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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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Guan R, Huang J, Xin J, Chen M, Du P, Li Q, Tan YZ, Yang S, Xie SY. A stabilization rule for metal carbido cluster bearing μ 3-carbido single-atom-ligand encapsulated in carbon cage. Nat Commun 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38167842 PMCID: PMC10761991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal carbido complexes bearing single-carbon-atom ligand such as nitrogenase provide ideal models of adsorbed carbon atoms in heterogeneous catalysis. Trimetallic μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes found recently represent the simplest metal carbido complexes with the ligands being only carbon atoms, but only few are crystallographically characterized, and its formation prerequisite is unclear. Herein, we synthesize and isolate three vanadium-based μ3-CCFs featuring V = C double bonds and high valence state of V (+4), including VSc2C@Ih(7)-C80, VSc2C@D5h(6)-C80 and VSc2C@D3h(5)-C78. Based on a systematic theoretical study of all reported μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes, we further propose a supplemental Octet Rule, i.e., an eight-electron configuration of the μ3-carbido ligand is needed for stabilization of metal carbido clusters within μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes. Distinct from the classic Effective Atomic Number rule based on valence electron count of metal proposed in the 1920s, this rule counts the valence electrons of the single-carbon-atom ligand, and offers a general rule governing the stabilities of μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Yang W, Velkos G, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Liu F, Popov AA. Nd─Nd Bond in I h and D 5h Cage Isomers of Nd 2 @C 80 Stabilized by Electrophilic CF 3 Addition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305190. [PMID: 37946664 PMCID: PMC10767449 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of molecular compounds with metal-metal bonds between 4f elements is recognized as one of the fascinating milestones in lanthanide metallochemistry. The main focus of such studies is on heavy lanthanides due to the interest in their magnetism, while bonding between light lanthanides remains unexplored. In this work, the Nd─Nd bonding in Nd-dimetallofullerenes as a case study of metal-metal bonding between early lanthanides is demonstrated. Combined experimental and computational study proves that pristine Nd2 @C80 has an open shell structure with a single electron occupying the Nd─Nd bonding orbital. Nd2 @C80 is stabilized by a one-electron reduction and further by the electrophilic CF3 addition to [Nd2 @C80 ]- . Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of two Nd2 @C80 (CF3 ) isomers with D5h -C80 and Ih -C80 carbon cages, both featuring a single-electron Nd─Nd bond with the length of 3.78-3.79 Å. The mutual influence of the exohedral CF3 group and endohedral metal dimer in determining the molecular structure of the adducts is analyzed. Unlike Tb or Dy analogs, which are strong single-molecule magnets with high blocking temperature of magnetization, the slow relaxation of magnetization in Nd2 @Ih -C80 (CF3 ) is detectable via out-of-phase magnetic susceptibility only below 3 K and in the presence of magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
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Meng Q, Abella L, Yao YR, Sergentu DC, Yang W, Liu X, Zhuang J, Echegoyen L, Autschbach J, Chen N. A charged diatomic triple-bonded U≡N species trapped in C 82 fullerene cages. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7192. [PMID: 36418311 PMCID: PMC9684569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinide diatomic molecules are ideal models to study elusive actinide multiple bonds, but most of these diatomic molecules have so far only been studied in solid inert gas matrices. Herein, we report a charged U≡N diatomic species captured in fullerene cages and stabilized by the U-fullerene coordination interaction. Two diatomic clusterfullerenes, viz. UN@Cs(6)-C82 and UN@C2(5)-C82, were successfully synthesized and characterized. Crystallographic analysis reveals U-N bond lengths of 1.760(7) and 1.760(20) Å in UN@Cs(6)-C82 and UN@C2(5)-C82. Moreover, U≡N was found to be immobilized and coordinated to the fullerene cages at 100 K but it rotates inside the cage at 273 K. Quantum-chemical calculations show a (UN)2+@(C82)2− electronic structure with formal +5 oxidation state (f1) of U and unambiguously demonstrate the presence of a U≡N bond in the clusterfullerenes. This study constitutes an approach to stabilize fundamentally important actinide multiply bonded species. Diatomic actinide molecules are ideal models for studying rare multiple-bond motifs. Here, the authors report host-guest structures of metastable charged U≡N diatoms confined in fullerene cages and stabilized by coordinative electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Meng
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Laura Abella
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000 USA
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 P. R. China
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- grid.8168.70000000419371784A.I. Cuza University of Iași, RA-03 Laboratory (RECENT AIR), Iași, 700506 Romania
| | - Wei Yang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xinye Liu
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhuang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- grid.267324.60000 0001 0668 0420Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968 USA
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000 USA
| | - Ning Chen
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
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Sa B, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Si Y, Li H, Zhu C, Wen C, Wu B, Yu T. Computational mining of endohedral C 70 electrides: tri-metal alkali and alkaline-earth encapsulation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:16836-16844. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the atoms in molecules analysis, electron localization functions, and nonlinear optical property analysis, M3@C70 (M = Li, Be, Mg, Ca) fullerenes are identified as electrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisheng Sa
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhanlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Si
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Li
- Fujian Applied Technology Engineering Center of Power Battery Materials, Fujian College of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Yongan, Fujian 366000, P. R. China
| | - Changfeng Zhu
- Xiamen Funano New Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361006, P. R. China
| | - Cuilian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Velkos G, Israel NJ, Rosenkranz M, Büchner B, Liu F, Popov AA. Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation of Dimetallofullerene Anions en Route to Air-Stable Single-Molecule Magnets with High Blocking Temperature of Magnetization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18139-18149. [PMID: 34669376 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanide dimetallofullerenes with single-electron M-M bonds are an important class of single molecular magnets and qubit candidates, but stabilization of their unique electronic and spin structure in the form of a neutral molecule requires functionalization of the fullerene cage with a single radical group. The lack of selectivity of the currently available procedure results in a complicated and tedious separation process. Here we demonstrate that electrophilic trifluoromethylation of a mixture of metallofullerene anions with Umemoto reagent II is highly selective toward M2@C80- (M = Tb, Y) anions, yielding M2@C80(CF3) monoadducts as the main reaction product. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study proved attachment of the CF3 group to the pentagon/hexagon/hexagon junction and revealed that positions of metal atoms inside the fullerene cage in the cocrystal with NiOEP are strongly related to the position of the porphyrin moieties. Magnetic characterization of Tb2@C80(CF3) showed that it is a robust single-molecule magnet with broad magnetic hysteresis, 100 s blocking temperature of 25 K, and the relaxation barrier of 801(4) K, corresponding to the flipping of the Tb magnetic moment in the strongly ferromagnetically coupled [Tb3+-e-Tb3+] spin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Noel Jens Israel
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Büchner
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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Guan R, Chen M, Xin J, Xie XM, Jin F, Zhang Q, Xie SY, Yang S. Capturing the Missing Carbon Cage Isomer of C 84 via Mutual Stabilization of a Triangular Monometallic Cyanide Cluster. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8078-8085. [PMID: 34010566 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monometallic cyanide clusterfullerenes (CYCFs) represent a unique branch of endohedral clusterfullerenes with merely one metal atom encapsulated, offering a model system for elucidating structure-property correlation, while up to now only C82 and C76 cages have been isolated for the pristine CYCFs. C84 is one of the most abundant fullerenes and has 24 isomers obeying the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), among which 14 isomers have been already isolated, whereas the C2v(17)-C84 isomer has lower relative energy than several isolated isomers but never been found for empty and endohedral fullerenes. Herein, four novel C84-based pristine CYCFs with variable encapsulated metals and isomeric cages, including MCN@C2(13)-C84 (M = Y, Dy, Tb) and DyCN@C2v(17)-C84, have been synthesized and isolated, fulfilling the first identification of the missing C2v(17)-C84 isomer, which can be interconverted from the C2(13)-C84 isomer through two steps of Stone-Wales transformation. The molecular structures of these four C84-based CYCFs are determined unambiguously by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Surprisingly, although the ionic radii of Y3+, Dy3+, and Tb3+ differ slightly by only 0.01 Å, such a subtle difference leads to an obvious change in the metal-cage interactions, as inferred from the distance between the metal atom and the nearest hexagon center of the C2(13)-C84 cage. On the other hand, upon altering the isomeric cage from DyCN@C2(13)-C84 to DyCN@C2v(17)-C84, the Dy-cage distance changes as well, indicating the interplay between the encapsulated DyCN cluster and the outer cage. Therefore, we demonstrate that the metal-cage interactions within CYCFs can be steered via both internal and external routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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