1
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Sharma PK, Jana P, Bandyopadhyay S, Das S. Cyano disubstituted tetrabenzoindeno[2,1- a]fluorene: open-shell or closed-shell? Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38742625 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Organic diradicaloids have lately emerged as potential spintronic materials. We report the unprecedented synthesis of a near-IR absorbing indeno[2,1-a]fluorene derivative that displays remarkably low LUMO (-4.15 eV) and a small HOMO-LUMO gap (0.85 eV). NMR/EPR studies indicated its open-shell diradical property, which was supported by DFT calculations while suggesting a 30% diradical character and a small singlet (S)-triplet (T) gap (-2.52 kcal mol-1). A large bond length alternation of the as-indacene core for its single-crystals indicated a quinoidal contribution with greater antiaromaticity, which is in line with the small diradical character despite showing a small S-T gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India.
| | - Palash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India.
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2
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Xiang Q, Ye L, Ma L, Sun Z. The Olympicenyl Radical and Its Derivatives. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300571. [PMID: 37916655 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The olympicenyl radical (OR) has long been a fascinating spin doublet hydrocarbon radical that evoked theoretical and experimental research interests, but the chemistry of olympicenyl was limited by its inherent instability. Recently, this field was revived by the advent of stable, multi-substituted ORs and the isolation of them in the crystalline phase. In this minireview, we summarize the early studies on the pristine OR, as well as the recent advances on the substituted OR derivatives, heteroatom-containing OR derivatives, and OR-based diradicals and polyradicals. The synthetic chemistry, stabilization strategies, self-association behaviors, reactivities, and applications in the biological field of the abovementioned compounds were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin university, Tianjin, 300072, China
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3
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Banachowicz P, Das M, Kruczała K, Siczek M, Sojka Z, Kijewska M, Pawlicki M. Breaking Global Diatropic Current to Tame Diradicaloid Character: Thiele's Hydrocarbon Under Macrocyclic Constraints. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400780. [PMID: 38407458 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A diradical/biradical character of organic derivatives is one of the key aspects of contemporary research focusing on the fundamental studies followed by potential applicability relying on the unique optical, electronic, or magnetic properties assigned to unpaired electrons. A precise involvement of two p-phenylenes into a cyclophane-like conjugated, diatropic system creates a flexible molecule with the two different characters of both subunits (benzene and quinone) imprinting into the structure a Kekulé delocalized system. A dynamic of both carbocyclic subunits, and their mutual interaction generates a singlet open-shell state (J=-1.25 kcal/mol) as documented spectroscopically (NMR and EPR). The extended theoretical analysis has proved a correlation between dihedral angle and the diradicaloid character that shifts from a closed-shell singlet to an open-shell state, eventually showing the y0=0.86 for 78 degrees and ΔEST=-0.34 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Banachowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mainak Das
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kruczała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miłosz Siczek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sojka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Kijewska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Hu C, Kuhn L, Makurvet FD, Knorr ES, Lin X, Kawade RK, Mentink-Vigier F, Hanson K, Alabugin IV. Tethering Three Radical Cascades for Controlled Termination of Radical Alkyne peri-Annulations: Making Phenalenyl Ketones without Oxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4187-4211. [PMID: 38316011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although Bu3Sn-mediated radical alkyne peri-annulations allow access to phenalenyl ring systems, the oxidative termination of these cascades provides only a limited selection of the possible isomeric phenalenone products with product selectivity controlled by the intrinsic properties of the new cyclic systems. In this work, we report an oxidant-free termination strategy that can overcome this limitation and enable selective access to the full set of isomerically functionalized phenalenones. The key to preferential termination is the preinstallation of a "weak link" that undergoes C-O fragmentation in the final cascade step. Breaking a C-O bond is assisted by entropy, gain of conjugation in the product, and release of stabilized radical fragments. This strategy is expanded to radical exo-dig cyclization cascades of oligoalkynes, which provide access to isomeric π-extended phenalenones. Conveniently, these cascades introduce functionalities (i.e., Bu3Sn and iodide moieties) amenable to further cross-coupling reactions. Consequently, a variety of polyaromatic diones, which could serve as phenalenyl-based open-shell precursors, can be synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Favour D Makurvet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Erica S Knorr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kenneth Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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5
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Shen L, Gao X, Chang Z, Zhang C, Li Y, Lu J, Meng Q, Wu Q. Sufficient driving force for quinoidal isoindigo-based diradicaloids with tunable diradical characters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2529-2538. [PMID: 38170813 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05199d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Stable organic π-conjugated diradcialoids with tunable diradical characters can profoundly affect emerging technology. Over the past years, great efforts have been devoted to studying the structure-diradical character relationship in diradicaloids. Herein, a series of quinoidal isoindigo (IID) compounds with different attached terminal end groups were designed. Detailed analysis focuses on elucidating the driving force for evoking and enhancing the diradical character in the quinoidal IID systems. The arylene units of the IID core and the bridged aromatic units determine the contribution of the open-shell diradical form in the ground state. Diradical character y0 correlates well with bond length alternation (BLA), the total HOMA, and the total NICS(1)zz, and it is tuned by bridged aromatic units and terminal end groups in symmetric systems. The zwitterionic character weakens the diradical character in asymmetric systems to different extents. This work contributes to the deep understanding of evoking and enhancing the diradical character in quinoidal IID-based diradcialoids, providing useful guidelines to produce new molecules with desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Xiaobo Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Zhanqing Chang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Changhao Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Yue Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Jitao Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
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6
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Yan M, Hou L, Deng X, Shi X, Jiang F, Wang M. Anthraquinodimethane-Based Molecular Switches Tethered by Four-Arm Star-like Polymers. Chemistry 2023:e202303740. [PMID: 38149886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular switches that reversibly change their structures and physical properties are important for applications such as sensing and information processing at molecular scales. In order to avoid the intermolecular aggregation that is often detrimental to the stimuli-responses of molecular switches, previous studies of molecular switches have been often conducted in dilute solutions which are difficult for applications in solid-state devices. Here we report molecular design and synthesis that integrates anthraquinodimethane as molecular switching units into polymers with amenable processibility in solid states. Optical and electron spin resonance characterizations indicate that the four-arm polymers of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) or poly(D,L-lactide) tethered from anthraquinodimethane slow down the dynamics of the conformational switching between the folded and the twisted conformations, enhance the photoluminescence in solid states and impart materials with a small energy gap from singlet ground state to thermally accessible triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Yan
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Liman Hou
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xianjun Deng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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7
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Dang Q, Hu L, Yuan L, Miao X, Huang A, Su J, Wang J, Zhou Y, Chen X, Li Q, Li Z, Deng X. Enhanced Gain in Organic Photodetectors Using the Polymer with Singlet Open-Shell Ground State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312538. [PMID: 37843416 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Photodetectors are critical components in intelligent optoelectronic systems, and photomultiplication-capable devices are essential for detecting weak optical signals. Despite significant advances, developing photomultiplication-type organic photodetectors with high gain and low noise current simultaneously remains challenging. In this work, a new conjugated polymer PDN with singlet open-shell ground state is introduced in active layers for electron capture, and the corresponding PDN-based photodetectors exhibited an enhanced photoelectric gain and decreased dark current density at a low forward bias. At 1.5 V, the PDN-based ternary photodetector has the external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 2552.3 % and the specific detectivity of 1.4×1014 Jones at 710 nm calculated by the measured noise current, with the gain 22 times higher than that of the control group. This study provides an approach for exploiting polymers with singlet open-shell ground state to enhance the gain of organic photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxi Dang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shen Zhen, 518055, China
| | - Lanzhen Hu
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Likai Yuan
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xincheng Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shen Zhen, 518055, China
| | - Arui Huang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Junsheng Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shen Zhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yongheng Zhou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shen Zhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shen Zhen, 518055, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xianyu Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shen Zhen, 518055, China
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8
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Abdurahman A, Shen L, Wang J, Niu M, Li P, Peng Q, Wang J, Lu G. A highly efficient open-shell singlet luminescent diradical with strong magnetoluminescence properties. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:272. [PMID: 37963871 PMCID: PMC10645991 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing open-shell singlet (OS) diradicals with high luminescent properties and exceptional single-molecule magnetoluminescence (ML) performance is extremely challenging. Herein, we propose a concept to enhance luminescent efficiency by adjusting the donor conjugation of OS diradicals, thereby achieving a highly luminescent diradical, DR1, with outstanding stability and making it a viable option for use in the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). More importantly, the 0.5 wt%-DR1 doped film demonstrates significant single-molecule magnetoluminescence (ML) properties. A giant ML value of 210% is achieved at a magnetic field of 7 T, showing the great potential of DR1 in magneto-optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alim Abdurahman
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Li Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Chemistry, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Meiling Niu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Jianpu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) & School of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Geyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Qianjin Avenue 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.
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9
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Shen T, Zou Y, Hou X, Wei H, Ren L, Jiao L, Wu J. Bis-peri-dinaphtho-rylenes: Facile Synthesis via Radical-Mediated Coupling Reactions and their Distinctive Electronic Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311928. [PMID: 37735099 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a one-dimensional (1D), ribbon-like structure have the potential to serve as both model compounds for corresponding graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and as materials for optoelectronics applications. However, synthesizing molecules of this type with extended π-conjugation presents a significant challenge. In this study, we present a straightforward synthetic method for a series of bis-peri-dinaphtho-rylene molecules, wherein the peri-positions of perylene, quaterrylene, and hexarylene are fused with naphtho-units. These molecules were efficiently synthesized primarily through intramolecular or intermolecular radical coupling of in situ generated organic radical species. Their structures were confirmed using X-ray crystallographic analysis, which also revealed a slightly bent geometry due to the incorporation of a cyclopentadiene ring at the bay regions of the rylene backbones. Bond lengh analysis and theoretical calculations indicate that their electronic structures resemble pyrenacenes more than quinoidal rylenes. That is, the aromatic sextets are predominantly localized along the long axis of the skeletones. As the chain length increases, these molecules exhibit enhanced electronic absorption with a bathochromic shift, and multiple amphoteric redox waves. This study introduces a novel synthetic approach for generating 1D extended PAHs and GNRs, along with their structure-dependent electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shen
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350507, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Longbin Ren
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Liuying Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350507, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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10
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Jana P, Koppayithodi S, Mahato S, Molla S, Bandyopadhyay S. Stable Diradical on the Dimethyldihydropyrene Scaffold. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7433-7439. [PMID: 37578893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The diradical character in a molecular architecture can be customized primarily in two ways: first, by employing a quinoidal pro-aromatic system with net energy gained by aromatization that compensates for the energy required to generate the diradical species and, second, by employing an antiaromatic system having easily accessible triplet states that impart a diradical character. We have chosen a 14π aromatic framework, Boekelheide's dimethyldihydropyrene, and perturbed its aromaticity through the construction of its quinoidal form. The perturbed aromaticity was evident from the bond alteration in the X-ray diffraction structure, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts, and quantum chemical calculations. The aromaticity was restored as the system underwent a transition to the biradical structure centered on two exocyclic carbons. In addition, upon photoexcitation and without using an external reducing reagent, the diradical could be converted to a radical anion and dianion form easily when dimethylformamide was used as a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Jana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sudeep Koppayithodi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Samyadeb Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Sariful Molla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Subhajit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
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11
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Li L, Prindle CR, Shi W, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Radical Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18182-18204. [PMID: 37555594 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Radicals are unique molecular systems for applications in electronic devices due to their open-shell electronic structures. Radicals can function as good electrical conductors and switches in molecular circuits while also holding great promise in the field of molecular spintronics. However, it is both challenging to create stable, persistent radicals and to understand their properties in molecular junctions. The goal of this Perspective is to address this dual challenge by providing design principles for the synthesis of stable radicals relevant to molecular junctions, as well as offering current insight into the electronic properties of radicals in single-molecule devices. By exploring both the chemical and physical properties of established radical systems, we will facilitate increased exploration and development of radical-based molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Claudia R Prindle
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wanzhuo Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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12
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Sun Z, Fan W, Han Y, Yuan W, Ni Y, Wang J, Wei H, Zhao Y, Sun Z, Wu J. Helical fused 1,2:8,9-dibenzozethrene oligomers with up to 201° end-to-end twist: "one-pot" synthesis and chiral resolution. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7922-7927. [PMID: 37502331 PMCID: PMC10370577 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02285d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Twisted polyarenes with persistent chirality are desirable but their synthesis has remained a challenge. In this study, we present a "one-pot" synthesis of 1,2:8,9-dibenzozethrene (DBZ) and its vertically fused dimers and trimers using nickel-catalyzed cyclo-oligomerization reactions. X-ray crystallographic analysis confirmed highly twisted helical structures that consist of equal parts left- and right-handed enantiomers. Notably, the end-to-end twist between the terminal anthracene units measured 66°, 130°, and 201° for the DBZ monomer, dimer, and trimer, respectively, setting a new record among twisted polyarenes. Furthermore, the chiral resolution by HPLC yielded two enantiomers for the fused DBZ dimer and trimer, both of which maintained stable configurations and showed absorption dissymmetry factors of around 0.008-0.009. Additionally, their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated, which exhibited a chain-length dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Sun
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Wei Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 637371 Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Haipeng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University 637371 Singapore
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350507 China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore
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13
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Closed-shell and open-shell dual nature of singlet diradical compounds. PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2023-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Unlike triplet diradicals, singlet diradicals can vary in diradical character from 0 % to 100 % depending on linker units that allow two formally unpaired electrons to couple covalently. In principle, the electronic structure of singlet diradicals can be described as a quantum superposition of closed-shell and open-shell structures. This means that, depending on the external environment, singlet diradicals can behave as either closed-shell or open-shell species. This paper summarizes our progress in understanding the electronic structure of π-conjugated singlet diradical molecules in terms of closed-shell and open-shell dual nature. We first discuss the coexistence of intra- and intermolecular covalent bonding interactions in the π-dimer of a singlet diradical molecule. The intra- and intermolecular coupling of two formally unpaired electrons are related to closed-shell and open-shell nature of singlet diradical, respectively. Then we demonstrate the coexistence of the covalent bonding interactions in the one-dimensional stack of singlet diradical molecules having different diradical character. The relative strength of the interactions is varied with the magnitude of singlet diradical index y
0. Finally, we show the dual reactivity of a singlet diradical molecule, which undergoes rapid [4 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloaddition reactions in the dark at room temperature. Closed-shell and open-shell nature endow the singlet diradical molecule with the reaction manner as diene and diradical species, respectively.
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14
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Shehzad RA, Iqbal J, Ali S, Anwar H. Quantum chemical investigation of Z-shaped heptazethrenes derivatives with detailed structural parameters and singlet fission for photovoltaic applications. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 121:108432. [PMID: 36806125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A variety of organic solar cells has been discovered, but there is a need for efficient optoelectronic material to obtain high power conversion efficiency. In this study, we derived new molecules from Z-shaped heptazethrene. We measured its photovoltaic parameters, including frontier molecular orbitals (where the energy gap decreases to 16% as compared to the reference), molecular electrostatic potential maps (more nucleophilic core), the density of states (partial and total), absorbance in Vis-IR region (in the range of 650-1000 nm), transition density matrix, and hole-electron mobility in terms of reorganization energy that showed 11% higher electron mobility (λe) and 52% higher hole mobility (λh) as compared to the reference. A comparable power conversion efficiency (∼9%) is obtained from a single photon. Using the concept of singlet fission, we can increase the efficiency twice using a single photon (based on the diradical character of the molecule). The diradical character of the entitled molecules was also calculated. The designed molecules fulfil the criteria of singlet fission that generate two excited triplets from a single photon (ES1>2ET1). The designed molecules are more stable than the reference indicated by the singlet-triplet energy gap, which is 37% higher. Hence this work assists the researcher in enhancing the efficiency of the solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Aqil Shehzad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Punjab Bio-energy Institute, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Shaukat Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hafeez Anwar
- Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
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15
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Nanda KD, Gulania S, Krylov AI. Theory, implementation, and disappointing results for two-photon absorption cross sections within the doubly electron-attached equation-of-motion coupled-cluster framework. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:054102. [PMID: 36754800 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles method with double electron attachment (EOM-DEA-CCSD) is capable of computing reliable energies, wave functions, and first-order properties of excited states in diradicals and polyenes that have a significant doubly excited character with respect to the ground state, without the need for including the computationally expensive triple excitations. Here, we extend the capabilities of the EOM-DEA-CCSD method to the calculations of a multiphoton property, two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections. Closed-form expressions for the 2PA cross sections are derived within the expectation-value approach using response wave functions. We analyze the performance of this new implementation by comparing the EOM-DEA-CCSD energies and 2PA cross sections with those computed using the CC3 quadratic response theory approach. As benchmark systems, we consider transitions to the states with doubly excited character in twisted ethene and in polyenes, for which EOM-EE-CCSD (EOM-CCSD for excitation energies) performs poorly. The EOM-DEA-CCSD 2PA cross sections are comparable with the CC3 results for twisted ethene; however, the discrepancies between the two methods are large for hexatriene. The observed trends are explained by configurational analysis of the 2PA channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik D Nanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| | - Sahil Gulania
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
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16
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Luo T, Wang Y, Hao J, Chen PA, Hu Y, Chen B, Zhang J, Yang K, Zeng Z. Furan-Extended Helical Rylenes with Fjord Edge Topology and Tunable Optoelectronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214653. [PMID: 36470852 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lateral furan-expansion of polycyclic aromatics, which enables multiple O-doping and peripheral edge evolution of rylenes, is developed for the first time. Tetrafuranylperylene TPF-4CN and octafuranylquaterrylene OFQ-8CN were prepared as model compounds bearing unique fjord edge topology and helical conformations. Compared to TPF-4CN, the higher congener OFQ-8CN displays a largely red-shifted (≈333 nm) and intensified absorption band (λmax =829 nm) as well as a narrowed electrochemical band gap (≈1.08 eV) due to its pronounced π-delocalization and emerging of open-shell diradicaloid upon the increase of fjord edge length. Moreover, strong circular dichroism signals in a broad range until 900 nm are observed for open-shell chiral OFQ-8CN, owing to the excellent conformational stability of its central bis(tetraoxa[5]helicene) fragments. Our studies provide insights into the relationships between edge topologies and (chir)optoelectronic properties for this novel type of O-doped PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Luo
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanpei Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jiahang Hao
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Ping-An Chen
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Structural Physics and Devices School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230039, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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17
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Kuriakose F, Commodore M, Hu C, Fabiano CJ, Sen D, Li RR, Bisht S, Üngör Ö, Lin X, Strouse GF, DePrince AE, Lazenby RA, Mentink-Vigier F, Shatruk M, Alabugin IV. Design and Synthesis of Kekulè and Non-Kekulè Diradicaloids via the Radical Periannulation Strategy: The Power of Seven Clar's Sextets. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23448-23464. [PMID: 36516873 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces an approach to uncoupling electrons via maximum utilization of localized aromatic units, i.e., the Clar's π-sextets. To illustrate the utility of this concept to the design of Kekulé diradicaloids, we have synthesized a tridecacyclic polyaromatic system where a gain of five Clar's sextets in the open-shell form overcomes electron pairing and leads to the emergence of a high degree of diradical character. According to unrestricted symmetry-broken UCAM-B3LYP calculations, the singlet diradical character in this core system is characterized by the y0 value of 0.98 (y0 = 0 for a closed-shell molecule, y0 = 1 for pure diradical). The efficiency of the new design strategy was evaluated by comparing the Kekulé system with an isomeric non-Kekulé diradical of identical size, i.e., a system where the radical centers cannot couple via resonance. The calculated singlet-triplet gap, i.e., the ΔEST values, in both of these systems approaches zero: -0.3 kcal/mol for the Kekulé and +0.2 kcal/mol for the non-Kekulé diradicaloids. The target isomeric Kekulé and non-Kekulé systems were assembled using a sequence of radical periannulations, cross-coupling, and C-H activation. The diradicals are kinetically stabilized by six tert-butyl substituents and (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene groups. Both molecules are NMR-inactive but electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-active at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry revealed quasi-reversible oxidation and reduction processes, consistent with the presence of two nearly degenerate partially occupied molecular orbitals. The experimentally measured ΔEST value of -0.14 kcal/mol confirms that K is, indeed, a nearly perfect singlet diradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Michael Commodore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Catherine J Fabiano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Debashis Sen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Run R Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Shubham Bisht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Xinsong Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Geoffrey F Strouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - A Eugene DePrince
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Frederic Mentink-Vigier
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32310, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida32306-4390, United States
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18
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Design of an open-shell nitrogen-centered diradicaloid with tunable stimuli-responsive electronic properties. Commun Chem 2022; 5:127. [PMID: 36697916 PMCID: PMC9814612 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic diradicaloids usually display an open-shell singlet ground state with significant singlet diradical character (y0) which endow them with intriguing physiochemical properties and wide applications. In this study, we present the design of an open-shell nitrogen-centered diradicaloid which can reversibly respond to multiple stimuli and display the tunable diradical character and chemo-physical properties. 1a was successfully synthesized through a simple and high-yielding two-step synthetic strategy. Both experimental and calculated results indicated that 1a displayed an open-shell singlet ground state with small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -2.311 kcal mol-1) and a modest diradical character (y0 = 0.60). Interestingly, 1a was demonstrated to undergo reversible Lewis acid-base reaction to form acid-base adducts, which was proven to effectively tune the ground-state electronic structures of 1a as well as its diradical character and spin density distributions. Based on this, we succeeded in devising a photoresponsive system based on 1a and a commercially available photoacid merocyanine (MEH). We believe that our studies including the molecular design methodology and the stimuli-responsive organic diradicaloid system will open up a new way to develop organic diradicaloids with tunable properties and even intelligent-responsive diradicaloid-based materials.
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19
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Čavlović D, Häussinger D, Blacque O, Ravat P, Juríček M. Nonacethrene Unchained: A Cascade to Chiral Contorted Conjugated Hydrocarbon with Two sp 3-Defects. JACS AU 2022; 2:1616-1626. [PMID: 35911448 PMCID: PMC9326821 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that structurally complex carbon nanostructures can be achieved via a synthetic approach that capitalizes on a π-radical reaction cascade. The cascade is triggered by oxidation of a dihydro precursor of helical diradicaloid nonacethrene to give a chiral contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon named hypercethrene. In this ten-electron oxidation process, four σ-bonds, one π-bond, and three six-membered rings are formed in a sequence of up to nine steps to yield a 72-carbon-atom warped framework, comprising two configurationally locked [7]helicene units, a fluorescent peropyrene unit, and two precisely installed sp3-defects. The key intermediate in this cascade is a closed nonacethrene derivative with one quaternary sp3-center, presumably formed via an electrocyclic ring closure of nonacethrene, which, when activated by oxidation, undergoes a reaction cascade analogous to the oxidative dimerization of phenalenyl to peropyrene. By controlling the amount of oxidant used, two intermediates and one side product could be isolated and fully characterized, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and two intermediates were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In concert with density functional theory calculations, these intermediates support the proposed reaction mechanism. Compared to peropyrene, the absorption and emission of hypercethrene are slightly red-shifted on account of extended π-conjugation and the fluorescence quantum yield of 0.45 is decreased by a factor of ∼2. Enantiomerically enriched hypercethrene displays circularly polarized luminescence with a brightness value of 8.3 M-1 cm-1. Our results show that reactions of graphene-based π-radicals-typically considered an "undefined decomposition" of non-zero-spin materials-can be well-defined and selective, and have potential to be transformed into a step-economic synthetic method toward complex carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Čavlović
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Prince Ravat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Yuan L, Liu Y, Sun W, Ye K, Dou C, Wang Y. PO-containing dibenzopentaarenes: facile synthesis, structures and optoelectronic properties. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:11892-11898. [PMID: 35876191 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01889f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of heteroatoms into polyarenes has been developed as an effective approach to alter their intrinsic structures and properties. Herein, we designed and synthesized two PO-containing dibenzopentaarene isomers (5a and 5b) and studied their structures and properties, along with those of dibenzopentaarenes containing six-membered Si- and B-heterocycles (3 and 4). These heterocyclic polyarenes have similar frameworks to well-known heptazethrene, and thus can be regarded as members of the heteroatom-doped zethrene system. The heterocycles greatly affect not only the molecular and packing structures but also the electronic structures and properties. Notably, while compounds 3 and 4 adopt almost planar geometries, 5a possesses a clearly curved conformation, leading to its brick-type slipped and dense π-π stacking mode. Moreover, the electron-withdrawing PO groups endow 5a and 5b with simultaneously lowered lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)/highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels, whereas the p-π conjugation of the B atoms in 4 leads to its smaller energy gap and thus remarkably red-shifted absorption and fluorescence bands by over 80 nm, though all of these molecules possess similar closed-shell structures. This study thus deepens the understanding of heteroatom-doping effects, which may be expanded to develop other heteroatom-doped zethrene materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Yujia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Wenting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Chuandong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.
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21
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Shaw PA, Forsyth E, Haseeb F, Yang S, Bradley M, Klausen M. Two-Photon Absorption: An Open Door to the NIR-II Biological Window? Front Chem 2022; 10:921354. [PMID: 35815206 PMCID: PMC9263132 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.921354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The way in which photons travel through biological tissues and subsequently become scattered or absorbed is a key limitation for traditional optical medical imaging techniques using visible light. In contrast, near-infrared wavelengths, in particular those above 1000 nm, penetrate deeper in tissues and undergo less scattering and cause less photo-damage, which describes the so-called “second biological transparency window”. Unfortunately, current dyes and imaging probes have severely limited absorption profiles at such long wavelengths, and molecular engineering of novel NIR-II dyes can be a tedious and unpredictable process, which limits access to this optical window and impedes further developments. Two-photon (2P) absorption not only provides convenient access to this window by doubling the absorption wavelength of dyes, but also increases the possible resolution. This review aims to provide an update on the available 2P instrumentation and 2P luminescent materials available for optical imaging in the NIR-II window.
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22
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Abstract
Parent 2,3:10,11-dibenzoheptazethrene is a singlet diradicaloid polycyclic hydrocarbon in the ground state that did not change its diradical character upon substitution (methyl and triisopropylsilylethynyl). Described herein are the synthesis and characterization of an ethoxy/3,5-(CF3)2C6H3-substituted 2,3:10,11-dibenzoheptazethrene 3 that prefers to retain its p-quinoidal core and shows zero diradical character, as determined by single-crystal analysis and density functional theory calculations. Negative solvatochromism, π-π interactions, Csp2-H···O hydrogen bonding, intramolecular charge transfer, redox amphotericity, and a narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap make 3 a potential candidate for application in optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Soumyajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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23
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Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Li Y. Accessing Highly Efficient Photothermal Conversion with Stable Open-Shell Aromatic Nitric Acid Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113653. [PMID: 34978127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is very challenging to prepare stable radicals as they are usually thermodynamically or kinetically unstable in air. Herein, a series of star-shaped aromatic nitric acid radicals were prepared via facile demethylation and consequent oxidation. As phenol radicals without steric hindrance group protection, they exhibit high electrochemical and thermal stability due to their rich resonance structures including closed-shell nitro-like and open-shell nitroxide structure with unpaired electrons delocalized in conjugated backbones. Among them, TPA-TPA-O6 powder exhibited extremely wide absorption from 300 to 2000 nm covering the whole solar spectral irradiance, high photothermal conversion efficiency, and negligible photobleaching effect in seawater desalination. Under the irradiation of one sunlight, the water evaporation efficiency of TPA-TPA-O6 is recorded to be as high as 89.41 % and the water evaporation rate is 1.293 kg m-2 h-1 , which represents the top performance in pure organic small molecule photothermal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yiheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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24
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Wang Z, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhu W, Li Y. Accessing Highly Efficient Photothermal Conversion with Stable Open‐Shell Aromatic Nitric Acid Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yiheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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25
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Zhou HP, Wu SX, Duan YC, Gao FW, Pan QQ, Kan YH, Su ZM. A theoretical study on the donor ability adjustment of tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl-triarylamine (TTM-TPA) radicals aiming to develop better organic luminescent materials. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01548j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spin-unrestricted DFT and spin-unrestricted TDDFT calculations were performed to systematically investigate the correlation between the electron donating ability of donors and photophysical properties in D–A luminescent radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shui-Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage and Energy Conversion of Hainan Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Ying-Chen Duan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng-Wei Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing-Qing Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu-He Kan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130012, China
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry & National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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26
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Guo J, Yang Y, Dou C, Wang Y. Boron-Containing Organic Diradicaloids: Dynamically Modulating Singlet Diradical Character by Lewis Acid-Base Coordination. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18272-18279. [PMID: 34664955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic diradicaloids have unique open-shell structures and properties and promising applications in organic electronics and spintronics. Incorporation of heteroatoms is an effective strategy to alter the electronic structures of organic diradicaloids. However, B-containing organic diradicaloids are very challenging due to their high reactivities, which are caused by not only diradical nature but also the B atom. In this article, we report a new kind of organic diradicaloids containing boron atoms. Our strategy is to incorporate planarized triarylboranes to antiaromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs). We synthesized two isomeric B-containing PHs composed of indenofluorene π-skeletons and two dioxa-bridged triphenylborane moieties. As proved by theoretical and experimental results, both of them have excellent ambient stability and open-shell singlet diradical structures, as well as intriguing magnetic and optoelectronic properties, such as thermally accessible triplet species, reversible multiredox ability, and narrow energy gaps. Notably, they possess sufficient Lewis acidity, which has never been observed for organic diradicaloids. In addition, they can coordinate with Lewis bases to form Lewis adducts, achieving unprecedented dynamic modulations of (anti)aromaticity and thus diradical character of organic diradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuandong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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27
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Han H, Zhang D, Zhu Z, Wei R, Xiao X, Wang X, Liu Y, Ma Y, Zhao D. Aromatic Stacking Mediated Spin-Spin Coupling in Cyclophane-Assembled Diradicals. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17690-17700. [PMID: 34637282 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the capability of π-π stacking motifs to enable spin-spin coupling, we designed and synthesized three pairs of regio-isomers featuring two radical moieties joined by a [2.2]paracyclophane (CP) unit. By fusing indeno units to CP, two partially stacked fluorene radicals are covalently linked, exhibiting evident antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling regardless of the orientation of two spins. Remarkably, while possessing high diradical indices of 0.8 and 0.9, the two molecules demonstrate good air stability by virtue of their singlet ground state. Single crystals help unravel the structural basis of their AFM coupling behaviors. When two radical centers are arranged at the pseudometa-positions around CP, the face-to-face stacked phenylene rings intrinsically confer orbital interactions that promote AFM coupling. On the other hand, if two radicals are directed in the pseudopara-orientation, significant orbital overlapping is observed between the radical centers (i.e., C9 of fluorene) and the aromatic carbons laid on the side, rendering AFM coupling between the two spins. In contrast, when two fluorene radicals are tethered to CP via C9 through a single C-C bond, ferromagnetic (FM) coupling is manifested by both diradical isomers featuring pseudometa- and pseudopara-connectivity. With minimal spin distributed on CP and thus limited contribution from π-π stacking, their spin-spin coupling properties are more similar to a pair of nitroxide diradical analogues, in which the two spins are dominantly coupled via through-space interactions. From these results, important conclusions are elucidated such as that although through-space interactions may confer FM coupling, with weakened strength shown by PAH radicals due to their lower polarity, face-to-face stacked π-frameworks tend to induce AFM coupling, because favorable orbital interactions are readily achieved by PAH systems hosting delocalized spins that are capable of adopting varied stacking motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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28
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Chen Z, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhu W, Zeng M, Li Y. Aggregation-Induced Radical of Donor-Acceptor Organic Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9783-9790. [PMID: 34596405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Narrow bandgap donor-acceptor organic semiconductors are generally considered to show a closed-shell singlet ground state, and their radicals are reported as impurities, defects, polarons, and charge transfer monoradicals. Herein, we systematically investigated the open-shell singlet diradical electronic ground state of two diketopyrrolopyrrole-based compounds via the combination of electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, and theoretical calculations. It is widely known that the quinoidal character will be significantly enhanced in the aggregation state accompanied by improved planarity and enhanced delocalization. We proposed an aggregation-induced radical and captodative effect as the driving force for the formation and stabilization of the open-shell quinoid diradical based on the ESR test in different proportions of mixed solvents. Our results provided a novel view for understanding the intrinsic chemical structure of donor-acceptor organic semiconductors, the open-shell singlet and thermally excited triplet electronic states, and the unexpected physical processes between the ground state and the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiheng Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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29
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Chen Z, Li W, Sabuj MA, Li Y, Zhu W, Zeng M, Sarap CS, Huda MM, Qiao X, Peng X, Ma D, Ma Y, Rai N, Huang F. Evolution of the electronic structure in open-shell donor-acceptor organic semiconductors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5889. [PMID: 34620849 PMCID: PMC8497548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most organic semiconductors have closed-shell electronic structures, however, studies have revealed open-shell character emanating from design paradigms such as narrowing the bandgap and controlling the quinoidal-aromatic resonance of the π-system. A fundamental challenge is understanding and identifying the molecular and electronic basis for the transition from a closed- to open-shell electronic structure and connecting the physicochemical properties with (opto)electronic functionality. Here, we report donor-acceptor organic semiconductors comprised of diketopyrrolopyrrole and naphthobisthiadiazole acceptors and various electron-rich donors commonly utilized in constructing high-performance organic semiconductors. Nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, single-crystal X-ray studies, and computational investigations connect the bandgap, π-extension, structural, and electronic features with the emergence of various degrees of diradical character. This work systematically demonstrates the widespread diradical character in the classical donor-acceptor organic semiconductors and provides distinctive insights into their ground state structure-property relationship.
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Grants
- The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Basic and Applied Basic Research Major Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2019B030302007), Innovation Research Group Project of Fund Committee (No. 51521002), National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFA0705900) funded by MOST, Natural Science Foundation of China (51973063, 21733005, 91633301), and the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou (No. 201707020019). MAS, CSS, MMH, and NR acknowledge the financial support from the National Science Foundation (OIA-1757220) for the computational aspects of this project. This work used supercomputing resources at the high-performance computing center at Mississippi State University and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by National Science Foundation grant number ACI-1548562. This work used XSEDE Stampede 2 at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) through allocation TG-CHE140141.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Md Abdus Sabuj
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zeng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chandra S Sarap
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Md Masrul Huda
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Xianfeng Qiao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Peng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dongge Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Ma
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering and Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States.
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.
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30
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Hu J, Xiang Q, Xu J, Xu Z, Chen G, Sun Z. Stable and twisted 5,6:12,13-dinaphthozethrene from angular π-extension. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9712-9715. [PMID: 34472550 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a concise and efficient synthesis of an angularly extended stable zethrene derivative 1, designed to have more benzenoid rings in the closed-shell resonance form. This compound exhibited enantiomeric structures in the solid state derived from the benzo[4]helicene structure and rapid interconversion in solution. Its far-red absorption, near-infrared emission and amphoteric redox properties were also revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlian Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Guang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xian 710021, China.
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
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31
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Turco E, Mishra S, Melidonie J, Eimre K, Obermann S, Pignedoli CA, Fasel R, Feng X, Ruffieux P. On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of Super-nonazethrene. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8314-8319. [PMID: 34428064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Beginning with the early work of Clar et al. in 1955, zethrenes and their laterally extended homologues, super-zethrenes, have been intensively studied in the solution phase and widely investigated as optical and charge transport materials. Superzethrenes are also considered to exhibit an open-shell ground state and may thus serve as model compounds to investigate nanoscale π-magnetism. However, their synthesis is extremely challenging due to their high reactivity. We report here the on-surface synthesis of the hitherto largest zethrene homologue-super-nonazethrene-on Au(111). Using single-molecule scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we show that super-nonazethrene exhibits an open-shell singlet ground state featuring a large spin polarization-driven electronic gap of 1 eV. Consistent with the emergence of an open-shell ground state, high-resolution tunneling spectroscopy reveals singlet-triplet spin excitations in super-nonazethrene, characterized by a strong intramolecular magnetic exchange coupling of 51 meV. Given the paucity of zethrene chemistry on surfaces, our results therefore provide unprecedented access to large, open-shell zethrene compounds amenable to scanning probe measurements, with potential application in molecular spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Turco
- nanotech@surfaces laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- nanotech@surfaces laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jason Melidonie
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- nanotech@surfaces laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Obermann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- nanotech@surfaces laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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32
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Ota K, Kinjo R. A Crystalline B 4N 2 Dewar Benzene as a Building Block for Conjugated B,N-Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11152-11159. [PMID: 34264664 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dewar benzene, one of the isolable valence isomers of C6H6, has been extensively studied since its first synthesis in 1962. By contrast, the chemistry of inorganic congeners of Dewar benzene, which can be formally gained by replacing the skeletal carbon atoms with heteroatoms, has been less developed despite their peculiar structural and electronic features. Among them, the extant B,N-Dewar benzenes are limited to the B3N3 system. Herein, we report the development of the first example of an isolable B4N2 Dewar benzene, 3. As predicted by DFT calculations, a judicious selection of the substituents allows synthesizing 3. Single-crystal X-ray analysis, NMR, and computational studies confirmed that 3 possesses a high-lying B(sp3)-B(sp3) σ-bond at the bridgehead position. Reactions with ethylene and phenylacetylene proceeded smoothly under mild conditions, affording the fused B4C4N2 ring systems (4 and 5). Structural characterization as well as DFT calculations revealed that compounds 4 and 5 involve a rigid and conjugated (BN)4 tetraene scaffold. Formation of 4 and 5 demonstrates that 3 may serve as a building block for the construction of conjugated B,N-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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33
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Zong C, Zhu X, Xu Z, Zhang L, Xu J, Guo J, Xiang Q, Zeng Z, Hu W, Wu J, Li R, Sun Z. Isomeric Dibenzoheptazethrenes for Air‐Stable Organic Field‐Effect Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zong
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou 350207 China
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Rongjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Department of Chemistry School of Science Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences Tianjin university 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
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34
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Zong C, Zhu X, Xu Z, Zhang L, Xu J, Guo J, Xiang Q, Zeng Z, Hu W, Wu J, Li R, Sun Z. Isomeric Dibenzoheptazethrenes for Air-Stable Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16230-16236. [PMID: 33999484 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Singlet diradicaloids hold great potential as semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). However, their relative low material and device stabilities impede the practical applications. Here, to achieve balanced stability and performance, two isomeric dibenzoheptazethrene derivatives with singlet diradical character were synthesized in a concise manner. Benefitting from the aromatic stabilization, both compounds display a small diradical character and large singlet-triplet gap, as corroborated by variable-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, single-crystal analysis, and theoretical calculations. OFET devices based on single crystals showed a high hole mobility of 0.15 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest for zethrene-based semiconductors. Both isomers exhibited remarkable material stability in air-saturated solutions as well as excellent bias-stress and storage stability in device under ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zong
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Rongjin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin university, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
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35
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Qiu Z, Narita A, Müllen K. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Carbon nanostructures by macromolecular design - from branched polyphenylenes to nanographenes and graphene nanoribbons. Faraday Discuss 2021; 227:8-45. [PMID: 33290471 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes (NGs) and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are unique connectors between the domains of 1D-conjugated polymers and 2D-graphenes. They can be synthesized with high precision by oxidative flattening processes from dendritic or branched 3D-polyphenylene precursors. Their size, shape and edge type enable not only accurate control of classical (opto)electronic properties, but also access to unprecedented high-spin structures and exotic quantum states. NGs and GNRs serve as active components of devices such as field-effect transistors and as ideal objects for nanoscience. This field of research includes their synthesis after the deposition of suitable monomers on surfaces. An additional advantage of this novel concept is in situ monitoring of the reactions by scanning tunnelling microscopy and electronic characterization of the products by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Qiu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, Germany.
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36
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Gonçalves TP, Dutta I, Huang KW. Aromaticity in catalysis: metal ligand cooperation via ligand dearomatization and rearomatization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3070-3082. [PMID: 33656025 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the conventional model of transition metal catalysis, ligands in metal-ligand cooperative (or bifunctional) catalysis are involved in the substrate activations. Such processes have offered unique mechanistic understandings and led to new concepts for the catalyst design. In particular, unprecedented activities were discovered when the ligand could undergo dearomatization-rearomatization reactions during the catalytic cycle. Aromatization can provide an extra driving force to thermodynamics; consequently, it brings a new perspective to ligand platform design for catalysis. While numerous applications were demonstrated, the influences of changing ligand aromatic properties were often overlooked. In this article, representative ligand systems will be highlighted and a comparison between the Milstein and the Huang pincer systems will be discussed to provide theoretical and conceptual insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo P Gonçalves
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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37
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39
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Pascal S, David S, Andraud C, Maury O. Near-infrared dyes for two-photon absorption in the short-wavelength infrared: strategies towards optical power limiting. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6613-6658. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in the field of two-photon absorbing chromophores in the short-wavelength infrared spectral range (SWIR 1100–2500 nm) are summarized, highlighting the development of optical power limiting devices in this spectral range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pascal
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Sylvain David
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ. Lyon
- ENS Lyon
- CNRS UMR 5182
- Laboratoire de Chimie
- 69364 Lyon
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40
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Method for Estimating Solar Energy Potential Based on Photogrammetry from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. ELECTRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics9122144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a method to estimate the solar energy potential based on 3D data taken from unmanned aerial devices. The solar energy potential on the roof of a building was estimated before the placement of solar panels using photogrammetric data analyzed in a geographic information system, and the predictions were compared with the data recorded after installation. The areas of the roofs were chosen using digital surface models and the hemispherical viewshed algorithm, considering how the solar radiation on the roof surface would be affected by the orientation of the surface with respect to the sun, the shade of trees, surrounding objects, topography, and the atmospheric conditions. The results show that the efficiency percentages of the panels and the data modeled by the proposed method from surface models are very similar to the theoretical efficiency of the panels. Radiation potential can be estimated from photogrammetric data and a 3D model in great detail and at low cost. This method allows the estimation of solar potential as well as the optimization of the location and orientation of solar panels.
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41
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Shimizu A, Ishizaki Y, Horiuchi S, Hirose T, Matsuda K, Sato H, Yoshida JI. HOMO–LUMO Energy-Gap Tuning of π-Conjugated Zwitterions Composed of Electron-Donating Anion and Electron-Accepting Cation. J Org Chem 2020; 86:770-781. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shimizu
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yu Ishizaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shun Horiuchi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubaracho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Yoshida
- National Institute of Technology, Suzuka College, Shiroko-cho, Suzuka, Mie 510-0294, Japan
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42
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Hayashi H, Barker JE, Cárdenas Valdivia A, Kishi R, MacMillan SN, Gómez-García CJ, Miyauchi H, Nakamura Y, Nakano M, Kato SI, Haley MM, Casado J. Monoradicals and Diradicals of Dibenzofluoreno[3,2- b]fluorene Isomers: Mechanisms of Electronic Delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20444-20455. [PMID: 33206516 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a series of dibenzo- and tetrabenzo-fused fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorenes is disclosed, and the diradicaloid properties of these molecules are compared with those of a similar, previously reported series of anthracene-based diradicaloids. Insights on the diradical mode of delocalization tuning by constitutional isomerism of the external naphthalenes has been explored by means of the physical approach (dissection of the electronic properties in terms of electronic repulsion and transfer integral) of diradicals. This study has also been extended to the redox species of the two series of compounds and found that the radical cations have the same stabilization mode by delocalization that the neutral diradicals while the radical anions, contrarily, are stabilized by aromatization of the central core. The synthesis of the fluorenofluorene series and their characterization by electronic absorption and vibrational Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, SQUID measurements, electrochemistry, in situ UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroelectrochemistry, and theoretical calculations are presented. This work attempts to unify the properties of different series of diradicaloids in a common argument as well as the properties of the carbocations and carbanions derived from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Abel Cárdenas Valdivia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga 29071, Spain
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carlos J Gómez-García
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Hidenori Miyauchi
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Materials Science, School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Malaga 29071, Spain
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43
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Rausch R, Röhr MIS, Schmidt D, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H, Würthner F. Tuning phenoxyl-substituted diketopyrrolopyrroles from quinoidal to biradical ground states through (hetero-)aromatic linkers. Chem Sci 2020; 12:793-802. [PMID: 34163813 PMCID: PMC8179021 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongly fluorescent halochromic 2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol-functionalised phenyl-, thienyl- and furyl-substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes were deprotonated and oxidised to give either phenylene-linked DPP1˙˙ biradical (y 0 = 0.75) with a singlet open shell ground state and a thermally populated triplet state (ΔE ST = 19 meV; 1.8 kJ mol-1; 0.43 kcal mol-1) or thienylene/furylene-linked DPP2q and DPP3q compounds with closed shell quinoidal ground states. Accordingly, we identified the aromaticity of the conjugated (hetero-)aromatic bridge to be key for modulating the electronic character of these biradicaloid compounds and achieved a spin crossover from closed shell quinones DPP2q and DPP3q to open shell biradical DPP1˙˙ as confirmed by optical and magnetic spectroscopic studies (UV/vis/NIR, NMR, EPR) as well as computational investigations (spin-flip TD-DFT calculations in combination with CASSCF(4,4) and harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) analysis). Spectroelectrochemical studies and comproportionation experiments further prove the reversible formation of mixed-valent radical anions for the DPP2q and DPP3q quinoidal compounds with absorption bands edging into the NIR spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Rausch
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Merle I S Röhr
- Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institute for Sustainable Chemistry and Catalysis with Boron Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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44
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Jiménez VG, Mayorga-Burrezo P, Blanco V, Lloveras V, Gómez-García CJ, Šolomek T, Cuerva JM, Veciana J, Campaña AG. Dibenzocycloheptatriene as end-group of Thiele and tetrabenzo-Chichibabin hydrocarbons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12813-12816. [PMID: 32966400 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04489j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiele (Th) and tetrabenzo-Chichibabin (TBC) derivatives with terminal dibenzocycloheptatriene (DBHept) units were prepared. A clear correlation between their electronic and molecular structures was stablished. Insights into their closed- or open-shell ground states were gained, where particular contribution of the heptagonal carbocycles as end-groups was proved. Remarkably, a thermally accessible triplet diradical configuration was confirmed for the DBHept-TBC compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente G Jiménez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Unidad de Excelencia de Química aplicada a Biomedicina y Medio Ambiente, University of Granada (UGR), C. U. Fuentenueva, Granada 18071, Spain.
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45
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Jousselin-Oba T, Mamada M, Okazawa A, Marrot J, Ishida T, Adachi C, Yassar A, Frigoli M. Modulating the ground state, stability and charge transport in OFETs of biradicaloid hexahydro-diindenopyrene derivatives and a proposed method to estimate the biradical character. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12194-12205. [PMID: 34094431 PMCID: PMC8162832 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04583g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biradicaloid compounds with an open-shell ground state have been the subject of intense research in the past decade. Although diindenoacenes are one of the most developed families, only a few examples have been reported as active layers in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a charge mobility of around 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 due to a steric disadvantage of the mesityl group to kinetically stabilize compounds. Herein, we disclose our efforts to improve the charge transport of the diindenoacene family based on hexahydro-diindenopyrene (HDIP) derivatives with different annelation modes for which the most reactive position has been functionalized with (triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl (TIPS) groups. All the HDIP derivatives show remarkably higher stability than that of TIPS-pentacene, enduring for 2 days to more than 30 days, which depends on the oxidation potential, the contribution of the singlet biradical form in the ground state and the annelation mode. The annelation mode affects not only the band gap and the biradical character (y 0) but also the value of the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE S-T) that does not follow the reverse trend of y 0. A method based on comparison between experimental and theoretical bond lengths has been disclosed to estimate y 0 and shows that y 0 computed at the projected unrestricted Hartree-Fock (PUHF) level is the most relevant among those reported by all other methods. Thanks to their high stability, thin-film OFETs were successfully fabricated. Well balanced ambipolar transport was obtained in the order of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 in the bottom-gate/top-contact configuration, and unipolar transport in the top-gate/bottom-contact configuration was obtained in the order of 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 which is the highest value obtained for biradical compounds with a diindenoacene skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanguy Jousselin-Oba
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Masashi Mamada
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), JST ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Academia-Industry Molecular Systems for Devices Research and Education Center, Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Division of Chemistry, Institute of Liberal Education, Nihon University School of Medicine Itabashi Tokyo 173-8610 Japan
| | - Jérome Marrot
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Takayuki Ishida
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Electro-Communications Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), JST ERATO Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Academia-Industry Molecular Systems for Devices Research and Education Center, Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University Nishi Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Abderrahim Yassar
- Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, LPICM, CNRS route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Michel Frigoli
- UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, Université Paris-Saclay 45 avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
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46
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Dressler JJ, Haley MM. Learning how to fine‐tune diradical properties by structure refinement. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
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47
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Ni Y, Gordillo-Gámez F, Peña Alvarez M, Nan Z, Li Z, Wu S, Han Y, Casado J, Wu J. A Chichibabin's Hydrocarbon-Based Molecular Cage: The Impact of Structural Rigidity on Dynamics, Stability, and Electronic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12730-12742. [PMID: 32589415 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional π-conjugated polyradicaloid molecular cage c-Ph14, consisting of three Chichibabin's hydrocarbon motifs connected by two benzene-1,3,5-triyl bridgeheads, was synthesized. Compared with its linear model compound l-Ph4, the prism-like c-Ph14 has a more rigid structure, which shows significant impact on the molecular dynamics, stability, and electronic properties. A higher rotation energy barrier for the quinoidal biphenyl units was determined in c-Ph14 (15.64 kcal/mol) than that of l-Ph4 (11.40 kcal/mol) according to variable-temperature NMR measurements, leading to improved stability, a smaller diradical character, and an increased singlet-triplet energy gap. The pressure-dependent Raman spectroscopic studies on the rigid cage c-Ph14 revealed a quinoidal-to-aromatic transformation along the biphenyl bridges. In addition, the ellipsoidal cavity in the cage allowed selective encapsulation of fullerene C70 over C60, with an associate constant of about 1.43 × 104 M-1. Moreover, c-Ph14 and l-Ph4 exhibited similar redox behavior and their cationic species (c-Ph146+ and l-Ph42+) were obtained by chemical oxidation, and the structures were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The biphenyl unit showed a twisted conformation in l-Ph42+ and remained coplanarity in c-Ph146+. Notably, molecules of c-Ph146+ form a one-dimensional columnar structure via close π-π stacking between the bridgeheads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Fernando Gordillo-Gámez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Miriam Peña Alvarez
- Center for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihan Nan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, CEI Andalucía Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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48
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Dressler JJ, Barker JE, Karas LJ, Hashimoto HE, Kishi R, Zakharov LN, MacMillan SN, Gomez-Garcia CJ, Nakano M, Wu JI, Haley MM. Late-Stage Modification of Electronic Properties of Antiaromatic and Diradicaloid Indeno[1,2-b]fluorene Analogues via Sulfur Oxidation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10846-10857. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas J. Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | | | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1433, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Carlos J. Gomez-Garcia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Judy I. Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-6231, United States
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49
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Chen G, Sun J, Peng Q, Sun Q, Wang G, Cai Y, Gu X, Shuai Z, Tang BZ. Biradical-Featured Stable Organic-Small-Molecule Photothermal Materials for Highly Efficient Solar-Driven Water Evaporation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908537. [PMID: 32519356 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With recent progress in photothermal materials, organic small molecules featured with flexibility, diverse structures, and tunable properties exhibit unique advantages but have been rarely applied in solar-driven water evaporation owing to limited sunlight absorption resulting in low solar-thermal conversion. Herein, a stable croconium derivative, named CR-TPE-T, is designed to exhibit the unique biradical property and strong π-π stacking in the solid state, which facilitate not only a broad absorption spectrum from 300 to 1600 nm for effective sunlight harvesting, but also highly efficient photothermal conversion by boosting nonradiative decay. The photothermal efficiency is evaluated to be 72.7% under 808 nm laser irradiation. Based on this, an interfacial-heating evaporation system based on CR-TPE-T is established successfully, using which a high solar-energy-to-vapor efficiency of 87.2% and water evaporation rate of 1.272 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun irradiation are obtained, thus making an important step toward the application of organic-small-molecule photothermal materials in solar energy utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiangman Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuanjing Cai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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50
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Dressler JJ, Cárdenas Valdivia A, Kishi R, Rudebusch GE, Ventura AM, Chastain BE, Gómez-García CJ, Zakharov LN, Nakano M, Casado J, Haley MM. Diindenoanthracene Diradicaloids Enable Rational, Incremental Tuning of Their Singlet-Triplet Energy Gaps. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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