1
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Peng H, Zhao D, Tang W, Peng A. Dienediamine: A safe surrogate for the herbicide paraquat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1962-1975. [PMID: 37924209 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) has been used as an herbicide worldwide because of its potent activity against weeds. However, it is highly toxic to humans. The very high fatality of PQ poisoning is due to its inherent toxicity and the lack of any effective treatment. Consequently, developing a non-toxic herbicide with comparable efficacy to PQ will contribute to global food security and help prevent PQ-related fatalities. Herein, we report a new herbicide called dienediamine, which was discovered from how to intervene the redox cycle of PQ, an inherent toxicity nature. Dienediamine, the "reduced" form of PQ with no function as an electron transfer agent, was shown to be non-toxic through comprehensive in vivo and in vitro experiments at molar concentrations equivalent to PQ's absolute lethal dose. Remarkably, dienediamine can undergo conversion to PQ under natural sunlight and ambient air conditions, exhibiting herbicidal activities that are comparable to those of PQ. The conversion of dienediamine to PQ, which is toxic to chloroplasts, is the key mechanism underlying its potent herbicidal activity. Our study discovers that dienediamine is a safe and superior alternative to PQ, possessing significant potential for application in sustainable agriculture globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dake Zhao
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling Ling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Ai Peng
- Center for Nephrology & Metabolomics, Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301 Yanchangzhong Road, Shanghai 200072, China.
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2
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Han H, Huang Y, Tang C, Liu Y, Krzyaniak MD, Song B, Li X, Wu G, Wu Y, Zhang R, Jiao Y, Zhao X, Chen XY, Wu H, Stern CL, Ma Y, Qiu Y, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Spin-Frustrated Trisradical Trication of PrismCage. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18402-18413. [PMID: 37578165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic trisradicals featuring threefold symmetry have attracted significant interest because of their unique magnetic properties associated with spin frustration. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a triangular prism-shaped organic cage for which we have coined the name PrismCage6+ and its trisradical trication─TR3(•+). PrismCage6+ is composed of three 4,4'-bipyridinium dications and two 1,3,5-phenylene units bridged by six methylene groups. In the solid state, PrismCage6+ adopts a highly twisted conformation with close to C3 symmetry as a result of encapsulating one PF6- anion as a guest. PrismCage6+ undergoes stepwise reduction to its mono-, di-, and trisradical cations in MeCN on account of strong electronic communication between its 4,4'-bipyridinium units. TR3(•+), which is obtained by the reduction of PrismCage6+ employing CoCp2, adopts a triangular prism-shaped conformation with close to C2v symmetry in the solid state. Temperature-dependent continuous-wave and nutation-frequency-selective electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of TR3(•+) in frozen N,N-dimethylformamide indicate its doublet ground state. The doublet-quartet energy gap of TR3(•+) is estimated to be -0.08 kcal mol-1, and the critical temperature of spin-state conversion is found to be ca. 50 K, suggesting that it displays pronounced spin frustration at the molecular level. To the best of our knowledge, this example is the first organic radical cage to exhibit spin frustration. The trisradical trication of PrismCage6+ opens up new possibilities for fundamental investigations and potential applications in the fields of both organic cages and spin chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Li Y, Li N, Li G, Qiao Y, Zhang M, Zhang L, Guo QH, He G. The Green Box: Selenoviologen-Based Tetracationic Cyclophane for Electrochromism, Host-Guest Interactions, and Visible-Light Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9118-9128. [PMID: 37015020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
The novel selenoviologen-based tetracationic cyclophanes (green boxes 3 and 5) with rigid electron-deficient cavities are synthesized via SN2 reactions in two steps. The green boxes exhibit good redox properties, narrow energy gaps, and strong absorption in the visible range (370-470 nm), especially for the green box 5 containing two selenoviologen (SeV2+) units. Meanwhile, the femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) reveals that the green boxes have a stabilized dicationic biradical, high efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and long-lived charge separation state due to the formation of cyclophane structure. Based on the excellent photophysical and redox properties, the green boxes are applied to electrochromic devices (ECDs) and visible-light-driven hydrogen production with a high H2 generation rate (34 μmol/h), turnover number (203), and apparent quantum yield (5.33 × 10-2). In addition, the host-guest recognitions are demonstrated between the green boxes and electron-rich guests (e.g., G1:1-naphthol and G2:platinum(II)-tethered naphthalene) in MeCN through C-H···π and π···π interactions. As a one-component system, the host-guest complexes of green box⊃G2 are successfully applied to visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production due to the intramolecular electron transfer (IET) between platinum(II) of G2 and SeV2+ of the green box, which provides a simplified system for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Naiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Yi Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710126, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710054, P. R. China
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4
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Radical Pairing Interactions and Donor-Acceptor Interactions in Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) Inclusion Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052057. [PMID: 36903306 PMCID: PMC10004262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular interactions in mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) is challenging because they can be either donor-acceptor interactions or radical pairing interactions, depending on the charge states and multiplicities in the different components of the MIMs. In this work, for the first time, the interactions between cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (abbreviated as CBPQTn+ (n = 0-4)) and a series of recognition units (RUs) were investigated using the energy decomposition analysis approach (EDA). These RUs include bipyridinium radical cation (BIPY•+), naphthalene-1,8:4,5-bis(dicarboximide) radical anion (NDI•-), their oxidized states (BIPY2+ and NDI), neutral electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and neutral bis-dithiazolyl radical (BTA•). The results of generalized Kohn-Sham energy decomposition analysis (GKS-EDA) reveal that for the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, correlation/dispersion terms always have large contributions, while electrostatic and desolvation terms are sensitive to the variation in charge states in CBPQTn+ and RU. For all the CBPQTn+···RU interactions, desolvation terms always tend to overcome the repulsive electrostatic interactions between the CBPQT cation and RU cation. Electrostatic interaction is important when RU has the negative charge. Moreover, the different physical origins of donor-acceptor interactions and radical pairing interactions are compared and discussed. Compared to donor-acceptor interactions, in radical pairing interactions, the polarization term is always small, while the correlation/dispersion term is important. With regard to donor-acceptor interactions, in some cases, polarization terms could be quite large due to the electron transfer between the CBPQT ring and RU, which responds to the large geometrical relaxation of the whole systems.
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5
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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6
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Penty SE, Zwijnenburg MA, Orton GRF, Stachelek P, Pal R, Xie Y, Griffin SL, Barendt TA. The Pink Box: Exclusive Homochiral Aromatic Stacking in a Bis-perylene Diimide Macrocycle. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12290-12298. [PMID: 35763425 PMCID: PMC9348826 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work showcases chiral complementarity in aromatic stacking interactions as an effective tool to optimize the chiroptical and electrochemical properties of perylene diimides (PDIs). PDIs are a notable class of robust dye molecules and their rich photo- and electrochemistry and potential chirality make them ideal organic building blocks for chiral optoelectronic materials. By exploiting the new bay connectivity of twisted PDIs, a dynamic bis-PDI macrocycle (the "Pink Box") is realized in which homochiral PDI-PDI π-π stacking interactions are switched on exclusively. Using a range of experimental and computational techniques, we uncover three important implications of the macrocycle's chiral complementarity for PDI optoelectronics. First, the homochiral intramolecular π-π interactions anchor the twisted PDI units, yielding enantiomers with half-lives extended over 400-fold, from minutes to days (in solution) or years (in the solid state). Second, homochiral H-type aggregation affords the macrocycle red-shifted circularly polarized luminescence and one of the highest dissymmetry factors of any small organic molecule in solution (glum = 10-2 at 675 nm). Finally, excellent through-space PDI-PDI π-orbital overlap stabilizes PDI reduced states, akin to covalent functionalization with electron-withdrawing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Penty
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia R F Orton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Stachelek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Yujie Xie
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Griffin
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Barendt
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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7
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Sadowski B, Mierzwa D, Kang S, Grzybowski M, Poronik YM, Sobolewski AL, Kim D, Gryko DT. Tuning the aromatic backbone twist in dipyrrolonaphthyridinediones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3697-3700. [PMID: 35225999 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06863f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the photophysical behavior of three analogs of cyclophane bearing the dipyrrolonaphthyridinedione (DPND) core. In these molecules, intersystem crossing (ISC) can be successfully induced by distinct changes in the deviation from planarity within the DPND core, allowing at the same time the emission maximum to shift from the green to red region of the visible spectrum without any synthetic modifications of the chromophore structure. This finding may build the foundation for a new paradigm for inducing ISC-type transitions within other centrosymmetric and planar cross-conjugated chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Dominik Mierzwa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | - Yevgen M Poronik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
| | | | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland.
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8
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Borys AM, Clark ER, Saines PJ, Alberola A, Rawson JM. A short, versatile route towards benzothiadiazinyl radicals. Chem Sci 2021; 13:149-158. [PMID: 35059163 PMCID: PMC8694340 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04248c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of substituted 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1-chlorides have been prepared by treatment of N-arylamidines in neat thionyl chloride at reflux. The S(iv) 1-chlorides are readily reduced under mild conditions to persistent 1,2,4-benzothiadiazinyl radicals which have been characterised by EPR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Crystallographic studies on isolated radicals indicate that the radicals dimerise via pancake bonding in the solid-state, resulting in spin-pairing and net diamagnetism. A family of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazinyl radicals are accessible from 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1-chlorides which can be prepared in a single step by treatment of N-arylamidines in neat thionyl chloride at reflux.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andryj M Borys
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent Ingram Building Canterbury Kent CT2 7NH UK
| | - Ewan R Clark
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent Ingram Building Canterbury Kent CT2 7NH UK
| | - Paul J Saines
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent Ingram Building Canterbury Kent CT2 7NH UK
| | | | - Jeremy M Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Windsor 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
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9
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Chen X, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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10
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Mao L, Zhou M, Shi X, Yang HB. Triphenylamine (TPA) radical cations and related macrocycles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Hirao Y, Daifuku Y, Ihara K, Kubo T. Spin–Spin Interactions in One‐Dimensional Assemblies of a Cumulene‐Based Singlet Biradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoko Daifuku
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Keiji Ihara
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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12
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Hirao Y, Daifuku Y, Ihara K, Kubo T. Spin-Spin Interactions in One-Dimensional Assemblies of a Cumulene-Based Singlet Biradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21319-21326. [PMID: 34101316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of phenalenyl-endcapped [5]cumulene as a cumulene-based singlet biradical and the spin correlation changes of one-dimensional aggregates are described. The high propensity for self-aggregation of phenalenyl rings and the introduction of bulky substituents into the appropriate positions led to the formation of a one-dimensional chain assembly. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis indicated that the bond length alternation of the cumulene chain increased with decreasing temperature, along with improved overlapping of the phenalenyl rings. Variable-temperature Raman spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that a localized spin pair within the molecule decouples at low temperatures, and a continuum spin system involving intra- and intermolecular spin-spin interactions emerges in the one-dimensional chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoko Daifuku
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Keiji Ihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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Chen XY, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25454-25462. [PMID: 34342116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complexation between a viologen radical cation (V.+ ) and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) diradical dication (CBPQT2(.+) ) has been investigated and utilized extensively in the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and artificial molecular machines (AMMs). The selective recognition of a pair of V.+ using radical-pairing interactions, however, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the efficient encapsulation of two methyl viologen radical cations (MV.+ ) in a size-matched bisradical dicationic host - namely, cyclobis(paraquat-2,6-naphthalene)2(.+) , i.e., CBPQN2(.+) . Central to this dual recognition process was the choice of 2,6-bismethylenenaphthalene linkers for incorporation into the bisradical dicationic host. They provide the space between the two bipyridinium radical cations in CBPQN2(.+) suitable for binding two MV.+ with relatively short (3.05-3.25 Å) radical-pairing distances. The size-matched bisradical dicationic host was found to exhibit highly selective and cooperative association with the two MV.+ in MeCN at room temperature. The formation of the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex - namely, [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) - in MeCN was confirmed by VT 1 H NMR, as well as by EPR spectroscopy. The solid-state superstructure of [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) reveals an uneven distribution of the binding distances (3.05, 3.24, 3.05 Å) between the three different V.+ , suggesting that localization of the radical-pairing interactions has a strong influence on the packing of the two MV.+ inside the bisradical dicationic host. Our findings constitute a rare example of binding two radical guests with high affinity and cooperativity using host-guest radical-pairing interactions. Moreover, they open up possibilities of harnessing the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex as a new, orthogonal and redox-switchable recognition motif for the construction of MIMs and AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
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