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Liu Q, Li Q, Li Y, Su T, Hou B, Zhao Y, Xu Y. Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks in Organic Electronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202502536. [PMID: 40052756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202502536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 03/05/2025] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2DCOFs) are a unique class of crystalline porous materials interconnected by covalent bonds, which have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their chemical and structural diversity, as well as their applications in adsorption, separation, catalysis, and drug delivery. However, research on the electrical properties of 2DCOFs remains limited, despite their potential in organic electronics. Early studies recognized the poor electrical conductivity of 2DCOFs as a significant obstacle to their application in this field. To overcome this challenge, various strategies have been proposed to enhance conductivity. This review first introduces the concept of computational screening for 2DCOFs and explores approaches to improve their intrinsic conductivity, with a focus on four key aspects: in-plane and out-of-plane charge transport, topology, bandgap, and morphology. It then examines the application of pristine 2DCOFs in organic electronics, including applications in field-effect transistors, memristors, photodetectors, and chemiresistive gas sensors. We support these strategies with detailed statistical data, providing a comprehensive guide for the design and development of novel 2DCOFs for organic electronics. Finally, we outline future research directions, emphasizing the challenges that remain to be addressed in this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Su
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, P.R. China
| | - Binghan Hou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, P.R. China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, P.R. China
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, P.R. China
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2
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Chen J, Yan S, Wang F, Lin F, Lin J, Borse RA, Wang Y. Redox-Mediated TEMPO-Based Donor-Acceptor Covalent Organic Framework for Efficient Photo-Induced Hydrogen Peroxide Generation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202500924. [PMID: 39976393 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202500924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2025] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
Molecular engineering of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offers an alternative approach to conventional anthraquinone oxidation via photo-induced H2O2 production from O2 reduction. Despite their potential, reported photocatalysts suffer limited proton mobility, low selectivity, and insufficient charge separation and utilization. Herein, we report a nitroxyl radical (TEMPO) decorated two-dimensional (2D) donor-acceptor (D-A)-COF photocatalyst via a one-pot strategy. Under visible light irradiation, highly crystalline TAPP-TPDA-TEMPO-COF (TT-T-COF) exhibits a remarkable photocatalytic H2O2 yield of 10066 μmol g-1 h-1 in two-phase water-benzyl alcohol (10 % BA) system through direct two-electron (2e-) pathway. The mechanistic study by DFT calculations and in situ DRIFT spectra suggests Yeager-type adsorption of *O2⋅- intermediate on the nitroxyl radical site (N-O⋅). The efficient photocatalytic performance and stability of TT-T-COF are attributed to the involvement of the nitroxyl radical, which enhances selective O2 adsorption, establishes a distinct electron density distribution, and facilitates photogenerated charge separation compared to TT-HT-COF and TT-COF counterparts. This study uncovers a new perspective for constructing metal-free, redox-mediated radical-based COFs for sustainable energy conversion, storage, and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shichen Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Futong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fuwen Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Rahul Anil Borse
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yaobing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, P. R. China
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Hennessey S, González‐Gómez R, Arisnabarreta N, Ciotti A, Hou J, Tarakina NV, Bezrukov A, Mali KS, Zaworotko M, De Feyter S, García‐Melchor M, Farràs P. Unravelling the Atomic Structure of a Metal-Covalent Organic Framework Assembled from Ruthenium Metalloligands. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2502155. [PMID: 39972930 PMCID: PMC11962698 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202502155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
Covalent and metal-organic frameworks (COFs and MOFs) have shown great promise in light-driven processes mainly due to their ligand-to-metal charge-separation properties, as well as having access to a diverse range of photoactive metalloligands and organic linkers. However, both frameworks present individual drawbacks that can potentially be avoided by combining both systems (metal and covalent) to produce metal-covalent organic frameworks (MCOFs), exhibiting the advantages of both material types. Yet, due to their poor crystallinity, the understanding of the structure-properties relation of MCOFs remains unclear. Herein, we report photoactive linkers in the form of a [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (tpy: 2,2',6,2″-terpyridine) complex which covalently binds to a luminescent pyrene core to yield a new, photoactive Schiff-base MCOF. The structure, thermal, electronic, and optical properties of this novel material have been exhaustively characterized by a wide range of microscopy, spectroscopic, and computational methods. This combined experimental and computational work represents a significant step toward the fundamental understanding of the photoactive units within the framework, their hierarchical arrangement and interactions with substrates, which is essential for the future design of efficient photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán Hennessey
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesEnergy Research CentreRyan InstituteUniversity of GalwayUniversity RoadGalwayH91 TK33Ireland
| | - Roberto González‐Gómez
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesEnergy Research CentreRyan InstituteUniversity of GalwayUniversity RoadGalwayH91 TK33Ireland
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Division of Molecular ImagingPhotonicsDepartment of ChemistryKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuven3001Belgium
| | - Anna Ciotti
- School of ChemistryCRANN and AMBER Research CentresTrinity College DublinCollege GreenDublinD02 PN40Ireland
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus GolmAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesResearch Campus GolmAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Andrey Bezrukov
- Bernal InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickV94 T9PXIreland
| | - Kunal S. Mali
- Division of Molecular ImagingPhotonicsDepartment of ChemistryKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuven3001Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular ImagingPhotonicsDepartment of ChemistryKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuven3001Belgium
| | - Max García‐Melchor
- Center for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energy (CIC EnergiGUNE)Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Alava Technology Park, Albert Einstein 48Vitoria‐ Gasteiz01510Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for SciencePlaza de Euskadi 5Bilbao48009Spain
| | - Pau Farràs
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesEnergy Research CentreRyan InstituteUniversity of GalwayUniversity RoadGalwayH91 TK33Ireland
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Wang XL, Tan LL, Liu Y, Liu JX, Li XA, Liang ZZ, Huang JF, Liu JM. Polymer Networks Assembled by Ruthenium Catalysts for Enhanced Water Splitting Performance in Calixarene Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2025; 18:e202402395. [PMID: 39569639 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202402395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024]
Abstract
Metal-free photosensitizers for the construction of low-cost and eco-friendly dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have recently been greatly improved, but the optimization of water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) used in DSPECs based on metal-free dyes has received little attention. Herein, a series of polymer networks (RuTPA, RuCz, RuPr and RuTz) assembled by ruthenium WOCs (RuCHO) with various organic donors are constructed and combined with calixarene dyes to prepare DSPEC devices. The FTO|TiO2|C4BTP+RuTPA photoanode shows the best performance with 85 % Faraday efficiency for oxygen production and 477 μA cm-2 photocurrent density after 200 s chopping irradiation at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, one of the highest records among other reported dye-sensitized photoanodes. Compared to monomeric RuCHO, Ru-based polymers with lower Ru content have higher activity and stability due to their rapid electron transfer and anti-aggregation ability. Meanwhile, RuTPA loaded electrodes show better performance due to the lower overpotential of the water oxidation reaction caused by the higher electron donating ability of its donor. This pioneering work incorporates Ru polymer networks as WOCs into the calixarene-sensitized DSPEC system, which has significant potential as a highly efficient and stable photoelectrochemical water splitting device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Li-Lin Tan
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Ao Li
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Zhan Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Feng Huang
- School of Materials and New Energy, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Min Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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Wei RJ, Luo X, Ning GH, Li D. Covalent Metal-Organic Frameworks: Fusion of Covalent Organic Frameworks and Metal-Organic Frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2025; 58:746-761. [PMID: 39982167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
ConspectusMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as emerging porous crystalline materials, have attracted remarkable attention in chemistry, physics, and materials science. MOFs are constructed by metal clusters (or ions) and organic linkers through coordination bonds, while COFs are prepared by pure organic building blocks via covalent bonds. Because of the nature of linkages, MOFs and COFs have their own shortcomings. Typically, the relatively weak bond strengths of coordination bonds lead to poor chemical stability of MOFs, which limits their practical implementations. On the other hand, due to the strong covalent bonds, COFs exhibit rather higher stability under harsh conditions, compared to MOFs. However, the lack of open metal sites restricts their functionalization and application. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the "cream-skimming" of MOFs and COFs would address these drawbacks and produce a new class of crystalline porous material, namely, covalent metal-organic frameworks (CMOFs), with unprecedented structural complexity and advanced functionality. The CMOFs reveal a new synthetic approach for the preparation of reticular materials. Specifically, metal ions are reacted with chelating ligands to assemble metal complexes or clusters with functional reactive sites (e.g., -CHO, and -NH2), which can be further connected with organic linkers to form networked structures via dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC). The isolated metal complex or cluster precursors show enhanced stability which prevents structural decomposition and rearrangements during the self-assembly process of CMOFs. Since the topology of preassembled metal nodes is well-defined, the CMOFs structure can be readily predicted upon directed networking of covalent bonds. Unaccessible reticular materials from unstable or highly reactive metal ion/clusters under traditional conditions can be prepared via the DCC approach. Moreover, CMOFs synergize the advantages of MOFs and COFs, containing metal active sites ensuring various interesting properties, and covalent linkages that allow rather high chemical stability even under harsh conditions. In the past few years, our group has specifically focused on the development of general synthetic strategies for CMOFs by networking coinage metal (Cu, Ag, and Au)-based cyclic trinuclear units (CTUs) with DCC. The CTUs exhibit trigonal planar structures and can be functionalized with reactive sites, such as -NH2 and -CHO, that can further react with organic linkers to afford CMOFs. Notably, CTUs also features interesting properties including metallophilic attraction, π-acidity/basicity, luminescence, redox activity and catalytic activity, which can be incorporated into CMOFs. Therefore, we envision that CMOFs would be promising platforms not only for the development of novel reticular materials, but also for potential applications in many research fields including gas absorption/separation, sensing, full-color display, catalysis, energy, and biological applications. In this Account, we summarize the recent studies on CMOFs, starting with linkage and topological design, structural transformation, morphological control, and potential applications in various fields. We also discuss the future opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developed research field of CMOFs. We hope this Account may promote new scientific discoveries and further development of CMOF-based materials and technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jia Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guo-Hong Ning
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Coordination Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Shao M, Jiang X, Wang A, Tan G, Wang L. The Feasibility of Using Electrostatic Interactions for Immobilizing Ru-bda Catalysts in Covalent Organic Framework: A Proof-of-Concept. CHEMSUSCHEM 2025; 18:e202401903. [PMID: 39412039 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 10/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Heterogenization of molecular catalysts effectively resolves the separation issues of homogeneous catalysts and expands their application scenarios. In recent years, more and more studies have been using non-covalent interactions to achieve the heterogenization of molecular catalysts. Herein, electrostatic attraction was used to immobilize molecular catalysts, Ru-bda small molecular catalysts in COF materials, where the charged Ru-bda catalysts were immobilized in the oppositely charged COF with a high [Ru] loading content of ~0.2 mmol [Ru] g-1 COF. The leakage experiment verified that the immobilization of Ru-bda catalysts in COF by electrostatic interactions is stable in 0.1 M HClO4 and less than 5 % of molecular Ru-bda catalysts were leached into the solution in 2 hours. The chemical water oxidation experiment was conducted as a model catalysis reaction to verify the feasibility of using electrostatic interactions for immobilizing Ru-bda catalysts in COFs. The prepared Ru(bda)@COFs demonstrate a high catalytic activity of 268 μmol L-1 s-1 O2 for chemical water oxidation, illustrating the electrostatic attractions between COF and small molecules that can be used to immobilize homogeneous catalysts in heterogeneous materials. However, the robustness of COF material itself under catalytic conditions should be considered in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Shao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Aodi Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Guang Tan
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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Wang J, Chen Z, Lin X, Wang Z, Chen X, Zhang X, Li J, Liu J, Liu S, Wei S, Sun D, Lu X. Deciphering the Radial Ligand Effect of Biomimetic Amino Acid toward Stable Alkaline Oxygen Evolution. Inorg Chem 2025; 64:1164-1172. [PMID: 39764732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2025]
Abstract
Mismatched electron and proton transport rates impede the manifestation of effective performance of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), thereby limiting its industrial applications. Inspired by the natural protein cluster in PS-II, different organic-inorganic hybrid electrocatalysts were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. p-Toluidine (PT), benzoic acid (BA), and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) were successfully intercalated into NiFe-LDH. Compared to the organic molecules containing a single functional group, the coexistence of carboxyl and amino groups served as the electron acceptor and donor, respectively, thereby optimizing the electronic structure and suppressing metal dissolution. The overpotential of the PABA-modified catalyst (NiFe-LDH-PABA) was significantly reduced to 225 mV at 10 mA cm-2, and the Tafel slope was only 38.7 mV dec-1. At a high current density of 500 mA cm-2, the NiFe-LDH-PABA catalyst can work stably in a 1 M KOH solution at 25 °C over 550 h with 96% retention of its initial activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed that the work offers significant insight into the modulation by organic molecular structure and provides a new paradigm for creating organic-inorganic hybrid OER catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Zengxuan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- College of Physics, University of Qingdao, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Xingheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Shuxian Wei
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Daofeng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, PR China
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Jin Y, Zhi Q, Wang H, Zhan X, Qi D, Yu B, Ding X, Wang T, Liu H, Tang M, Liu J, Jiang J. Robust dioxin-linked metallophthalocyanine tbo topology covalent organic frameworks and their photocatalytic properties. Natl Sci Rev 2025; 12:nwae396. [PMID: 39831002 PMCID: PMC11740510 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Constructing 3D functional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with both robust linkage and planar macrocycle building blocks still remains a challenge due to the difficulty in adjusting both the crystallinity and the dominant 2D structures. In addition, it is also challenging to selectively convert inert C(sp3)-H bonds into value-added chemicals. Herein, robust 3D COFs, USTB-28-M (M=Co, Ni, Cu), have been polymerized from the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of D 3h-symmetric 2,3,6,7,14,15-hexahydroxyltriptycene with D 4h-symmetric hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (MPcF16) under solvothermal conditions. These chemically stable dioxin-linked COFs show isostructural tbo topology made up of three kinds of polyhedron subunits, exhibiting high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas of ≤1477 m2 g-1. In particular, the multiple polyhedron subunits in USTB-28-M could trap N-hydroxyphthalimide at their corners for easily forming stable phthalimide-N-oxyl radicals under visible-light irradiation. The generated radicals efficiently promote the aerobic oxidation of alkyl benzenes with an inert C(sp3)-H bond into various ketones. Among the three investigated COFs, the USTB-28-Co radical initiator exhibits the best photocatalytic oxidation activity, converting ethylbenzene into acetophenone with a turnover frequency of 63 h-1, which is much higher than those of the monomer CoPcF16 (8 h-1) and 2D dioxin-linked counterparts (13 h-1). This is due to the much prolonged lifetime of the excited state for USTB-28-Co based on the femtosecond transient absorption result. The present work not only presents 3D functional COFs with robust connection and permanent porosity, but also illustrates the uniqueness of porous structures of 3D COFs for high-performance photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianjun Zhi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Baoqiu Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Mingxue Tang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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9
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Doremus JG, Lotsi B, Sharma A, McGrier PL. Photocatalytic applications of covalent organic frameworks: synthesis, characterization, and utility. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:21619-21672. [PMID: 39495099 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr03204g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has emerged as an energy efficient and safe method to perform organic transformations, and many semiconductors have been studied for use as photocatalysts. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an established class of crystalline, porous materials constructed from organic units that are easily tunable. COFs importantly display semiconductor properties and respectable photoelectric behaviour, making them a strong prospect as photocatalysts. In this review, we summarize the design, synthetic methods, and characterization techniques for COFs. Strategies to boost photocatalytic performance are also discussed. Then the applications of COFs as photocatalysts in a variety of reactions are detailed. Finally, a summary, challenges, and future opportunities for the development of COFs as efficient photocatalysts are entailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared G Doremus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Bertha Lotsi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Aadarsh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Psaras L McGrier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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10
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Rodríguez-Camargo A, Endo K, Lotsch BV. Celebrating Ten Years of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Solar Energy Conversion: Past, Present and Future. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202413096. [PMID: 39166746 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202413096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Accelerated anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases due to increasing energy demands has created a negative impact on our planet. Therefore, the replacement of fossil by renewable energy resources has become of paramount interest, both societally and scientifically. It is within this setting that organic photocatalysts have emerged as a new generation of earth-abundant catalysts for the conversion of solar radiation into chemical energy. In 2014, the first example of a covalent organic framework (COF) photocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction was reported by our group, which has not only marked the beginning of COF photocatalysis for solar fuel production but also helped to accelerate research into "soft photocatalysis" based on porous polymers in general. In the last decade, significant progress has been made toward developing COFs as robust, molecularly precise platforms emulating artificial photosynthesis. This mini-review commemorates the 10th anniversary of COF photocatalysis and gives a brief historical overview of the milestones in the field since its inception in 2014. We review milestones in the development of COFs for solar fuel production and related photocatalytic transformations, including hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, overall water splitting, CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, oxygen reduction, and alcohol oxidation. We discuss lessons learned for the design of structure-property-function relationships in COF photocatalysts, and future perspectives and challenges for the field of "soft photocatalysis" are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rodríguez-Camargo
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kenichi Endo
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), 81377, Munich, Germany
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11
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Hu J, Fan Y, Li S, Kang J, Chen S, Yin H, Zhao H. Ultrathin Porous Carbon Nitride Anchored with Pt Nanoclusters for Synergistic Enhancement of Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Photocatalytic Polyester Reforming. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2403573. [PMID: 39258373 PMCID: PMC11618726 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reforming (PR) of polyester waste, fueled by renewable sources like solar energy, offers a sustainable method for producing clean H2 and valuable by-products under mild conditions. The design of high-performance photocatalyst plays a pivotal role in determining the efficacy of an alkaline polyester PR system, influencing H2 generation activity and selectivity. Here, ultrathin porous carbon nitride nanosheets (UP-CN) loaded with Pt nanoclusters (Pt NCs, average diameter of 1.7 nm) with uniform Pt NCs distribution are introduced. The resulting Pt NCs/UP-CN catalyst can accelerate charge and mass transfer while providing additional active sites, achieving superior H2 generation rates of 11.69 mmol gcat -1 h-1 and 2923 mmol gPt -1 h-1 under AM 1.5 light, which nine times higher than that of Pt nanoparticles-bulk graphitic carbon nitride composite (1.29 mmol gcat -1 h-1 and 258 mmol gPt -1 h-1) as counterpart. This performance also surpasses that of previously reported carbon nitride-based and TiO2-based photocatalysts. Moreover, the density functional theory calculations reveal a significant reduction in the energy barrier for the water dissociation step (H2O + * → *H + OH) at the interface between UP-CN and anchored Pt NCs, showcasing the synergistic effect between Pt NCs and UP-CN. This catalytic system also exhibits universality across various polyester plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmiao Hu
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsCentre for Environmental and Energy nanomaterialsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Yunjian Fan
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefei230039China
| | - Shijian Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefei230039China
| | - Jian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsCentre for Environmental and Energy nanomaterialsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031China
- Centre for Catalysis and Clean EnergySchool of Environment and ScienceGriffith University Gold Coast CampusQueensland4222Australia
| | - Shan Chen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefei230039China
| | - Huajie Yin
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
- Key Laboratory of Materials PhysicsCentre for Environmental and Energy nanomaterialsAnhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and NanotechnologyCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of Solid State PhysicsHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Catalysis and Clean EnergySchool of Environment and ScienceGriffith University Gold Coast CampusQueensland4222Australia
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12
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Sun K, Qian Y, Li D, Jiang HL. Reticular Materials for Photocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2411118. [PMID: 39601158 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202411118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis leverages solar energy to overcome the thermodynamic barrier, enabling efficient chemical reactions under mild conditions. It can greatly reduce reliance on traditional energy sources and has attracted significant research interest. Reticular materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), represent a class of crystalline materials constructed from molecular building blocks linked by coordination and covalent bonds, respectively. Reticular materials function as heterogeneous catalysts, combining well-defined structures and high tailorability akin to homogeneous catalysts. In this review, the regulation of light absorption, charge separation, and surface reactions in the photocatalytic process through precise molecular-level design based on the features of reticular materials is elaborated. Notably, for MOFsmicroenvironment modulation around catalytic sites affects photocatalytic performance is delved, with emphasis on their unique dynamic and flexible microenvironments. For COFs, the inherent excitonic effects due to their fully organic nature is discussed and highlight the strategies to regulate excitonic effects for charge- and/or energy-transfer-mediated photocatalysis. Finally, the current challenges and future directions in this field, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of how reticular materials can be optimized for enhanced photocatalysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yunyang Qian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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13
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Wang L, Shao M, Xie ZL, Mulfort KL. Recent Advances in Immobilizing and Benchmarking Molecular Catalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:24195-24215. [PMID: 39495742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal complexes have been widely used as catalysts or chromophores in artificial photosynthesis. Traditionally, they are employed in homogeneous settings. Despite their functional versatility and structural tunability, broad industrial applications of these catalysts are impeded by the limitations of homogeneous catalysis such as poor catalyst recyclability, solvent constraints (mostly organic solvents), and catalyst durability. Over the past few decades, researchers have developed various methods for molecular catalyst heterogenization to overcome these limitations. In this review, we summarize recent developments in heterogenization strategies, with a focus on describing methods employed in the heterogenization process and their effects on catalytic performances. Alongside the in-depth discussion of heterogenization strategies, this review aims to provide a concise overview of the key metrics associated with heterogenized systems. We hope this review will aid researchers who are new to this research field in gaining a better understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Mengjiao Shao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Rd., Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhu-Lin Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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14
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Li H, Shi X, Su H, Wang S, Lin J, Lin Z, Cai Z. Layer-by-layer fabrication of covalent organic frameworks on stainless steel needles as solid-phase microextraction probe coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for enrichment and determination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in biosamples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1733:465276. [PMID: 39154498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Sunitinib, N-desmethyl imatinib, dasatinib, imatinib, and bosutinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that are commonly employed in the treatment of a multitude of cancers. However, the inappropriate concentrations of TKIs can result in ineffective treatment or the emergence of multiple adverse effects. Consequently, the development of a rapid and sensitive analytical method for TKIs is of paramount importance for the safe administration of drugs. In this work, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probe combined with an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) coupling platform was constructed for rapid and sensitive determination of TKIs. The covalent organic frameworks (COFs) coated SPME probe was made of 2,4,6-tris(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TAPT) and 2,5-dibutoxyterephthalaldehyde (DBTA) by in-situ layer-by-layer chemical bonding synthesis strategy. The TAPT-DBTA-SPME probe exhibited several advantageous properties which rendered it suitable for the enrichment of TKIs. Under the optimal conditions, the developed analytical method demonstrated a broad linear range (0.05-500.00 µg/L), a low limit of detection (0.02 µg/L) and a high enrichment factor (51-203) for TKIs. The developed analytical method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of TKIs in mouse plasma and tissue matrix, demonstrating that the proposed analytical method has promise for clinical applications and metabolic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Qishan Campus, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Xinye Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Qishan Campus, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Hang Su
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Qishan Campus, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Qishan Campus, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Juan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Governmental Hospital, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Zian Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Qishan Campus, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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15
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Hou Y, Zhou P, Liu F, Tong K, Lu Y, Li Z, Liang J, Tong M. Rigid covalent organic frameworks with thiazole linkage to boost oxygen activation for photocatalytic water purification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7350. [PMID: 39187567 PMCID: PMC11347572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to their capability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under solar irradiation, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with pre-designable structure and unique architectures show great potentials for water purification. However, the sluggish charge separation, inefficient oxygen activation and poor structure stability in COFs restrict their practical applications to decontaminate water. Herein, via a facile one-pot synthetic strategy, we show the direct conversion of reversible imine linkage into rigid thiazole linkage can adjust the π-conjugation and local charge polarization of skeleton to boost the exciton dissociation on COFs. The rigid linkage can also improve the robustness of skeleton and the stability of COFs during the consecutive utilization process. More importantly, the thiazole linkage in COFs with optimal C 2p states (COF-S) effectively increases the activities of neighboring benzene unit to directly modulate the O2-adsorption energy barrier and improve the ROS production efficiency, resulting in the excellent photocatalytic degradation efficiency of seven toxic emerging contaminants (e.g. degrading ~99% of 5 mg L-1 paracetamol in only 7 min) and effective bacterial/algal inactivation performance. Besides, COF-S can be immobilized in continuous-flow reactor and in enlarged reactor to efficiently eliminate pollutants under natural sunlight irradiation, demonstrating the feasibility for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghui Hou
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Eco-environment and Resource Efficiency Research Laboratory, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Fuyang Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ke Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, TianGong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Liang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Meiping Tong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
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16
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Noll N, Würthner F. Bioinspired Water Preorganization in Confined Space for Efficient Water Oxidation Catalysis in Metallosupramolecular Ruthenium Architectures. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1538-1549. [PMID: 38710509 PMCID: PMC11112732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusNature has established a sustainable way to maintain aerobic life on earth by inventing one of the most sophisticated biological processes, namely, natural photosynthesis, which delivers us with organic matter and molecular oxygen derived from the two abundant resources sunlight and water. The thermodynamically demanding photosynthetic water splitting is catalyzed by the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II (OEC-PSII), which comprises a distorted tetramanganese-calcium cluster (CaMn4O5) as catalytic core. As an ubiquitous concept for fine-tuning and regulating the reactivity of the active site of metalloenzymes, the surrounding protein domain creates a sophisticated environment that promotes substrate preorganization through secondary, noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. Based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of PSII, several water channels were identified near the active site, which are filled with extensive hydrogen-bonding networks of preorganized water molecules, connecting the OEC with the protein surface. As an integral part of the outer coordination sphere of natural metalloenzymes, these channels control the substrate and product delivery, carefully regulate the proton flow by promoting pivotal proton-coupled electron transfer processes, and simultaneously stabilize short-lived oxidized intermediates, thus highlighting the importance of an ordered water network for the remarkable efficiency of the natural OEC.Transferring this concept from nature to the engineering of artificial metal catalysts for fuel production has fostered the fascinating field of metallosupramolecular chemistry by generating defined cavities that conceptually mimic enzymatic pockets. However, the application of supramolecular approaches to generate artificial water oxidation catalysts remained scarce prior to our initial reports, since such molecular design strategies for efficient activation of substrate water molecules in confined nanoenvironments were lacking. In this Account, we describe our research efforts on combining the state-of-the art Ru(bda) catalytic framework with structurally programmed ditopic ligands to guide the water oxidation process in defined metallosupramolecular assemblies in spatial proximity. We will elucidate the governing factors that control the quality of hydrogen-bonding water networks in multinuclear cavities of varying sizes and geometries to obtain high-performance, state-of-the-art water oxidation catalysts. Pushing the boundaries of artificial catalyst design, embedding a single catalytic Ru center into a well-defined molecular pocket enabled sophisticated water preorganization in front of the active site through an encoded basic recognition site, resulting in high catalytic rates comparable to those of the natural counterpart OEC-PSII.To fully explore their potential for solar fuel devices, the suitability of our metallosupramolecular assemblies was demonstrated under (electro)chemical and photocatalytic water oxidation conditions. In addition, testing the limits of structural diversity allowed the fabrication of self-assembled linear coordination oligomers as novel photocatalytic materials and long-range ordered covalent organic framework (COF) materials as recyclable and long-term stable solid-state materials for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Noll
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie
& Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg Germany
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17
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Manohar EM, Dhandapani HN, Roy S, Pełka R, Rams M, Konieczny P, Tothadi S, Kundu S, Dey A, Das S. Tetranuclear Co II4O 4 Cubane Complex: Effective Catalyst Toward Electrochemical Water Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4883-4897. [PMID: 38494956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of Co(OAc)2·6H2O with 2,2'-[{(1E,1'E)-pyridine-2,6-diyl-bis(methaneylylidene)bis(azaneylylidene)}diphenol](LH2) a multisite coordination ligand and Et3N in a 1:2:3 stoichiometric ratio forms a tetranuclear complex Co4(L)2(μ-η1:η1-OAc)2(η2-OAc)2]· 1.5 CH3OH· 1.5 CHCl3 (1). Based on X-ray diffraction investigations, complex 1 comprises a distorted Co4O4 cubane core consisting of two completely deprotonated ligands [L]2- and four acetate ligands. Two distinct types of CoII centers exist in the complex, where the Co(2) center has a distorted octahedral geometry; alternatively, Co(1) has a distorted pentagonal-bipyramidal geometry. Analysis of magnetic data in 1 shows predominant antiferromagnetic coupling (J = -2.1 cm-1), while the magnetic anisotropy is the easy-plane type (D1 = 8.8, D2 = 0.76 cm-1). Furthermore, complex 1 demonstrates an electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with an overpotential of 325 mV and Tafel slope of 85 mV dec-1, required to attain a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and moderate stability under alkaline conditions (pH = 14). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies reveal that compound 1 has a charge transfer resistance (Rct) of 2.927 Ω, which is comparatively lower than standard Co3O4 (5.242 Ω), indicating rapid charge transfer kinetics between electrode and electrolyte solution that enhances higher catalytic activity toward OER kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezhava Manu Manohar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Chemistry Discipline, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research, and Management, Near Khokhra Circle, Maninagar East, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380026, India
| | - Hariharan N Dhandapani
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Soumalya Roy
- Department of Basic Sciences, Chemistry Discipline, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research, and Management, Near Khokhra Circle, Maninagar East, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380026, India
| | - Robert Pełka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow PL-31342, Poland
| | - Michał Rams
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, Kraków 30348, Poland
| | - Piotr Konieczny
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, Krakow PL-31342, Poland
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division and Centralized Instrumentation Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar 364002, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Atanu Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), NH 207, Nagadenehalli, Doddaballapur Taluk, Bengaluru, Karnataka 561203, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Basic Sciences, Chemistry Discipline, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research, and Management, Near Khokhra Circle, Maninagar East, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380026, India
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18
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Kirchner P, Schramm L, Ivanova S, Shoyama K, Würthner F, Beuerle F. A Water-Stable Boronate Ester Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5305-5315. [PMID: 38325811 PMCID: PMC10910528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The reversible condensation of catechols and boronic acids to boronate esters is a paradigm reaction in dynamic covalent chemistry. However, facile backward hydrolysis is detrimental for stability and has so far prevented applications for boronate-based materials. Here, we introduce cubic boronate ester cages 6 derived from hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacenes and phenylene diboronic acids with ortho-t-butyl substituents. Due to steric shielding, dynamic exchange at the Lewis acidic boron sites is feasible only under acid or base catalysis but fully prevented at neutral conditions. For the first time, boronate ester cages 6 tolerate substantial amounts of water or alcohols both in solution and solid state. The unprecedented applicability of these materials under ambient and aqueous conditions is showcased by efficient encapsulation and on-demand release of β-carotene dyes and heterogeneous water oxidation catalysis after the encapsulation of ruthenium catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp
H. Kirchner
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Louis Schramm
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Shoyama
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Center
for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
- Institut
für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls
Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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19
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Li S, Jiang W, Sui Q, Gao Y, Jiang Y. A heterogeneous cobalt cubane polymer co-catalyst for cooperative water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3975-3979. [PMID: 38348674 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03496h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
We achieve a successful transition of Co4O4 molecules from a homogeneous to a heterogeneous system by modifying the functional groups at their termini. The resulting cocatalyst, denoted as Co4O4-poly, not only preserved the catalytic sites of Co4O4 molecules but also exhibited outstanding performance in catalyzing water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, China.
- Guandong Cawolo Hydrogen Technology Co., Ltd, Foshan 528226, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Sui
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yujie Gao
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, Liaoning, China.
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20
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Song D, Xu W, He W, Li C, Yang J, Li J, Wang N. Selective Integrating Molecular Catalytic Units into Bipyridine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Specific Photocatalytic Fuel Production. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3444-3451. [PMID: 38331715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Molecular metal compounds have demonstrated excellent catalytic activity and product selectivity in the H2 evolution reaction (HER) and the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). The heterogenization of molecular catalysts is regarded as an effective approach to improve their applicability. In this work, the molecular catalytic units [Cp*Ir(Bpy)Cl]+ and [Ru(Bpy)(CO)2Cl2] are constructed in situ on the bipyridine sites of the covalent organic framework for photocatalytic HER and CO2RR, respectively. Inheriting the impressive performance of molecular catalysts, the functionalized TpBpy-M exhibits excellent catalytic activity and product selectivity. Under visible light irradiation, the H2 production rate of TpBpy-Ir is about 760 μmol g-1 h-1, which is 6.7 times higher than that of TpBpy without built-in catalytic sites. Also, the HCOOH production rate of TpBpy-Ru is 271 μmol g-1 h-1, with an impressive selectivity of 88%. Control experiments validated that this improvement is attributed to the incorporation of molecular catalytic units into the framework. Photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements and theoretical calculation consistently demonstrate that, under illumination, the photosensitizer [Ru(Bpy)3]Cl2 is excited and transfers electrons to the catalytic sites in TpBpy-M, which then catalyzes the reduction of H+ and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengmeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wei He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chengbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Carbon Neutral Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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21
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Lin X, Wang Z, Cao S, Hu Y, Liu S, Chen X, Chen H, Zhang X, Wei S, Xu H, Cheng Z, Hou Q, Sun D, Lu X. Bioinspired trimesic acid anchored electrocatalysts with unique static and dynamic compatibility for enhanced water oxidation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6714. [PMID: 37872171 PMCID: PMC10593801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides are promising candidates for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. Unfortunately, their catalytic kinetics and long-term stabilities are far from satisfactory compared to those of rare metals. Here, we investigate the durability of nickel-iron layered double hydroxides and show that ablation of the lamellar structure due to metal dissolution is the cause of the decreased stability. Inspired by the amino acid residues in photosystem II, we report a strategy using trimesic acid anchors to prepare the subsize nickel-iron layered double hydroxides with kinetics, activity and stability superior to those of commercial catalysts. Fundamental investigations through operando spectroscopy and theoretical calculations reveal that the superaerophobic surface facilitates prompt release of the generated O2 bubbles, and protects the structure of the catalyst. Coupling between the metals and coordinated carboxylates via C‒O‒Fe bonding prevents dissolution of the metal species, which stabilizes the electronic structure by static coordination. In addition, the uncoordinated carboxylates formed by dynamic evolution during oxygen evolution reaction serve as proton ferries to accelerate the oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. This work offers a promising way to achieve breakthroughs in oxygen evolution reaction stability and dynamic performance by introducing functional ligands with static and dynamic compatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Shoufu Cao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xingheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Wei
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Qi Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Daofeng Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, P. R. China.
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22
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Vardhan H, Rummer G, Deng A, Ma S. Large-Scale Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks: Challenges and Opportunities. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:696. [PMID: 37623757 PMCID: PMC10456518 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Connecting organic building blocks by covalent bonds to design porous crystalline networks has led to covalent organic frameworks (COFs), consequently transferring the flexibility of dynamic linkages from discrete architectures to extended structures. By virtue of the library of organic building blocks and the diversity of dynamic linkages and topologies, COFs have emerged as a novel field of organic materials that propose a platform for tailor-made complex structural design. Progress over the past two decades in the design, synthesis, and functional exploration of COFs in diverse applications successively established these frameworks in materials chemistry. The large-scale synthesis of COFs with uniform structures and properties is of profound importance for commercialization and industrial applications; however, this is in its infancy at present. An innovative designing and synthetic approaches have paved novel ways to address future hurdles. This review article highlights the fundamental of COFs, including designing principles, coupling reactions, topologies, structural diversity, synthetic strategies, characterization, growth mechanism, and activation aspects of COFs. Finally, the major challenges and future trends for large-scale COF fabrication are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Vardhan
- Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, 525 Rivers Street, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Grace Rummer
- Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, 525 Rivers Street, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Angela Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Fermentation Sciences, Appalachian State University, 525 Rivers Street, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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23
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Liu M, Yang S, Yang X, Cui CX, Liu G, Li X, He J, Chen GZ, Xu Q, Zeng G. Post-synthetic modification of covalent organic frameworks for CO 2 electroreduction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3800. [PMID: 37365184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve high-efficiency catalysts for CO2 reduction reaction, various catalytic metal centres and linker molecules have been assembled into covalent organic frameworks. The amine-linkages enhance the binding ability of CO2 molecules, and the ionic frameworks enable to improve the electronic conductivity and the charge transfer along the frameworks. However, directly synthesis of covalent organic frameworks with amine-linkages and ionic frameworks is hardly achieved due to the electrostatic repulsion and predicament for the strength of the linkage. Herein, we demonstrate covalent organic frameworks for CO2 reduction reaction by modulating the linkers and linkages of the template covalent organic framework to build the correlation between the catalytic performance and the structures of covalent organic frameworks. Through the double modifications, the CO2 binding ability and the electronic states are well tuned, resulting in controllable activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction reaction. Notably, the dual-functional covalent organic framework achieves high selectivity with a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency of 97.32% and the turnover frequencies value of 9922.68 h-1, which are higher than those of the base covalent organic framework and the single-modified covalent organic frameworks. Moreover, the theoretical calculations further reveal that the higher activity is attributed to the easier formation of immediate *CO from COOH*. This study provides insights into developing covalent organic frameworks for CO2 reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315199, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Xiubei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, P. R. China.
- ZhengZhou JiShu Institute of AI Science, Zhengzhou, 451162, P. R. China.
| | - Guojuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315199, P. R. China
| | - George Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Qing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China.
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24
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Metallocavitins as Advanced Enzyme Mimics and Promising Chemical Catalysts. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular approach is becoming increasingly dominant in biomimetics and chemical catalysis due to the expansion of the enzyme active center idea, which now includes binding cavities (hydrophobic pockets), channels and canals for transporting substrates and products. For a long time, the mimetic strategy was mainly focused on the first coordination sphere of the metal ion. Understanding that a highly organized cavity-like enzymatic pocket plays a key role in the sophisticated functionality of enzymes and that the activity and selectivity of natural metalloenzymes are due to the effects of the second coordination sphere, created by the protein framework, opens up new perspectives in biomimetic chemistry and catalysis. There are two main goals of mimicking enzymatic catalysis: (1) scientific curiosity to gain insight into the mysterious nature of enzymes, and (2) practical tasks of mankind: to learn from nature and adopt from its many years of evolutionary experience. Understanding the chemistry within the enzyme nanocavity (confinement effect) requires the use of relatively simple model systems. The performance of the transition metal catalyst increases due to its retention in molecular nanocontainers (cavitins). Given the greater potential of chemical synthesis, it is hoped that these promising bioinspired catalysts will achieve catalytic efficiency and selectivity comparable to and even superior to the creations of nature. Now it is obvious that the cavity structure of molecular nanocontainers and the real possibility of modifying their cavities provide unlimited possibilities for simulating the active centers of metalloenzymes. This review will focus on how chemical reactivity is controlled in a well-defined cavitin nanospace. The author also intends to discuss advanced metal–cavitin catalysts related to the study of the main stages of artificial photosynthesis, including energy transfer and storage, water oxidation and proton reduction, as well as highlight the current challenges of activating small molecules, such as H2O, CO2, N2, O2, H2, and CH4.
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