed all five of the tested PGP functional traits. This culture collection of diverse, petroleum-hydrocarbon degrading bacteria, with multiple PGP traits, represents a valuable resource for future use in environmental bio- and phyto-technology applications.

Corksorb Enhances Alkane Degradation by Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria

Biosorbent materials are effective in the removal of spilled oil from water, but their effect on hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria is not known. Here, we show that corksorb, a cork-based biosorbent, enhances growth and alkane degradation by Rhodococcus opacus B4 (Ro) and Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 (Ab). Ro and Ab degraded 96 ± 1% and 72 ± 2%, respectively, of a mixture of n-alkanes (2 g L^–1) in the presence of corksorb. These values represent an increase of 6 and 24%, respectively, relative to the assays without corksorb. The biosorbent also increased the growth of Ab by 51%. However, no significant changes were detected in the expression of genes involved in alkane uptake and degradation in the presence of corksorb relative to the control without the biosorbent. Nevertheless, transcriptomics analysis revealed an increased expression of rRNA and tRNA coding genes, which confirms the higher metabolic activity of Ab in the presence of corksorb. The effect of corksorb is not related to the release of soluble stimulating compounds, but rather to the presence of the biosorbent, which was shown to be essential. Indeed, scanning electron microscopy images and downregulation of pili formation coding genes, which are involved in cell mobility, suggest that cell attachment on corksorb is a determinant for the improved activity. Furthermore, the existence of native alkane-degrading bacteria in corksorb was revealed, which may assist in situ bioremediation. Hence, the use of corksorb in marine oil spills may induce a combined effect of sorption and stimulated biodegradation, with high potential for enhancing in situ bioremediation processes.

Responses of Coastal Marine Microbiomes Exposed to Anthropogenic Dissolved Organic Carbon

Coastal seawaters receive thousands of organic pollutants. However, we have little understanding of the response of microbiomes to this pool of anthropogenic dissolved organic carbon (ADOC). In this study, coastal microbial communities were challenged with ADOC at environmentally relevant concentrations. Experiments were performed at two Mediterranean sites with different impact by pollutants and nutrients: off the Barcelona harbor ("BCN"), and at the Blanes Bay ("BL"). ADOC additions stimulated prokaryotic leucine incorporation rates at both sites, indicating the use of ADOC as growth substrate. The percentage of "membrane-compromised" cells increased with increasing ADOC, indicating concurrent toxic effects of ADOC. Metagenomic analysis of the BCN community challenged with ADOC showed a significant growth of Methylophaga and other gammaproteobacterial taxa belonging to the rare biosphere. Gene expression profiles showed a taxon-dependent response, with significantly enrichments of transcripts from SAR11 and Glaciecola spp. in BCN and BL, respectively. Further, the relative abundance of transposon-related genes (in BCN) and transcripts (in BL) correlated with the number of differentially abundant genes (in BCN) and transcripts (in BLA), suggesting that microbial responses to pollution may be related to pre-exposure to pollutants, with transposons playing a role in adaptation to ADOC. Our results point to a taxon-specific response to low concentrations of ADOC that impact the functionality, structure and plasticity of the communities in coastal seawaters. This work contributes to address the influence of pollutants on microbiomes and their perturbation to ecosystem services and ocean health.

Alternative Oxidants for the Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Methane

The catalytic oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C₂ hydrocarbons with oxygen (O₂ -OCM) has garnered renewed worldwide interest in the past decade due to the emergence of enormous new shale gas resources. However, the C₂ selectivity of typical OCM processes is significantly challenged by overoxidation to CO_x products. Other gaseous reagents such as N₂ O, CO₂ , and S₂ have been investigated to a far lesser extent as alternative, milder oxidants to replace O₂ . Although several authoritative review articles have summarized OCM research progress in depth, recent oxidative coupling developments using alternative oxidants (X-OCM) have not been overviewed in detail. In this perspective, we review and analyze OCM research results reporting the implementation of N₂ O, CO₂ , S₂ , and other non-O₂ oxidants, highlighting the unique chemistries of these systems and their advantages/challenges compared to O₂ -OCM. Current outlook and potential areas for future study are also discussed.

Light-Driven Enzymatic Decarboxylation of Dicarboxylic Acids

Photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabillis (CvFAP) is one of the three known light-activated enzymes that catalyzes the decarboxylation of fatty acids into the corresponding C1-shortened alkanes. Although the substrate scope of CvFAP has been altered by protein engineering and decoy molecules, it is still limited to mono-fatty acids. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that long chain dicarboxylic acids can be converted by CvFAP. Notably, the conversion of dicarboxylic acids to alkanes still represents a chemically very challenging reaction. Herein, the light-driven enzymatic decarboxylation of dicarboxylic acids to the corresponding (C2-shortened) alkanes using CvFAP is described. A series of dicarboxylic acids is decarboxylated into alkanes in good yields by means of this approach, even for the preparative scales. Reaction pathway studies show that mono-fatty acids are formed as the intermediate products before the final release of C2-shortened alkanes. In addition, the thermostability, storage stability, and recyclability of CvFAP for decarboxylation of dicarboxylic acids are well evaluated. These results represent an advancement over the current state-of-the-art.

A Note on the Tracing of Herbage Contribution to Grazing Sheep Diet Using Milk and Feces Biomarkers

Milk from grazing ruminants is usually rich in beneficial components for human health, but distinguishing milks sourced from grazing is difficult, and this hinders the valuing of the grazing benefit. This study aimed at evaluating the ability of milk biomarkers (1) to trace milks sourced from sheep submitted to different access times (ATs) to pasture and (2) to estimate sheep herbage dry matter intake (HDMI, g DM ewe^-1 d^-1) and herbage percentage (HP, % DM) in sheep diet. Animal data derive from a published experiment in which six replicated groups of mid-lactation Sarda sheep had ATs of 2, 4, or 6 h d^-1 to a ryegrass pasture. Sheep HDMI and HP of each group were measured on four dates in April 2013. Group milk was sampled, and milk fatty acids (FAs) and n-alkanes were determined by gas chromatography. The latter markers were also measured in feces samples bulked by group. The data (N = 24 records) were submitted to Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) aimed at distinguishing the AT to pasture based on biomarkers previously selected by Genetic Algorithms (GA). Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) models were used to estimate HDMI and HP using biomarkers selected by GA. Based on one milk alkane and six milk FAs as biomarkers, estimates of the AT using GA-LDA were 95.8% accurate. The estimation of HDMI by GA-PLSR based on five milk FAs was moderately precise [explained variance = 75.2%; percentage of the residual mean square error of cross-validation over the mean value (RMSECV%) = 15.0%]. The estimation of HP by GA-PLSR based on 1 milk alkane and 10 FAs was precise (explained variance = 80.8%; RMSECV% = 7.4%). To conclude, these preliminary results suggest that milks sourced from sheep flocks with AT to pasture differentiated by 2 h in the range 2-6 h d^-1 can be precisely discriminated using milk biomarkers. The contribution of herbage to sheep diet can also be precisely estimated.

Dimerization of Linear Butenes and Pentenes in an Acidic Zeolite (H-MFI)

Quantum chemical evidence is produced to show that dimerization of linear butenes and pentenes at zeolitic Brønsted sites in H-MFI yields alkanes featuring cyclohexane rings rather than branched alkenes. The absence of any C=C double bond in the formed cyclic alkane explains the observations that oligomerization stops at the dimer. The calculated reaction enthalpies for the dimerization of 2-pentene in the gas phase are -84 kJ mol-1 for branched alkenes, but -153 and -154 kJ mol-1 for alkyl-cyclopentane and -hexane, respectively. Together with calculated adsorption enthalpies of the dimers, -111 and -127 kJ mol-1 , respectively, this implies surface dimer formation enthalpies of -264 and -281 kJ mol-1 , respectively, in close agreement with the experimental value of -285 kJ mol-1 . In contrast, the predicted enthalpy for formation of branched alkoxides, -198 kJ mol-1 , deviates by 87 kJ mol-1 from experiment. Calculated IR spectra for the Brønsted OH group show the observed conversion of the band at approximately 3000 cm-1 (hydrogen bond with alkene) to a less intense band at approximately 3450-3500 cm-1 (interaction with alkane).

Syntrophic Hydrocarbon Degradation in a Decommissioned Off-Shore Subsea Oil Storage Structure

Over the last decade, metagenomic studies have revealed the impact of oil production on the microbial ecology of petroleum reservoirs. However, despite their fundamental roles in bioremediation of hydrocarbons, biocorrosion, biofouling and hydrogen sulfide production, oil field and oil production infrastructure microbiomes are poorly explored. Understanding of microbial activities within oil production facilities is therefore crucial for environmental risk mitigation, most notably during decommissioning. The analysis of the planktonic microbial community from the aqueous phase of a subsea oil-storage structure was conducted. This concrete structure was part of the production platform of the Brent oil field (North Sea), which is currently undergoing decommissioning. Quantification and sequencing of microbial 16S rRNA genes, metagenomic analysis and reconstruction of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) revealed a unique microbiome, strongly dominated by organisms related to Dethiosulfatibacter and Cloacimonadetes. Consistent with the hydrocarbon content in the aqueous phase of the structure, a strong potential for degradation of low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons was apparent in the microbial community. These degradation pathways were associated with taxonomically diverse microorganisms, including the predominant Dethiosulfatibacter and Cloacimonadetes lineages, expanding the list of potential hydrocarbon degraders. Genes associated with direct and indirect interspecies exchanges (multiheme type-C cytochromes, hydrogenases and formate/acetate metabolism) were widespread in the community, suggesting potential syntrophic hydrocarbon degradation processes in the system. Our results illustrate the importance of genomic data for informing decommissioning strategies in marine environments and reveal that hydrocarbon-degrading community composition and metabolisms in man-made marine structures might differ markedly from natural hydrocarbon-rich marine environments.

Conversion of Polyolefin Waste to Liquid Alkanes with Ru-Based Catalysts under Mild Conditions

Chemical upcycling of waste polyolefins via hydrogenolysis offers unique opportunities for selective depolymerization compared to high temperature thermal deconstruction. Here, we demonstrate the hydrogenolysis of polyethylene into liquid alkanes under mild conditions using ruthenium nanoparticles supported on carbon (Ru/C). Reactivity studies on a model n-octadecane substrate showed that Ru/C catalysts are highly active and selective for the hydrogenolysis of C(sp³)-C(sp³) bonds at temperatures ranging from 200 to 250 °C. Under optimal conditions of 200 °C in 20 bar H₂, polyethylene (average M _w ∼ 4000 Da) was converted into liquid n-alkanes with yields of up to 45% by mass after 16 h using a 5 wt % Ru/C catalyst with the remaining products comprising light alkane gases (C₁-C₆). At 250 °C, nearly stoichiometric yields of CH₄ were obtained from polyethylene over the catalyst. The hydrogenolysis of long chain, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and a postconsumer LDPE plastic bottle to produce C₇-C₄₅ alkanes was also achieved over Ru/C, demonstrating the feasibility of this reaction for the valorization of realistic postconsumer plastic waste. By identifying Ru-based catalysts as a class of active materials for the hydrogenolysis of polyethylene, this study elucidates promising avenues for the valorization of plastic waste under mild conditions.

Ligand-Controlled Copper-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Carbonylative Synthesis of α-Amino Ketones and α-Boryl Amides from Imines and Alkyl Iodides

Regioselective transformation is among the long-standing challenges in organic synthesis. In this communication, a copper-catalyzed selectivity controlled regiodivergent borocarbonylation of imines with alkyl iodides has been developed. Various α-amino ketones and α-boryl amides were produced in moderate to good yields from the same substrates. The choice of the ligand is key for the regioselectivity control: α-amino ketones were produced selectively in good yields with (p-CF₃ C₆ H₄ )₃ P as the ligand, whereas the corresponding α-boryl amides were obtained with high regioselectivities when using ^Me IMes as the ligand.

Using the Thiyl Radical for Aliphatic Hydrogen-Atom Transfer: Thiolation of Unactivated C-H Bonds

A metal- and catalyst-free thiyl-radical-mediated activation of alkanes is described. Tetrafluoropyridinyl disulfide is used to perform thiolation of the C-H bonds under irradiation with 400 nm light-emitting diodes. The key C-H activation step is believed to proceed via hydrogen-atom abstraction effected by the fluorinated thiyl radical. Secondary, tertiary, and heteroatom-substituted C-H bonds can be involved in the thiolation reaction. The resulting sulfides have wide potential as photoredox-active radical precursors in reactions with alkenes and heteroarenes.

Thermo-Optical Switching Effect Based on a Tapered Optical Fiber and Higher Alkanes Doped with ZnS:Mn

The paper investigates the effect of thermo-optic switching resulting from the hybrid combination of a tapered optical fiber (TOF) with alkanes doped with nanoparticles of zinc sulfide doped with manganese (ZnS:Mn NP). Presented measurements focused on controlling losses in an optical fiber by modification of a TOF cladding by the alkanes used, characterized by phase change. Temperature changes cause power transmission changes creating a switcher or a sensor working in an ON-OFF mode. Phase change temperatures and changes in the refractive index of the alkane used directly affected power switching. Alkanes were doped with ZnS:Mn NPs to change the hysteresis observed between ON-OFF modes in pure alkanes. The addition of nanoparticles (NPs) reduces the difference between phase changes due to improved thermal conductivity and introduces extra nucleating agents. Results are presented in the wide optical range of 550-1200 nm. In this investigation, hexadecane and heptadecane were a new cladding for TOF. The higher alkanes were doped with ZnS: Mn NPs in an alkane volume of 1 wt.% and 5 wt.%. The thermo-optic effect can be applied to manufacture a thermo-optic switcher or a temperature threshold sensor.

Mechanical C-C Bond Formation by Laser Driven Shock Wave

Mechanically induced C-C bond formation was demonstrated by the laser driven shock wave generated in liquid normal alkanes at room temperature. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the dehydrogenation condensation between two alkane molecules, for seven normal alkanes from pentane to undecane. Major products were identified to be linear and branched alkane molecules with double the number of carbons, and exactly coincided with the molecules predicted by supposing that a C-C bond was formed between two starting molecules. The production of the alkane molecules showed that the C-C bond formation occurred almost evenly at all the carbon positions. The dependence of the production on the laser pulse energy clearly indicated that the process was attributed to the shock wave. The C-C bond formation observed was not a conventional passive chemical reaction but an unprecedented active reaction.

A comparison of methods for estimating forage intake, digestibility, and fecal output in red deer (Cervus elaphus)

The objective of this experiment was to determine appropriate methods for estimating fecal output, digestibility, and intake in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, and fecal output were estimated using the dual-marker (titanium dioxide; TiO2 and indigestible acid detergent fiber) technique, double n-alkane ratio technique (ALK) and the pulse dose (Yttrium; Y) technique to determine a suitable method to estimate DMI, fecal output, and digestibility measurements. Four male and four female deer were stratified by sex and randomly assigned either fresh-cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or fresh-cut plantain (Plantago lanceolata) ad libitum in a cross-over design experiment. Actual DMI (mean ± SD: 1.5 ± 0.36 kg DM/d), digestibility (0.70 ± 0.06), and fecal output (0.45 ± 0.1 kg DM/d) were measured daily over the collection periods, and the average of each period was used for methods' comparison. The ALK method adequately estimated digestibility and fecal output of plantain; however, overestimated digestibility (P < 0.05) and DMI of ryegrass, so that there was no statistical agreement (P > 0.10) in DMI when diets were pooled. The overestimated DMI of the ryegrass diet led to ALK predicting greater intake when deer consumed ryegrass than plantain, which was the opposite of actual measurements. The pulse dosed Y overestimated (P < 0.05) fecal output and consequently DMI for both plantain and ryegrass, however, indicated similar trends to actual values. The dual-marker technique using TiO2 was able to detect the statistical differences between plantain and ryegrass as the actual measurements, had moderate to strong precision (r = 0.50 to 0.66) and statistical agreement (P < 0.05) with the pooled diet data. Therefore, the dual-marker technique provided the best alternative estimation method to actual measurements of forage DMI of grazing red deer.

A Series of Mesoporous Metal-Organic Frameworks with Tunable Windows Sizes and Exceptionally High Ethane over Ethylene Adsorption Selectivity

The NIIC-20 (NIIC stands for Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry) is a family of five isostructural metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on dodecanuclear wheel-shaped carboxylate building blocks {Zn₁₂ (RCOO)₁₂ (glycol)₆ } (glycol is deprotonated diatomic alcohol: ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol or glycerol), quantitatively crystallized from readily available starting chemicals. The crystal structures contain large mesoporous cages of 25 Å connected through {Zn₁₂ } rings, of which inner diameter and chemical nature depend solely on the chosen glycol. The NIIC-20 compounds feature high surface area and rarely observed inversed adsorption affinity for saturated hydrocarbon (ethane) over the unsaturated ones (ethylene, acetylene). The corresponding IAST (Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory) adsorption selectivity factors reach as much as 15.4 for C₂ H₆ /C₂ H₄ and 10.9 for C₂ H₆ /C₂ H₂ gas mixtures at ambient conditions, exceeding those for any other porous MOF reported so far. The remarkable combination of high adsorption uptakes and high adsorption selectivities makes the NIIC-20 series a new benchmark of porous materials designed for ethylene separation applications.

Alkane Shape- and Size-Recognized Selective Vapor Sorption in "Channel-Like" Crystals Based on Thiacalixarene Assemblies

Alkanes composed of C-C and C-H show a low electric polarization, and therefore, there is only very weak interaction between alkanes and adsorbents. Thus, it is difficult to separate a specific alkane from a mixture of alkanes by adsorption. Here, two activated "channel-like" crystals generated from brominated thiacalix[4]arene propyl ethers, which adopt 1,3-alternate and partial cone conformations, recognize specific alkane vapors depending on alkane-shape and -size, sorting in three-type alkane guests such as linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes. Two activated crystals, which are prepared by removal of solvent upon heating under reduced pressure, incorporate branched and/or cyclic alkane vapors by a unique "gate-opening" mechanism via a crystal transformation in the process. Linear alkane vapors do not trigger gate opening and are not taken up by the activated crystals. The shape and size molecular-recognition properties of the activated crystals promises considerable usefulness for the separation of linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes.

Ruthenium-Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes as Mesocatalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Halloysite aluminosilicate nanotubes loaded with ruthenium particles were used as reactors for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. To load ruthenium inside clay, selective modification of the external surface with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, urea, or acetone azine was performed. Reduction of materials in a flow of hydrogen at 400 °C resulted in catalysts loaded with 2 wt.% of 3.5 nm Ru particles, densely packed inside the tubes. Catalysts were characterized by N₂-adsorption, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction analysis. We concluded that the total acidity and specific morphology of reactors were the major factors influencing activity and selectivity toward CH₄, C_2–4, and C₅₊ hydrocarbons in the Fischer–Tropsch process. Use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for ruthenium binding gave a methanation catalyst with ca. 50% selectivity to methane and C_2–4. Urea-modified halloysite resulted in the Ru-nanoreactors with high selectivity to valuable C₅₊ hydrocarbons containing few olefins and a high number of heavy fractions (α = 0.87). Modification with acetone azine gave the slightly higher CO conversion rate close to 19% and highest selectivity in C₅₊ products. Using a halloysite tube with a 10–20-nm lumen decreased the diffusion limitation and helped to produce high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. The extremely small C₂–C₄ fraction obtained from the urea- and azine-modified sample was not reachable for non-templated Ru-nanoparticles. Dense packing of Ru nanoparticles increased the contact time of olefins and their reabsorption, producing higher amounts of C₅₊ hydrocarbons. Loading of Ru inside the nanoclay increased the particle stability and prevented their aggregation under reaction conditions.

A Quantitative Model for Alkane Nucleophilicity Based on C-H Bond Structural/Topological Descriptors

A first quantitative model for calculating the nucleophilicity of alkanes is described. A statistical treatment was applied to the analysis of the reactivity of 29 different alkane C-H bonds towards in situ generated metal carbene electrophiles. The correlation of the recently reported experimental reactivity with two different sets of descriptors comprising a total of 86 parameters was studied, resulting in the quantitative descriptor-based alkane nucleophilicity (QDEAN) model. This model consists of an equation with only six structural/topological descriptors, and reproduces the relative reactivity of the alkane C-H bonds. This reactivity can be calculated from parameters emerging from the schematic drawing of the alkane and a simple set of sums.

Metabolites of the Anaerobic Degradation of n-Hexane by Denitrifying Betaproteobacterium Strain HxN1

The constitutions of seven metabolites formed during anaerobic degradation of n-hexane by the denitrifying betaproteobacterium strain HxN1 were elucidated by comparison of their GC and MS data with those of synthetic reference standards. The synthesis of 4-methyloctanoic acid derivatives was accomplished by the conversion of 2-methylhexanoyl chloride with Meldrum's acid. The β-oxoester was reduced with NaBH₄ , the hydroxy group was eliminated, and the double bond was displaced to yield the methyl esters of 4-methyl-3-oxooctanoate, 3-hydroxy-4-methyloctanoate, (E)-4-methyl-2-octenoate, and (E)- and (Z)-4-methyl-3-octenoate. The methyl esters of 2-methyl-3-oxohexanoate and 3-hydroxy-2-methylhexanoate were similarly prepared from butanoyl chloride and Meldrum's acid. However, methyl (E)-2-methyl-2-hexenoate was prepared by Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, followed by isomerization to methyl (E)-2-methyl-3-hexenoate. This investigation, with the exception of 4-methyl-3-oxooctanoate, which was not detectable in the cultures, completes the unambiguous identification of all intermediates of the anaerobic biodegradation of n-hexane to 2-methyl-3-oxohexanoyl coenzyme A (CoA), which is then thiolytically cleaved to butanoyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA; these two metabolites are further transformed according to established pathways.

Expression Analysis and Functional Characterization of CER1 Family Genes Involved in Very-Long-Chain Alkanes Biosynthesis in Brachypodium distachyon

Cuticular wax accumulation and composition affects drought resistance in plants. Brachypodium distachyon plants subjected to water deficit and polyethylene glycol treatments resulted in a significant increase in total wax load, in which very-long-chain (VLC) alkanes were more sensitive to these treatments than other wax compounds, implying that VLC alkanes biosynthesis plays a more important role in drought resistance in B. distachyon. ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) has been reported to encode a core enzyme involved in VLC alkanes biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but few corresponding genes are investigated in B. distachyon. Here, we identified eight CER1 homologous genes in B. distachyon, namely BdCER1-1 to BdCER1-8, and then analyzed their sequences feature, expression patterns, stress induction, and biochemical activities. These genes had similar protein structure to other reported CER1 and CER1-like genes, but displayed closer phylogenetic relationship to the rice OsGL1 genes. They were further found to exhibit various tissue expression patterns after being induced by abiotic stresses. Among them, BdCER1-8 gene showed extremely high expression in leaves. Heterologous introduction of BdCER1-8 into the Arabidopsis cer1 mutant rescued VLC alkanes biosynthesis. These results indicate that BdCER1 genes are likely to be involved in VLC alkanes biosynthesis of B. distachyon. Taken together, BdCER1-8 seems to play an explicit and predominant role in VLC alkanes biosynthesis in leaf. Our work provides important clues for further characterizing function of CER1 homologous genes in B. distachyon and also an option to improve drought resistance of cereal crops.