1
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Sharma K, McCorry A, Boobier S, Mottram J, Napier R, Ashworth IW, Blacker AJ, Kapur N, Warriner SL, Wright MH, Nguyen BN. Activation of fluoride anion as nucleophile in water with data-guided surfactant selection. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5764-5774. [PMID: 38638222 PMCID: PMC11023051 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A principal component surfactant_map was developed for 91 commonly accessible surfactants for use in surfactant-enabled organic reactions in water, an important approach for sustainable chemical processes. This map was built using 22 experimental and theoretical descriptors relevant to the physicochemical nature of these surfactant-enabled reactions, and advanced principal component analysis algorithms. It is comprised of all classes of surfactants, i.e. cationic, anionic, zwitterionic and neutral surfactants, including designer surfactants. The value of this surfactant_map was demonstrated in activating simple inorganic fluoride salts as effective nucleophiles in water, with the right surfactant. This led to the rapid development (screening 13-15 surfactants) of two fluorination reactions for β-bromosulfides and sulfonyl chlorides in water. The latter was demonstrated in generating a sulfonyl fluoride with sufficient purity for direct use in labelling of chymotrypsin, under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Alison McCorry
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Samuel Boobier
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - James Mottram
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Rachel Napier
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Ian W Ashworth
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical, Technology and Development Operations, AstraZeneca Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - A John Blacker
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Megan H Wright
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
| | - Bao N Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane LS2 9JT UK
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2
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Ha GS, Rashid MAM, Oh DH, Ha JM, Yoo CJ, Jeon BH, Koo B, Jeong K, Kim KH. Integrating experimental and computational approaches for deep eutectic solvent-catalyzed glycolysis of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:411-419. [PMID: 38103351 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
To achieve a sustainable and circular economy, developing effective plastic recycling methods is essential. Despite advances in the chemical recycling of plastic waste, modern industries require highly efficient and sustainable solutions to address environmental problems. In this study, we propose an efficient glycolysis strategy for post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to produce bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) with high selectivity. Choline chloride (ChCl)- and urea-based DESs were synthesized using various metal salts and were tested for the glycolysis of PET waste; ChCl-Zn(OAc)2 exhibited the best performance. The DES-containing solvent system afforded a complete PET conversion, producing BHET at a high yield (91.6%) under optimal reaction conditions. The degradation mechanism of PET and its interaction with DESs were systematically investigated using density functional theory-based calculations. Furthermore, an intuitive machine learning model was developed to predict the PET conversion and BHET selectivity for different DES compositions. Our findings demonstrate that the DES-catalyzed glycolysis of post-consumer PET could enable the development of a sustainable chemical recycling process, providing insights to identify the new design of DESs for plastic decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Soo Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Al Mamunur Rashid
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hae Oh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonwook Koo
- School of Forestry Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Ha GS, Al Mamunur Rashid M, Ha JM, Yoo CJ, Jeon BH, Jeong K, Kim KH. Enhancing polyethylene terephthalate conversion through efficient microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent-catalyzed glycolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140781. [PMID: 38006913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of plastics is a promising approach for effectively depolymerizing plastic waste into its constituent monomers, thereby contributing to the realization of a sustainable circular economy. Glycolysis, which converts polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into the monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), has emerged as a cost-effective and commercially viable chemical recycling process. However, glycolysis requires long reaction times and high energy consumption, limiting its industrialization. In this study, we develop an energy-efficient microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent-catalyzed glycolysis method to degrade PET effectively and rapidly, resulting in a high BHET yield. This combined approach enables the quantitative degradation of PET within 9 min, achieving a high BHET yield of approximately 99% under optimal reaction conditions. Furthermore, the proposed approach has a low specific energy consumption (45 kJ/g) and minimizes waste generation. The thermal behavior of PET and its degradation mechanism are systematically investigated using scanning electron microscopy and density functional theory-based calculations. The results obtained suggest that the proposed straightforward, swift, and energy-efficient strategy has the potential to offer a sustainable solution to plastic waste management challenges and expedite the industrialization of chemical recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Soo Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Al Mamunur Rashid
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Myeong Ha
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Jae Yoo
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, 01805, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Li Z, Wang Y, Liu D, Ning L, Pu M, Lin L, Feng X. Chiral N, N'-Dioxide Ligands Tune Diastereoselectivity in Mg(II)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring-Opening Desymmetrization of Azetidiniums. Org Lett 2023; 25:7612-7616. [PMID: 37842957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A diastereodivergent asymmetric desymmetrization of azetidinium salts with benzothiazoleamides as carbon nucleophiles through a chiral N,N'-dioxide/Mg(II) complex-promoted ring-opening reaction is realized by tuning ligands. Both syn- and anti-chiral δ-amino acid derivatives bearing benzothiazole structure were obtained in moderate to good yields and dr and ee values. DFT calculations indicated that the diastereodivergency stems from the different size of the chiral pocket formed by variable substructures of the ligands, leading to the opposite attack direction of the nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Deyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lichao Ning
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Maoping Pu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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5
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Leibler INM, Gandhi SS, Tekle-Smith MA, Doyle AG. Strategies for Nucleophilic C(sp 3)-(Radio)Fluorination. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9928-9950. [PMID: 37094357 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective surveys the progress and current limitations of nucleophilic fluorination methodologies. Despite the long and rich history of C(sp3)-F bond construction in chemical research, the inherent challenges associated with this transformation have largely constrained nucleophilic fluorination to a privileged reaction platform. In recent years, the Doyle group─along with many others─has pursued the study and development of this transformation with the intent of generating deeper mechanistic understanding, developing user-friendly fluorination reagents, and contributing to the invention of synthetic methods capable of enabling radiofluorination. Studies from our laboratory are discussed along with recent developments from others in this field. Fluoride reagent development and the mechanistic implications of reagent identity are highlighted. We also outline the chemical space inaccessible by current synthetic technologies and a series of future directions in the field that can potentially fill the existing dark spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivaani S Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Makeda A Tekle-Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Horwitz MA, Dürr AB, Afratis K, Chen Z, Soika J, Christensen KE, Fushimi M, Paton RS, Gouverneur V. Regiodivergent Nucleophilic Fluorination under Hydrogen Bonding Catalysis: A Computational and Experimental Study. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9708-9717. [PMID: 37079853 PMCID: PMC10161234 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The controlled programming of regiochemical outcomes in nucleophilic fluorination reactions with alkali metal fluoride is a problem yet to be solved. Herein, two synergistic approaches exploiting hydrogen bonding catalysis are presented. First, we demonstrate that modulating the charge density of fluoride with a hydrogen-bond donor urea catalyst directly influences the kinetic regioselectivity in the fluorination of dissymmetric aziridinium salts with aryl and ester substituents. Moreover, we report a urea-catalyzed formal dyotropic rearrangement, a thermodynamically controlled regiochemical editing process consisting of C-F bond scission followed by fluoride rebound. These findings offer a route to access enantioenriched fluoroamine regioisomers from a single chloroamine precursor, and more generally, new opportunities in regiodivergent asymmetric (bis)urea-based organocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Horwitz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alexander B Dürr
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Konstantinos Afratis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Zijun Chen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Julia Soika
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Makoto Fushimi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80528, United States
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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7
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Feng M, Fernandes AJ, Meyrelles R, Maulide N. Direct enantioselective α-amination of amides guided by DFT prediction of E/Z selectivity in a sulfonium intermediate. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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8
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Anizadeh MR, Torabi M, Zolfigol MA, Yarie M. Catalytic application Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3-urea-dithiocarbamic acid for the synthesis of triazole-linked pyridone derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Hirokane T, Kariya T, Takata M, Matsumoto K, Yoshida M. Gold-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Reaction of 2-Alkynylazetidines with Alcohols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12455-12459. [PMID: 36037511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 2-alkynylazetidines and alcohols with a gold catalyst is described. A variety of substituted δ-amino-α,β-unsaturated ketones were synthesized via gold-promoted nucleophilic attack of alcohols followed by ring-opening of azetidine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Hirokane
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Touya Kariya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Misa Takata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Nishihamabouji, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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10
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Wang Z, Chen X, Hu Y, Li H, Yang YF, Liu Y, Jin H, Zhou B. Deconstructive isomerization of azetidinols via C-C bond cleavage enabled by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9294-9297. [PMID: 35904428 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03104c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed deconstructive isomerization of azetidinols via an inert C-C bond cleavage. It provides a direct and supplementary pathway to access α-amino ketone and oxazol-2-one derivatives in moderate to good yields. DFT calculation supports the proposed mechanism in which NHC undergoes a concerted proton transfer and ring-opening process. This reaction features non-metal catalysis, simple reaction operation, excellent regioselectivity and gram-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yunayuan Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Huiling Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yunkui Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Bingwei Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
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11
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Lee S, Chung W. Enantioselective halogenation via asymmetric
phase‐transfer
catalysis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunggi Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry DGIST Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Won‐jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry GIST Gwangju Republic of Korea
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12
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Reissig F, Mamat C. Strained Ammonium Precursors for Radiofluorinations. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200039. [PMID: 35736542 PMCID: PMC9220932 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing application of positron emission tomography (PET) in nuclear medicine has stimulated the extensive development of a multitude of novel and versatile techniques to introduce fluorine‐18, especially for the radiolabelling of biologically or pharmacologically active molecules. Taking into consideration that the introduction of fluorine‐18 (t1/2=109.8 min) mostly proceeds under harsh conditions, radiolabelling of such molecules represents a challenge and is of enormous interest. Ideally, it should proceed in a regioselective manner under mild physiological conditions, in an acceptable time span, with high yields and high specific activities. Special attention has been drawn to 2‐fluoroethyl and 3‐fluoropropyl groups, which are often the active sites of radiofluorinated compounds. Precursors containing an ammonium leaving group – such as a strained azetidinium or aziridinium moiety – can help to overcome these obstacles leading to a convenient and mild introduction of [18F]fluoride with high radiochemical yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falco Reissig
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.,Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Zarei N, Torabi M, Yarie M, Zolfigol MA. Novel Urea-Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous Hydrogen Bonding Catalyst for the Synthesis of New 2-Hydroxy Pyridines. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zarei
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Morteza Torabi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Meysam Yarie
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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14
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Pupo G, Gouverneur V. Hydrogen Bonding Phase-Transfer Catalysis with Alkali Metal Fluorides and Beyond. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5200-5213. [PMID: 35294171 PMCID: PMC9084554 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) is one of the most powerful catalytic manifolds for asymmetric synthesis. Chiral cationic or anionic PTC strategies have enabled a variety of transformations, yet studies on the use of insoluble inorganic salts as nucleophiles for the synthesis of enantioenriched molecules have remained elusive. A long-standing challenge is the development of methods for asymmetric carbon-fluorine bond formation from readily available and cost-effective alkali metal fluorides. In this Perspective, we describe how H-bond donors can provide a solution through fluoride binding. We use examples, primarily from our own research, to discuss how hydrogen bonding interactions impact fluoride reactivity and the role of H-bond donors as phase-transfer catalysts to bring solid-phase alkali metal fluorides in solution. These studies led to hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis (HB-PTC), a new concept in PTC, originally crafted for alkali metal fluorides but offering opportunities beyond enantioselective fluorination. Looking ahead, the unlimited options that one can consider to diversify the H-bond donor, the inorganic salt, and the electrophile, herald a new era in phase-transfer catalysis. Whether abundant inorganic salts of lattice energy significantly higher than those studied to date could be considered as nucleophiles, e.g., CaF2, remains an open question, with solutions that may be found through synergistic PTC catalysis or beyond PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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15
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Peters BBC, Andersson PG, Ruchirawat S, Ieawsuwan W. Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydro-3-benzazepine Motifs by Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic Ene-carbamates. Org Lett 2022; 24:1969-1973. [PMID: 35238569 PMCID: PMC8938950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient N,P-ligated iridium complex is presented for the simple preparation of chiral tetrahydro-3-benzazepine motifs by catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation. Substrates bearing both 1-aryl and 1-alkyl substituents were smoothly converted to the corresponding hydrogenated product with excellent enantioselectivity (91-99% ee) and in isolated yield (92-99%). The synthetic value of this transformation was demonstrated by a gram-scale hydrogenation and application in the syntheses of trepipam and fenoldopam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram B C Peters
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pher G Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, 906 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Winai Ieawsuwan
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6 Road, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of the Permanent Secretary (OPS), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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16
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Wang J, Horwitz MA, Dürr AB, Ibba F, Pupo G, Gao Y, Ricci P, Christensen KE, Pathak TP, Claridge TDW, Lloyd-Jones GC, Paton RS, Gouverneur V. Asymmetric Azidation under Hydrogen Bonding Phase-Transfer Catalysis: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4572-4584. [PMID: 35230845 PMCID: PMC8931729 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Asymmetric catalytic
azidation has increased in importance to access
enantioenriched nitrogen containing molecules, but methods that employ
inexpensive sodium azide remain scarce. This encouraged us to undertake
a detailed study on the application of hydrogen bonding phase-transfer
catalysis (HB-PTC) to enantioselective azidation with sodium azide.
So far, this phase-transfer manifold has been applied exclusively
to insoluble metal alkali fluorides for carbon–fluorine bond
formation. Herein, we disclose the asymmetric ring opening of meso aziridinium electrophiles derived from β-chloroamines
with sodium azide in the presence of a chiral bisurea catalyst. The
structure of novel hydrogen bonded azide complexes was analyzed computationally,
in the solid state by X-ray diffraction, and in solution phase by 1H and 14N/15N NMR spectroscopy. With N-isopropylated BINAM-derived bisurea, end-on binding of
azide in a tripodal fashion to all three NH bonds is energetically
favorable, an arrangement reminiscent of the corresponding dynamically
more rigid trifurcated hydrogen-bonded fluoride complex. Computational
analysis informs that the most stable transition state leading to
the major enantiomer displays attack from the hydrogen-bonded end
of the azide anion. All three H-bonds are retained in the transition
state; however, as seen in asymmetric HB-PTC fluorination, the H-bond
between the nucleophile and the monodentate urea lengthens most noticeably
along the reaction coordinate. Kinetic studies corroborate with the
turnover rate limiting event resulting in a chiral ion pair containing
an aziridinium cation and a catalyst-bound azide anion, along with
catalyst inhibition incurred by accumulation of NaCl. This study demonstrates
that HB-PTC can serve as an activation mode for inorganic salts other
than metal alkali fluorides for applications in asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Wang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Matthew A Horwitz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alexander B Dürr
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Paolo Ricci
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Tejas P Pathak
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80528, United States
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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17
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Komatsuda M, Suto A, Kondo H, Takada H, Kato K, Saito B, Yamaguchi J. Ring-opening fluorination of bicyclic azaarenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:665-670. [PMID: 35173930 PMCID: PMC8768879 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06273e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have discovered a ring-opening fluorination of bicyclic azaarenes. Upon treatment of bicyclic azaarenes such as pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines with electrophilic fluorinating agents, fluorination of the aromatic ring is followed by a ring-opening reaction. Although this overall transformation can be classified as an electrophilic fluorination of an aromatic ring, it is a novel type of fluorination that results in construction of tertiary carbon-fluorine bonds. The present protocol can be applied to a range of bicyclic azaarenes, tolerating azines and a variety of functional groups. Additionally, mechanistic studies and enantioselective fluorination have been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Komatsuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 513, Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Ayane Suto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 513, Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroki Kondo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 513, Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takada
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome Fujisawa Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan
| | - Kenta Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 513, Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
| | - Bunnai Saito
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome Fujisawa Kanagawa 251-8555 Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University 513, Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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18
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Xu Y, Zhai TY, Xu Z, Ye LW. Recent advances towards organocatalytic enantioselective desymmetrizing reactions. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Tayama E, Kawai K. Synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluorides and chlorides by site-selective nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of α-aryl azetidinium salts. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39607-39618. [PMID: 35492462 PMCID: PMC9044468 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-selective nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of 2-arylazetidine-2-carboxylic acid ester-derived tetraalkyl ammonium salts 2 with tetrabutylammonium halides (Bu4NX) to give tertiary alkyl halides are successfully demonstrated. For example, a nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of 2-(o-tolyl) derivative 2a with 1.2 equivalents of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Bu4NF) in THF at 60 °C preferentially proceeded at a more substituted carbon atom (2-position) compared to a less-substituted carbon atom (4-position) and afforded tert-butyl 4-(dimethylamino)-2-fluoro-2-(o-tolyl)butanoate 3aa in 71% yield as the corresponding tertiary alkyl fluoride. This result was applied to synthesize optically active organofluorine compounds starting from commercially available (R)-1-phenylethylamine. Site-selective nucleophilic ring-opening of 2 with Bu4NX proceeded at a much-substituted 2-position preferentially and produced tertiary alkyl halides 3.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Tayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kohei Kawai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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20
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Vicini AC, Alozie DM, Courtes P, Roagna G, Aubert C, Certal V, El-Ahmad Y, Roy S, Gouverneur V. Scalable Synthesis of (R,R)-N,N-Dibenzyl-2-fluorocyclohexan-1-amine with CsF under Hydrogen Bonding Phase-Transfer Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chiara Vicini
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Diké-Michel Alozie
- Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
- Process Safety, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Courtes
- Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
- Process Safety, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Giulia Roagna
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Aubert
- Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
- IDD Isotope Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Victor Certal
- Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
- IDD Small Molecules Medicinal Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Youssef El-Ahmad
- Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
- IDD Small Molecules Medicinal Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Roy
- Sanofi R&D, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
- IDD Isotope Chemistry, 13 Quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry sur Seine Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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21
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Vicini AC, Pupo G, Ibba F, Gouverneur V. Multigram synthesis of N-alkyl bis-ureas for asymmetric hydrogen bonding phase-transfer catalysis. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5559-5591. [PMID: 34759385 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine is a key element present in ~35% of agrochemicals and 25% of marketed pharmaceutical drugs. The availability of reliable synthetic protocols to prepare catalysts that allow the efficient incorporation of fluorine in organic molecules is therefore essential for broad applicability. Herein, we report a protocol for the multigram synthesis of two representative enantiopure N-alkyl bis-urea organocatalysts derived from (S)-(-)-1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine ((S)-BINAM). These tridentate hydrogen bond donors are highly effective phase-transfer catalysts for solubilizing safe and inexpensive metal alkali fluorides (KF and CsF) in organic solvents for enantioselective nucleophilic fluorinations. The first catalyst, characterized by N-isopropyl substitution, was obtained by using a two-step sequence consisting of reductive amination followed by urea coupling from commercially available starting materials (14 g, 48% yield and 5-d total synthesis time). The second catalyst, featuring N-ethyl alkylation and meta-terphenyl substituents, was accessed via a novel, scalable, convergent route that concluded with the coupling between N-ethylated (S)-BINAM and a preformed isocyanate (52 g and 52% overall yield). On this scale, the synthesis requires ~10 d. This can be reduced to 5 d by performing some steps in parallel. Compared to the previous synthetic route, this protocol avoids the final chromatographic purification and produces the desired catalysts in very high purity and improved yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Remete AM, Nonn M, Escorihuela J, Fustero S, Kiss L. Asymmetric Methods for Carbon‐Fluorine Bond Formation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila M. Remete
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged 6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged 6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Melinda Nonn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged 6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged 6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia Pharmacy Faculty 46100- Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia Pharmacy Faculty 46100- Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged 6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Szeged 6720 Szeged Eötvös u. 6 Hungary
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23
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24
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Ajenjo J, Destro G, Cornelissen B, Gouverneur V. Closing the gap between 19F and 18F chemistry. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2021; 6:33. [PMID: 34564781 PMCID: PMC8464544 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-021-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) has become an invaluable tool for drug discovery and diagnosis. The positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 is frequently used in PET radiopharmaceuticals due to its advantageous characteristics; hence, methods streamlining access to 18F-labelled radiotracers can make a direct impact in medicine. For many years, access to 18F-labelled radiotracers was limited by the paucity of methodologies available, and the poor diversity of precursors amenable to 18F-incorporation. During the last two decades, 18F-radiochemistry has progressed at a fast pace with the appearance of numerous methodologies for late-stage 18F-incorporation onto complex molecules from a range of readily available precursors including those that do not require pre-functionalisation. Key to these advances is the inclusion of new activation modes to facilitate 18F-incorporation. Specifically, new advances in late-stage 19F-fluorination under transition metal catalysis, photoredox catalysis, and organocatalysis combined with the availability of novel 18F-labelled fluorination reagents have enabled the invention of novel processes for 18F-incorporation onto complex (bio)molecules. This review describes these major breakthroughs with a focus on methodologies for C-18F bond formation. This reinvigorated interest in 18F-radiochemistry that we have witnessed in recent years has made a direct impact on 19F-chemistry with many laboratories refocusing their efforts on the development of methods using nucleophilic fluoride instead of fluorination reagents derived from molecular fluorine gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ajenjo
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Gianluca Destro
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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25
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Britton R, Gouverneur V, Lin JH, Meanwell M, Ni C, Pupo G, Xiao JC, Hu J. Contemporary synthetic strategies in organofluorine chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Guo P, Han JF, Yuan GC, Chen L, Liao JB, Ye KY. Cobalt-Catalyzed Divergent Aminofluorination and Diamination of Styrenes with N-Fluorosulfonamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:4067-4071. [PMID: 33970648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A cobalt-catalyzed aminofluorination reaction of styrenes with N-fluorosulfonamides serving as both the amination and fluorination agents has been developed. The switch of selectivity in this catalytic reaction from aminofluorination to diamination could be easily achieved by the addition of 1.0 equiv of PPh3. Both transformations tolerated a wide array of substrates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fa Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Yin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
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27
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Catalytic cycle and off-cycle steps in the palladium-catalyzed fluorination of aryl bromide with biaryl monophosphine ligands: Theoretical free energy profile. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Pliego JR. The role of intermolecular forces in ionic reactions: the solvent effect, ion-pairing, aggregates and structured environment. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1900-1914. [PMID: 33554992 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment enclosing an ionic species has a critical effect on its reactivity. In a more general sense, medium effects are not limited to the solvent, but involve the counter ion effect (ion pairing), formation of larger aggregates and structured environment as provided by the host in the case of host-guest complexes. In this review, a general view of the medium effect on anion-molecule reactions is presented. Nucleophilic substitution reactions of aliphatic (SN2) and aromatic (SNAr) systems, as well as elimination reactions (E2), are the focus of the discussion. In particular, nucleophilic fluorination with KF, CsF and tetraalkylammonium fluoride was used as the main model, because of the importance of this kind of reaction and the recent advances in the study of these systems. The solvent effect, ion pairing, formation of aggregates and formation of complexes with crown ethers, cryptands and calixarenes are discussed. For a deeper insight into the medium effect, many results of reliable theoretical calculations in close agreement with experiments were chosen as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefredo R Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
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29
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Rozatian N, Hodgson DRW. Reactivities of electrophilic N-F fluorinating reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:683-712. [PMID: 33367354 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic fluorination represents one of the most direct and useful methods available for the selective introduction of fluorine into organic compounds. Electrophilic fluorinating reagents of the N-F class have revolutionised the incorporation of fluorine atoms into both pharmaceutically- and agrochemically-important substrates. Since the earliest N-F reagents were commercialised in the 1990s, their reactivities have been investigated using qualitative and, more recently, quantitative methods. This review discusses the different experimental approaches employed to determine reactivities of N-F reagents, focussing on the kinetics studies reported in recent years. We make critical evaluations of the experimental approaches against each other, theoretical approaches, and their applicability towards practical problems. The opportunities for achieving more efficient synthetic electrophilic fluorination processes through kinetic understanding are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neshat Rozatian
- Chemistry Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
| | - David R W Hodgson
- Chemistry Department, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UKDH1 3LE.
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30
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Tayama E, Nakanome N. Synthesis of optically active 2-substituted azetidine-2-carbonitriles from chiral 1-arylethylamine via α-alkylation of N-borane complexes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23825-23837. [PMID: 35479785 PMCID: PMC9036535 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The base-promoted α-alkylation of N-((S)-1-arylethyl)azetidine-2-carbonitriles 3via formation of their N-borane complexes 4 was investigated. For example, treatment of diastereomerically pure borane N-((S)-1′-(4′′-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)azetidine-2-carbonitrile complex (1S,2S,1′S)-4b with 1.2 equivalents of LDA at −78 °C followed by 1.3 equivalents of benzyl bromide at −78 °C and warming to room temperature produced α-benzylated (2S,1′S)-5ba in 72% yield and (2R,1′S)-5ba in 2% yield. A mechanism for this diastereoselective α-alkylation was proposed. Our method enables the production of optically active 2-substituted azetidine-2-carbonitriles, such as α-benzylated (S)-10a and (R)-10a, starting from commercially available (S)-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)amine. Synthesis of optically active 2-substituted azetidine-2-carbonitriles by LDA-promoted diastereoselective α-alkylation of borane N-((S)-1-arylethyl)azetidine-2-carbonitrile complexes was demonstrated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Tayama
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Niigata University
- Niigata
- Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakanome
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Niigata University
- Niigata
- Japan
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31
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Auria‐Luna F, Mohammadi S, Divar M, Gimeno MC, Herrera RP. Asymmetric Fluorination Reactions promoted by Chiral Hydrogen Bonding‐based Organocatalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Auria‐Luna
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC- Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain)
| | - Somayeh Mohammadi
- Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 7134853734 Shiraz (Iran)
| | - Masoumeh Divar
- Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 7134853734 Shiraz (Iran)
| | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica. Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC- Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain)
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC- Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain)
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32
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Ibba F, Pupo G, Thompson AL, Brown JM, Claridge TDW, Gouverneur V. Impact of Multiple Hydrogen Bonds with Fluoride on Catalysis: Insight from NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19731-19744. [PMID: 33166450 PMCID: PMC7677927 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Hydrogen-bonding
interactions have been explored in catalysis,
enabling complex chemical reactions. Recently, enantioselective nucleophilic
fluorination with metal alkali fluoride has been accomplished with
BINAM-derived bisurea catalysts, presenting up to four NH hydrogen-bond
donors (HBDs) for fluoride. These catalysts bring insoluble CsF and
KF into solution, control fluoride nucleophilicity, and provide a
chiral microenvironment for enantioselective fluoride delivery to
the electrophile. These attributes encouraged a 1H/19F NMR study to gain information on hydrogen-bonding networks
with fluoride in solution, as well as how these arrangements impact
the efficiency of catalytic nucleophilic fluorination. Herein, NMR
experiments enabled the determination of the number and magnitude
of HB contacts to fluoride for thirteen bisurea catalysts. These data
supplemented by diagnostic coupling constants 1hJNH···F– give
insight into how multiple H bonds to fluoride influence reaction performance.
In dichloromethane (DCM-d2), nonalkylated
BINAM-derived bisurea catalyst engages two of its four NH groups in
hydrogen bonding with fluoride, an arrangement that allows effective
phase-transfer capability but low control over enantioselectivity
for fluoride delivery. The more efficient N-alkylated BINAM-derived
bisurea catalysts undergo urea isomerization upon fluoride binding
and form dynamically rigid trifurcated hydrogen-bonded fluoride complexes
that are structurally similar to their conformation in the solid state.
Insight into how the countercation influences fluoride complexation
is provided based on NMR data characterizing the species formed in
DCM-d2 when reacting a bisurea catalyst
with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) or CsF.
Structure–activity analysis reveals that the three hydrogen-bond
contacts with fluoride are not equal in terms of their contribution
to catalyst efficacy, suggesting that tuning individual electronic
environment is a viable approach to control phase-transfer ability
and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - John M Brown
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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