1
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Kollár L, Grabrijan K, Hrast Rambaher M, Bozovičar K, Imre T, Ferenczy GG, Gobec S, Keserű GM. Boronic acid inhibitors of penicillin-binding protein 1b: serine and lysine labelling agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2305833. [PMID: 38410950 PMCID: PMC10901194 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2024.2305833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) contribute to bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and are targets of antibacterial agents. Here, we investigated PBP1b inhibition by boronic acid derivatives. Chemical starting points were identified by structure-based virtual screening and aliphatic boronic acids were selected for further investigations. Structure-activity relationship studies focusing on the branching of the boron-connecting carbon and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations showed that reaction barrier free energies are compatible with fast reversible covalent binding and small or missing reaction free energies limit the inhibitory activity of the investigated boronic acid derivatives. Therefore, covalent labelling of the lysine residue of the catalytic dyad was also investigated. Compounds with a carbonyl warhead and an appropriately positioned boronic acid moiety were shown to inhibit and covalently label PBP1b. Reversible covalent labelling of the catalytic lysine by imine formation and the stabilisation of the imine by dative N-B bond is a new strategy for PBP1b inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Kollár
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Tímea Imre
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Kuehm OP, Hayden JA, Bearne SL. A Phenylboronic Acid-Based Transition State Analogue Yields Nanomolar Inhibition of Mandelate Racemase. Biochemistry 2023. [PMID: 37285384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mandelate racemase (MR) catalyzes the Mg2+-dependent interconversion of (R)- and (S)-mandelate by stabilizing the altered substrate in the transition state (TS) by ∼26 kcal/mol. The enzyme has been employed as a model to explore the limits to which the free energy of TS stabilization may be captured by TS analogues to effect strong binding. Herein, we determined the thermodynamic parameters accompanying binding of a series of bromo-, chloro-, and fluoro-substituted phenylboronic acids (PBAs) by MR and found that binding was predominately driven by favorable entropy changes. 3,4-Dichloro-PBA was discovered to be the most potent inhibitor yet identified for MR, binding with a Kdapp value of 11 ± 2 nM and exceeding the binding of the substrate by ∼72,000-fold. The ΔCp value accompanying binding (-488 ± 18 cal·mol-1 K-1) suggested that dispersion forces contribute significantly to the binding. The pH-dependence of the inhibition revealed that MR preferentially binds the anionic, tetrahedral form of 3,4-dichloro-PBA with a pH-independent Ki value of 5.7 ± 0.5 nM, which was consistent with the observed upfield shift of the 11B NMR signal. The linear free energy relationship between log(kcat/Km) and log(1/Ki) for wild-type and 11 MR variants binding 3,4-dichloro-PBA had a slope of 0.8 ± 0.2, indicating that MR recognizes the inhibitor as an analogue of the TS. Hence, halogen substitution may be utilized to capture additional free energy of TS stabilization arising from dispersion forces to enhance the binding of boronic acid inhibitors by MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P Kuehm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Joshua A Hayden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stephen L Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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3
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Tan Y, Wu J, Song L, Zhang M, Hipolito CJ, Wu C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Yin Y. Merging the Versatile Functionalities of Boronic Acid with Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312958. [PMID: 34884766 PMCID: PMC8657650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides inherently feature the favorable properties of being easily synthesized, water-soluble, biocompatible, and typically non-toxic. Thus, boronic acid has been widely integrated with peptides with the goal of discovering peptide ligands with novel biological activities, and this effort has led to broad applications. Taking the integration between boronic acid and peptide as a starting point, we provide an overview of the latest research advances and highlight the versatile and robust functionalities of boronic acid. In this review, we summarize the diverse applications of peptide boronic acids in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology, including the identification of covalent reversible enzyme inhibitors, recognition, and detection of glycans on proteins or cancer cell surface, delivery of siRNAs, development of pH responsive devices, and recognition of RNA or bacterial surfaces. Additionally, we discuss boronic acid-mediated peptide cyclization and peptide modifications, as well as the facile chemical synthesis of peptide boronic acids, which paved the way for developing a growing number of peptide boronic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lulu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Christopher John Hipolito
- Screening & Compound Profiling, Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Changsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.Y.)
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4
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Post-translational insertion of boron in proteins to probe and modulate function. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1245-1261. [PMID: 34725511 PMCID: PMC8604732 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Boron is absent in proteins, yet is a micronutrient. It possesses unique bonding that could expand biological function including modes of Lewis acidity not available to typical elements of life. Here we show that post-translational Cβ–Bγ bond formation provides mild, direct, site-selective access to the minimally sized residue boronoalanine (Bal) in proteins. Precise anchoring of boron within complex biomolecular systems allows dative bond-mediated, site-dependent protein Lewis acid–base-pairing (LABP) by Bal. Dynamic protein-LABP creates tunable inter- and intramolecular ligand–host interactions, while reactive protein-LABP reveals reactively accessible sites through migratory boron-to-oxygen Cβ–Oγ covalent bond formation. These modes of dative bonding can also generate de novo function, such as control of thermo- and proteolytic stability in a target protein, or observation of transient structural features via chemical exchange. These results indicate that controlled insertion of boron facilitates stability modulation, structure determination, de novo binding activities and redox-responsive ‘mutation’. ![]()
Post-translational site-selective formation of boronoalanine in proteins enables applications of boron for binding partner capture, footprinting of interactions with reactive oxygen species, proteolytic control and mapping of transient structures.
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5
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Kumar V, Viviani SL, Ismail J, Agarwal S, Bonomo RA, van den Akker F. Structural analysis of the boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitor vaborbactam binding to Pseudomonas aeruginosa penicillin-binding protein 3. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258359. [PMID: 34653211 PMCID: PMC8519428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mediated by β-lactamases is the major and leading cause of resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins among Gram-negative bacteria. β-Lactamases, periplasmic enzymes that are widely distributed in the bacterial world, protect penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), the major cell wall synthesizing enzymes, from inactivation by β-lactam antibiotics. Developing novel PBP inhibitors with a non-β-lactam scaffold could potentially evade this resistance mechanism. Based on the structural similarities between the evolutionary related serine β-lactamases and PBPs, we investigated whether the potent β-lactamase inhibitor, vaborbactam, could also form an acyl-enzyme complex with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBP3. We found that this cyclic boronate, vaborbactam, inhibited PBP3 (IC50 of 262 μM), and its binding to PBP3 increased the protein thermal stability by about 2°C. Crystallographic analysis of the PBP3:vaborbactam complex reveals that vaborbactam forms a covalent bond with the catalytic S294. The amide moiety of vaborbactam hydrogen bonds with N351 and the backbone oxygen of T487. The carboxyl group of vaborbactam hydrogen bonds with T487, S485, and S349. The thiophene ring and cyclic boronate ring of vaborbactam form hydrophobic interactions, including with V333 and Y503. The active site of the vaborbactam-bound PBP3 harbors the often observed ligand-induced formation of the aromatic wall and hydrophobic bridge, yet the residues involved in this wall and bridge display much higher temperature factors compared to PBP3 structures bound to high-affinity β-lactams. These insights could form the basis for developing more potent novel cyclic boronate-based PBP inhibitors to inhibit these targets and overcome β-lactamases-mediated resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samantha L. Viviani
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeeda Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- VA Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiology (Case VA CARES), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Focco van den Akker
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Newman H, Krajnc A, Bellini D, Eyermann CJ, Boyle GA, Paterson NG, McAuley KE, Lesniak R, Gangar M, von Delft F, Brem J, Chibale K, Schofield CJ, Dowson CG. High-Throughput Crystallography Reveals Boron-Containing Inhibitors of a Penicillin-Binding Protein with Di- and Tricovalent Binding Modes. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11379-11394. [PMID: 34337941 PMCID: PMC9282634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of β-lactam antibiotics is increasingly compromised by β-lactamases. Boron-containing inhibitors are potent serine-β-lactamase inhibitors, but the interactions of boron-based compounds with the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) β-lactam targets have not been extensively studied. We used high-throughput X-ray crystallography to explore reactions of a boron-containing fragment set with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PBP3 (PaPBP3). Multiple crystal structures reveal that boronic acids react with PBPs to give tricovalently linked complexes bonded to Ser294, Ser349, and Lys484 of PaPBP3; benzoxaboroles react with PaPBP3 via reaction with two nucleophilic serines (Ser294 and Ser349) to give dicovalently linked complexes; and vaborbactam reacts to give a monocovalently linked complex. Modifications of the benzoxaborole scaffold resulted in a moderately potent inhibition of PaPBP3, though no antibacterial activity was observed. Overall, the results further evidence the potential for the development of new classes of boron-based antibiotics, which are not compromised by β-lactamase-driven resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Newman
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Alen Krajnc
- Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute of Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Dom Bellini
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Charles J. Eyermann
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Grant A. Boyle
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Neil G. Paterson
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Katherine E. McAuley
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Robert Lesniak
- Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute of Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Mukesh Gangar
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of
Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
- Research
Complex at Harwell, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, U.K.
| | - Jürgen Brem
- Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute of Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug
Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease
and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape
Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department
of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute of Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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7
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Immel JR, Chilamari M, Bloom S. Combining flavin photocatalysis with parallel synthesis: a general platform to optimize peptides with non-proteinogenic amino acids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10083-10091. [PMID: 34377401 PMCID: PMC8317666 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02562g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most peptide drugs contain non-proteinogenic amino acids (NPAAs), born out through extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies using solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Synthetically laborious and expensive to manufacture, NPAAs also can have poor coupling efficiencies allowing only a small fraction to be sampled by conventional SPPS. To gain general access to NPAA-containing peptides, we developed a first-generation platform that merges contemporary flavin photocatalysis with parallel synthesis to simultaneously make, purify, quantify, and even test up to 96 single-NPAA peptide variants via the unique combination of boronic acids and a dehydroalanine residue in a peptide. We showcase the power of our newly minted platform to introduce NPAAs of diverse chemotypes-aliphatic, aromatic, heteroaromatic-directly into peptides, including 15 entirely new residues, and to evolve a simple proteinogenic peptide into an unnatural inhibitor of thrombin by non-classical peptide SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas Integrated Science Building Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Maheshwerreddy Chilamari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas Integrated Science Building Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas Integrated Science Building Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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8
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Discovery of Pyrrolidine-2,3-diones as Novel Inhibitors of P. aeruginosa PBP3. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050529. [PMID: 34064358 PMCID: PMC8147781 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming threat of the spread of multidrug resistant bacteria currently leaves clinicians with very limited options to combat infections, especially those from Gram-negative bacteria. Hence, innovative strategies to deliver the next generation of antibacterials are urgently needed. Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) are proven targets inhibited by β-lactam antibiotics. To discover novel, non-β-lactam inhibitors against PBP3 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we optimised a fluorescence assay based on a well-known thioester artificial substrate and performed a target screening using a focused protease-targeted library of 2455 compounds, which led to the identification of pyrrolidine-2,3-dione as a potential scaffold to inhibit the PBP3 target. Further chemical optimisation using a one-pot three-component reaction protocol delivered compounds with excellent target inhibition, initial antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa and no apparent cytotoxicity. Our investigation revealed the key structural features; for instance, 3-hydroxyl group (R2) and a heteroaryl group (R1) appended to the N-pyrroldine-2,3-dione via methylene linker required for target inhibition. Overall, the discovery of the pyrrolidine-2,3-dione class of inhibitors of PBP3 brings opportunities to target multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and calls for further optimisation to improve antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa.
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9
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Wang C, Liang H, Hang Z, Wang ZY, Xie Q, Xue W. Lewis acid/base pair as a catalytic system for α-stereoselective synthesis of 2-deoxyglycosides through the addition of alcohols to glycals. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Sharma AN, Grandinetti L, Johnson ER, St Maurice M, Bearne SL. Potent Inhibition of Mandelate Racemase by Boronic Acids: Boron as a Mimic of a Carbon Acid Center. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3026-3037. [PMID: 32786399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acids have been successfully employed as inhibitors of hydrolytic enzymes. Typically, an enzymatic nucleophile catalyzing hydrolysis adds to the electrophilic boron atom forming a tetrahedral species that mimics the intermediate(s)/transition state(s) for the hydrolysis reaction. We show that para-substituted phenylboronic acids (PBAs) are potent competitive inhibitors of mandelate racemase (MR), an enzyme that catalyzes a 1,1-proton transfer rather than a hydrolysis reaction. The Ki value for PBA was 1.8 ± 0.1 μM, and p-Cl-PBA exhibited the most potent inhibition (Ki = 81 ± 4 nM), exceeding the binding affinity of the substrate by ∼4 orders of magnitude. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies with the wild-type, K166M, and H297N MR variants indicated that, of the two Brønsted acid-base catalysts Lys 166 and His 297, the former made the greater contribution to inhibitor binding. The X-ray crystal structure of the MR·PBA complex revealed the presence of multiple H-bonds between the boronic acid hydroxyl groups and the side chains of active site residues, as well as formation of a His 297 Nε2-B dative bond. The dramatic upfield change in chemical shift of 27.2 ppm in the solution-phase 11B nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum accompanying binding of PBA by MR was consistent with an sp3-hybridized boron, which was also supported by density-functional theory calculations. These unprecedented findings suggest that, beyond substituting boron at carbon centers participating in hydrolysis reactions, substitution of boron at the acidic carbon center of a substrate furnishes a new approach for generating inhibitors of enzymes catalyzing the deprotonation of carbon acid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Nath Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lia Grandinetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Erin R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Martin St Maurice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Stephen L Bearne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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11
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Parkova A, Lucic A, Krajnc A, Brem J, Calvopiña K, Langley GW, McDonough MA, Trapencieris P, Schofield CJ. Broad Spectrum β-Lactamase Inhibition by a Thioether Substituted Bicyclic Boronate. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1398-1404. [PMID: 31841636 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactamases comprise the most widely used mode of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Cyclic boronates have shown promise as a new class of β-lactamase inhibitor, with pioneering potential to potently inhibit both metallo- and serine-β-lactamases. We report studies concerning a bicyclic boronate ester with a thioether rather than the more typical β-lactam antibiotic "C-6/C-7" acylamino type side chain, which is present in the penicillin/cephalosporin antibiotics. The thioether bicyclic boronate ester was tested for activity against representative serine- and metallo-β-lactamases. The results support the broad inhibition potential of bicyclic boronate based inhibitors with different side chains, including against metallo-β-lactamases from B1, B2, and B3 subclasses. Combined with previous crystallographic studies, analysis of a crystal structure of the thioether inhibitor with the clinically relevant VIM-2 metallo-β-lactamase implies that further SAR work will expand the already broad scope of β-lactamase inhibition by bicyclic boronates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anete Parkova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anka Lucic
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Alen Krajnc
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Brem
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Karina Calvopiña
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W. Langley
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. McDonough
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher J. Schofield
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, The Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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12
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Bauzá A, Frontera A, Mooibroek TJ. π-Hole Interactions Involving Nitro Aromatic Ligands in Protein Structures. Chemistry 2019; 25:13436-13443. [PMID: 31453653 PMCID: PMC6856858 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studying noncanonical intermolecular interactions between a ligand and a protein constitutes an emerging research field. Identifying synthetically accessible molecular fragments that can engage in intermolecular interactions is a key objective in this area. Here, it is shown that so-called "π-hole interactions" are present between the nitro moiety in nitro aromatic ligands and lone pairs within protein structures (water and protein carbonyls and sulfurs). Ample structural evidence was found in a PDB analysis and computations reveal interaction energies of about -5 kcal mol-1 for ligand-protein π-hole interactions. Several examples are highlighted for which a π-hole interaction is implicated in the superior binding affinity or inhibition of a nitro aromatic ligand versus a similar non-nitro analogue. The discovery that π-hole interactions with nitro aromatics are significant within protein structures parallels the finding that halogen bonds are biologically relevant. This has implications for the interpretation of ligand-protein complexation phenomena, for example, involving the more than 50 approved drugs that contain a nitro aromatic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bauzá
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCrta. de Valldemossa km 7.507122Palma (Baleares)Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de les Illes BalearsCrta. de Valldemossa km 7.507122Palma (Baleares)Spain
| | - Tiddo Jonathan Mooibroek
- van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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13
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Krajnc A, Brem J, Hinchliffe P, Calvopiña K, Panduwawala TD, Lang PA, Kamps JJAG, Tyrrell JM, Widlake E, Saward BG, Walsh TR, Spencer J, Schofield CJ. Bicyclic Boronate VNRX-5133 Inhibits Metallo- and Serine-β-Lactamases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8544-8556. [PMID: 31454231 PMCID: PMC6767355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
bicyclic boronate VNRX-5133 (taniborbactam) is a new type of
β-lactamase inhibitor in clinical development. We report that
VNRX-5133 inhibits serine-β-lactamases (SBLs) and some clinically
important metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), including NDM-1 and VIM-1/2.
VNRX-5133 activity against IMP-1 and tested B2/B3 MBLs was lower/not
observed. Crystallography reveals how VNRX-5133 binds to the class
D SBL OXA-10 and MBL NDM-1. The crystallographic results highlight
the ability of bicyclic boronates to inhibit SBLs and MBLs via binding
of a tetrahedral (sp3) boron species. The structures imply
conserved binding of the bicyclic core with SBLs/MBLs. With NDM-1,
by crystallography, we observed an unanticipated VNRX-5133 binding
mode involving cyclization of its acylamino oxygen onto the boron
of the bicyclic core. Different side-chain binding modes for bicyclic
boronates for SBLs and MBLs imply scope for side-chain optimization.
The results further support the “high-energy-intermediate”
analogue approach for broad-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitor development
and highlight the ability of boron inhibitors to interchange between
different hybridization states/binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Krajnc
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Brem
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hinchliffe
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD , United Kingdom
| | - Karina Calvopiña
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Tharindi D Panduwawala
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Pauline A Lang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Jos J A G Kamps
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Disease , Institute of Infection & Immunity , UHW Main Building, Heath Park , Cardiff CF14 4XN , United Kingdom
| | - Emma Widlake
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Disease , Institute of Infection & Immunity , UHW Main Building, Heath Park , Cardiff CF14 4XN , United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G Saward
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Disease , Institute of Infection & Immunity , UHW Main Building, Heath Park , Cardiff CF14 4XN , United Kingdom
| | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
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14
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Dayal N, Mikek CG, Hernandez D, Naclerio GA, Yin Chu EF, Carter-Cooper BA, Lapidus RG, Sintim HO. Potently inhibiting cancer cell migration with novel 3H-pyrazolo[4,3-f]quinoline boronic acid ROCK inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:449-456. [PMID: 31330446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCKs) are ubiquitously expressed in most adult tissues, and are involved in modulating the cytoskeleton, protein synthesis and degradation pathways, synaptic function, and autophagy to list a few. A few ROCK inhibitors, such as fasudil and netarsudil, are approved for clinical use. Here we present a new ROCK inhibitor, boronic acid containing HSD1590, which is more potent than netarsudil at binding to or inhibiting ROCK enzymatic activities. This compound exhibits single digit nanomolar binding to ROCK (Kds < 2 nM) and subnanomolar enzymatic inhibition profile (ROCK2 IC50 is 0.5 nM for HSD1590. Netarsudil, an FDA-approved drug, inhibited ROCK2 with IC50 = 11 nM under similar conditions). Whereas netarsudil was cytotoxic to breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 (greater than 80% growth inhibition at concentrations greater than 5 μM), HSD1590 displayed low cytotoxicity to MDA-MB-231. Interestingly, at 1 μM HSD1590 inhibited the migration of MDA-MB-231 whereas netarsudil did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Dayal
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Clinton G Mikek
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Delmis Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - George A Naclerio
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fei Yin Chu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Brandon A Carter-Cooper
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Translational Core Laboratory, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, 655 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Herman O Sintim
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute of Inflammation and Infectious Diseases, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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15
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Krajnc A, Lang PA, Panduwawala TD, Brem J, Schofield CJ. Will morphing boron-based inhibitors beat the β-lactamases? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 50:101-110. [PMID: 31004962 PMCID: PMC6591701 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The β-lactams remain the most important antibacterials, but their use is increasingly compromised by resistance, importantly by β-lactamases. Although β-lactam and non-β-lactam inhibitors forming stable acyl-enzyme complexes with nucleophilic serine β-lactamases (SBLs) are widely used, these are increasingly susceptible to evolved SBLs and do not inhibit metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Boronic acids and boronate esters, especially cyclic ones, can potently inhibit both SBLs and MBLs. Vaborbactam, a monocyclic boronate, is approved for clinical use, but its β-lactamase coverage is limited. Bicyclic boronates rapidly react with SBLs and MBLs forming stable enzyme-inhibitor complexes that mimic the common anionic high-energy tetrahedral intermediates in SBL/MBL catalysis, as revealed by crystallography. The ability of boronic acids to 'morph' between sp2 and sp3 hybridisation states may help enable potent inhibition. There is limited structure-activity relationship information on the (bi)cyclic boronate inhibitors compared to β-lactams, hence scope for creativity towards new boron-based β-lactamase inhibitors/antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Krajnc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline A Lang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Tharindi D Panduwawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Brem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom.
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16
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Wu G, Zhao T, Kang D, Zhang J, Song Y, Namasivayam V, Kongsted J, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Overview of Recent Strategic Advances in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9375-9414. [PMID: 31050421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introducing novel strategies, concepts, and technologies that speed up drug discovery and the drug development cycle is of great importance both in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry as well as in academia. This Perspective aims to present a "big-picture" overview of recent strategic innovations in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , 250012 Ji'nan , China
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
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17
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Miyachiro MM, Contreras-Martel C, Dessen A. Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) and Bacterial Cell Wall Elongation Complexes. Subcell Biochem 2019; 93:273-289. [PMID: 31939154 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28151-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial cell wall is the validated target of mainstream antimicrobials such as penicillin and vancomycin. Penicillin and other β-lactams act by targeting Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs), enzymes that play key roles in the biosynthesis of the main component of the cell wall, the peptidoglycan. Despite the spread of resistance towards these drugs, the bacterial cell wall continues to be a major Achilles' heel for microbial survival, and the exploration of the cell wall formation machinery is a vast field of work that can lead to the development of novel exciting therapies. The sheer complexity of the cell wall formation process, however, has created a significant challenge for the study of the macromolecular interactions that regulate peptidoglycan biosynthesis. New developments in genetic and biochemical screens, as well as different aspects of structural biology, have shed new light on the importance of complexes formed by PBPs, notably within the cell wall elongation machinery. This chapter summarizes structural and functional details of PBP complexes involved in the periplasmic and membrane steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis with a focus on cell wall elongation. These assemblies could represent interesting new targets for the eventual development of original antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara M Miyachiro
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Contreras-Martel
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, Grenoble, France
| | - Andréa Dessen
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), CNPEM, Campinas, Brazil. .,Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Bacterial Pathogenesis Group, Grenoble, France.
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18
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Tan L, Yan W, McCorvy JD, Cheng J. Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9841-9878. [PMID: 29939744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal through both G-protein-dependent and G-protein-independent pathways, and β-arrestin recruitment is the most recognized one of the latter. Biased ligands selective for either pathway are expected to regulate biological functions of GPCRs in a more precise way, therefore providing new drug molecules with superior efficacy and/or reduced side effects. During the past decade, biased ligands have been discovered and developed for many GPCRs, such as the μ opioid receptor, the angiotensin II receptor type 1, the dopamine D2 receptor, and many others. In this Perspective, recent advances in this field are reviewed by discussing the structure-functional selectivity relationships (SFSRs) of GPCR biased ligands and the therapeutic potential of these molecules. Further understanding of the biological functions associated with each signaling pathway and structural basis for biased signaling will facilitate future drug design in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tan
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 W. Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
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19
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The versatility of boron in biological target engagement. Nat Chem 2017; 9:731-742. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Li C, Wang J, Barton LM, Yu S, Tian M, Peters DS, Kumar M, Yu AW, Johnson KA, Chatterjee AK, Yan M, Baran PS. Decarboxylative borylation. Science 2017; 356:eaam7355. [PMID: 28408721 PMCID: PMC5807063 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of alkyl boronic acids and esters is frequently hampered by the challenges associated with their preparation. We describe a simple and practical method to rapidly access densely functionalized alkyl boronate esters from abundant carboxylic substituents. This broad-scope nickel-catalyzed reaction uses the same activating principle as amide bond formation to replace a carboxylic acid moiety with a boronate ester. Application to peptides allowed expedient preparations of α-amino boronic acids, often with high stereoselectivity, thereby facilitating synthesis of the alkyl boronic acid drugs Velcade and Ninlaro as well as a boronic acid version of the iconic antibiotic vancomycin. The reaction also enabled the discovery and extensive biological characterization of potent human neutrophil elastase inhibitors, which offer reversible covalent binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa M Barton
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maoqun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David S Peters
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antony W Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristen A Johnson
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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New tetrahedral boron heterobicycles: Cyclocondensation of phenylboronic acid with β-keto butanoic acid N-acyl hydrazones. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Reverte M, Barvik I, Vasseur JJ, Smietana M. RNA-directed off/on switch of RNase H activity using boronic ester formation. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8204-8210. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02145c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new concept to modulate RNase H activity is presented based on the boronic acid/boronate switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Reverte
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron
- IBMM UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- ENSCM
- 34095 Montpellier
| | - Ivan Barvik
- Institute of Physics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
- Charles University
- 121 16 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron
- IBMM UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- ENSCM
- 34095 Montpellier
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron
- IBMM UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université de Montpellier
- ENSCM
- 34095 Montpellier
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23
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Wang DY, Abboud MI, Markoulides MS, Brem J, Schofield CJ. The road to avibactam: the first clinically useful non-β-lactam working somewhat like a β-lactam. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1063-84. [PMID: 27327972 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Avibactam, which is the first non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor to be introduced for clinical use, is a broad-spectrum serine β-lactamase inhibitor with activity against class A, class C, and, some, class D β-lactamases. We provide an overview of efforts, which extend to the period soon after the discovery of the penicillins, to develop clinically useful non-β-lactam compounds as antibacterials, and, subsequently, penicillin-binding protein and β-lactamase inhibitors. Like the β-lactam inhibitors, avibactam works via a mechanism involving covalent modification of a catalytically important nucleophilic serine residue. However, unlike the β-lactam inhibitors, avibactam reacts reversibly with its β-lactamase targets. We discuss chemical factors that may account for the apparently special nature of β-lactams and related compounds as antibacterials and β-lactamase inhibitors, including with respect to resistance. Avenues for future research including non-β-lactam antibacterials acting similarly to β-lactams are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen Brem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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24
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Bernat V, Admas TH, Brox R, Heinemann FW, Tschammer N. Boronic acids as probes for investigation of allosteric modulation of the chemokine receptor CXCR3. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2664-77. [PMID: 25233453 DOI: 10.1021/cb500678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a G protein-coupled receptor, which conveys extracellular signals into cells by changing its conformation upon agonist binding. To facilitate the mechanistic understanding of allosteric modulation of CXCR3, we combined computational modeling with the synthesis of novel chemical tools containing boronic acid moiety, site-directed mutagenesis, and detailed functional characterization. The design of boronic acid derivatives was based on the predictions from homology modeling and docking. The choice of the boronic acid moiety was dictated by its unique ability to interact with proteins in a reversible covalent way, thereby influencing conformational dynamics of target biomolecules. During the synthesis of the library we have developed a novel approach for the purification of drug-like boronic acids. To validate the predicted binding mode and to identify amino acid residues responsible for the transduction of signal through CXCR3, we conducted a site-directed mutagenesis study. With the use of allosteric radioligand RAMX3 we were able to establish the existence of a second allosteric binding pocket in CXCR3, which enables different binding modes of structurally closely related allosteric modulators of CXCR3. We have also identified residues Trp109(2.60) and Lys300(7.35) inside the transmembrane bundle of the receptor as crucial for the regulation of the G protein activation. Furthermore, we report the boronic acid 14 as the first biased negative allosteric modulator of the receptor. Overall, our data demonstrate that boronic acid derivatives represent an outstanding tool for determination of key receptor-ligand interactions and induction of ligand-biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viachaslau Bernat
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tizita Haimanot Admas
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regine Brox
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W. Heinemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich Alexander University, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Dzhekieva L, Adediran SA, Pratt RF. Interactions of "bora-penicilloates" with serine β-lactamases and DD-peptidases. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6530-8. [PMID: 25302576 PMCID: PMC4204886 DOI: 10.1021/bi500970f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Specific
boronic acids are generally powerful tetrahedral intermediate/transition
state analogue inhibitors of serine amidohydrolases. This group of
enzymes includes bacterial β-lactamases and DD-peptidases where
there has been considerable development of boronic acid inhibitors.
This paper describes the synthesis, determination of the inhibitory
activity, and analysis of the results from two α-(2-thiazolidinyl)
boronic acids that are closer analogues of particular tetrahedral
intermediates involved in β-lactamase and DD-peptidase catalysis
than those previously described. One of them, 2-[1-(dihydroxyboranyl)(2-phenylacetamido)methyl]-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic
acid, is a direct analogue of the deacylation tetrahedral intermediates
of these enzymes. These compounds are micromolar inhibitors of class
C β-lactamases but, very unexpectedly, not inhibitors of class
A β-lactamases. We rationalize the latter result on the basis
of a new mechanism of boronic acid inhibition of the class A enzymes.
A stable inhibitory complex is not accessible because of the instability
of an intermediate on its pathway of formation. The new boronic acids
also do not inhibit bacterial DD-peptidases (penicillin-binding proteins).
This result strongly supports a central feature of a previously proposed
mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics, where deacylation
of β-lactam-derived acyl-enzymes is not possible because of
unfavorable steric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Dzhekieva
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University , Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, United States
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26
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Soriano-Ursúa MA, Das BC, Trujillo-Ferrara JG. Boron-containing compounds: chemico-biological properties and expanding medicinal potential in prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:485-500. [PMID: 24456081 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.881472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the medicinal use of boron-containing compounds (BCCs) had long been limited to antiseptics, in the last few decades, these compounds have been used as antibiotics or chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few years, boron has been included in the moieties of many known drugs to improve their capacity in binding to their respective target receptors. AREAS COVERED The current review focuses on research and patent literature of the last decade related to the development of BCCs as preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic tools. It explores the possible mechanisms of action of these compounds as well as the advantageous features of their structure and chemico-pharmacological properties. EXPERT OPINION Although uncertainties exist about the mechanism of action of BCCs, increasing evidence about their toxicological profile strongly suggests that many can be safely administered to humans. Even stronger evidence exists regarding the capacity of BCCs to reach multiple targets that are involved in the treatment of common diseases. It seems fair to say that some BCCs will reach the market for medicinal use in the near future, not only for targeting microbial or neoplastic systems but also for acting on cell-signaling processes involved in many other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departamento de Fisiología and Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, México City, D.F, 11340 , México +52 555 7296000 ; +52 555 7296000-Ext 62751 ;
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Nikolaidis I, Favini-Stabile S, Dessen A. Resistance to antibiotics targeted to the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci 2014; 23:243-59. [PMID: 24375653 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the main component of the bacterial cell wall. It is a complex, three-dimensional mesh that surrounds the entire cell and is composed of strands of alternating glycan units crosslinked by short peptides. Its biosynthetic machinery has been, for the past five decades, a preferred target for the discovery of antibacterials. Synthesis of the peptidoglycan occurs sequentially within three cellular compartments (cytoplasm, membrane, and periplasm), and inhibitors of proteins that catalyze each stage have been identified, although not all are applicable for clinical use. A number of these antimicrobials, however, have been rendered inactive by resistance mechanisms. The employment of structural biology techniques has been instrumental in the understanding of such processes, as well as the development of strategies to overcome them. This review provides an overview of resistance mechanisms developed toward antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall precursors and its biosynthetic machinery. Strategies toward the development of novel inhibitors that could overcome resistance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nikolaidis
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5075, Grenoble, France; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Clevenger KD, Wu R, Er JAV, Liu D, Fast W. Rational design of a transition state analogue with picomolar affinity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PvdQ, a siderophore biosynthetic enzyme. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2192-200. [PMID: 23883096 DOI: 10.1021/cb400345h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa enzyme PvdQ can process different substrates involved in quorum-sensing or in siderophore biosynthesis. Substrate selectivity was evaluated using steady-state kinetic constants for hydrolysis of N-acyl-homoserine lactones (HSLs) and p-nitrophenyl fatty acid esters. PvdQ prefers substrates with alkyl chains between 12 and 14 carbons long that do not bear a 3-oxo substitution and is revealed here to have a relatively high specificity constant for selected N-acyl-HSLs (kcat/KM = 10(5) to 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)). However, endogenous P. aeruginosa N-acyl-HSLs are ≥100-fold disfavored, supporting the conclusion that PvdQ was not primarily evolved to regulate endogenous quorum-sensing. PvdQ plays an essential biosynthetic role for the siderophore pyoverdine, on which P. aeruginosa depends for growth in iron-limited environments. A series of alkylboronate inhibitors was found to be reversible, competitive, and extremely potent (Ki ≥ 190 pM). A 1.8 Å X-ray structure shows that 1-tridecylboronic acid forms a monocovalent bond with the N-terminal β-chain Ser residue in the PvdQ heterodimer, mimicking a reaction transition state. This boronic acid inhibits growth of P. aeruginosa in iron-limited media, reproducing the phenotype of a genetic pvdQ disruption, although co-administration of an efflux pump inhibitor is required to maintain growth inhibition. These findings support the strategy of designing boron-based inhibitors of siderophore biosynthetic enzymes to control P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago Illinois 60660,
United States
| | | | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago Illinois 60660,
United States
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Identification of Functional Regulatory Residues of the β -Lactam Inducible Penicillin Binding Protein in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2013; 2013:614670. [PMID: 23984067 PMCID: PMC3745919 DOI: 10.1155/2013/614670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to methicillin by Staphylococcus aureus is a persistent clinical problem worldwide. A mechanism for resistance has been proposed in which methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates acquired a new protein called β-lactam inducible penicillin binding protein (PBP-2′). The PBP-2′ functions by substituting other penicillin binding proteins which have been inhibited by β-lactam antibiotics. Presently, there is no structural and regulatory information on PBP-2′ protein. We conducted a complete structural and functional regulatory analysis of PBP-2′ protein. Our analysis revealed that the PBP-2′ is very stable with more hydrophilic amino acids expressing antigenic sites. PBP-2′ has three striking regulatory points constituted by first penicillin binding site at Ser25, second penicillin binding site at Ser405, and finally a single metallic ligand binding site at Glu657 which binds to Zn2+ ions. This report highlights structural features of PBP-2′ that can serve as targets for developing new chemotherapeutic agents and conducting site direct mutagenesis experiments.
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Development of new drugs for an old target: the penicillin binding proteins. Molecules 2012; 17:12478-505. [PMID: 23095893 PMCID: PMC6268044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of β-lactam antibiotics has led to the worldwide appearance of drug-resistant strains. Bacteria have developed resistance to β-lactams by two main mechanisms: the production of β-lactamases, sometimes accompanied by a decrease of outer membrane permeability, and the production of low-affinity, drug resistant Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs). PBPs remain attractive targets for developing new antibiotic agents because they catalyse the last steps of the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which is unique to bacteria, and lies outside the cytoplasmic membrane. Here we summarize the “current state of the art” of non-β-lactam inhibitors of PBPs, which have being developed in an attempt to counter the emergence of β-lactam resistance. These molecules are not susceptible to hydrolysis by β-lactamases and thus present a real alternative to β-lactams. We present transition state analogs such as boronic acids, which can covalently bind to the active serine residue in the catalytic site. Molecules containing ring structures different from the β-lactam-ring like lactivicin are able to acylate the active serine residue. High throughput screening methods, in combination with virtual screening methods and structure based design, have allowed the development of new molecules. Some of these novel inhibitors are active against major pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and thus open avenues new for the discovery of novel antibiotics.
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Siegel D. Applications of reversible covalent chemistry in analytical sample preparation. Analyst 2012; 137:5457-82. [PMID: 23013801 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35697j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reversible covalent chemistry (RCC) adds another dimension to commonly used sample preparation techniques like solid-phase extraction (SPE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) or immuno-affinity cleanup (IAC): chemical selectivity. By selecting analytes according to their covalent reactivity, sample complexity can be reduced significantly, resulting in enhanced analytical performance for low-abundance target analytes. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the applications of RCC in analytical sample preparation. The major reactions covered include reversible boronic ester formation, thiol-disulfide exchange and reversible hydrazone formation, targeting analyte groups like diols (sugars, glycoproteins and glycopeptides, catechols), thiols (cysteinyl-proteins and cysteinyl-peptides) and carbonyls (carbonylated proteins, mycotoxins). Their applications range from low abundance proteomics to reversible protein/peptide labelling to antibody chromatography to quantitative and qualitative food analysis. In discussing the potential of RCC, a special focus is on the conditions and restrictions of the utilized reaction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Siegel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Zervosen A, Bouillez A, Herman A, Amoroso A, Joris B, Sauvage E, Charlier P, Luxen A. Synthesis and evaluation of boronic acids as inhibitors of Penicillin Binding Proteins of classes A, B and C. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3915-24. [PMID: 22579615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to the widespread use of β-lactam antibiotics bacteria have evolved drug resistance mechanisms that include the production of resistant Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs). Boronic acids are potent β-lactamase inhibitors and have been shown to display some specificity for soluble transpeptidases and PBPs, but their potential as inhibitors of the latter enzymes is yet to be widely explored. Recently, a (2,6-dimethoxybenzamido)methylboronic acid was identified as being a potent inhibitor of Actinomadura sp. R39 transpeptidase (IC(50): 1.3 μM). In this work, we synthesized and studied the potential of a number of acylaminomethylboronic acids as inhibitors of PBPs from different classes. Several derivatives inhibited PBPs of classes A, B and C from penicillin sensitive strains. The (2-nitrobenzamido)methylboronic acid was identified as a good inhibitor of a class A PBP (PBP1b from Streptococcus pneumoniae, IC(50) = 26 μM), a class B PBP (PBP2xR6 from Streptococcus pneumoniae, IC(50) = 138 μM) and a class C PBP (R39 from Actinomadura sp., IC(50) = 0.6 μM). This work opens new avenues towards the development of molecules that inhibit PBPs, and eventually display bactericidal effects, on distinct bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Zervosen
- Centre de Recherches du Cyclotron, B30, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Dzhekieva L, Kumar I, Pratt RF. Inhibition of Bacterial DD-Peptidases (Penicillin-Binding Proteins) in Membranes and in Vivo by Peptidoglycan-Mimetic Boronic Acids. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2804-11. [DOI: 10.1021/bi300148v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Dzhekieva
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut 06459,
United
States
| | - Ish Kumar
- School of Natural
Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, New Jersey 07666, United States
| | - R. F. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, Lawn Avenue, Middletown, Connecticut 06459,
United
States
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Tomsho JW, Benkovic SJ. Elucidation of the Mechanism of the Reaction between Phenylboronic Acid and a Model Diol, Alizarin Red S. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2098-106. [DOI: 10.1021/jo202250d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Tomsho
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 414 Wartik Laboratory, University
Park, Pennsylvania
16802, United States
| | - Stephen J. Benkovic
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, 414 Wartik Laboratory, University
Park, Pennsylvania
16802, United States
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