1
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Yao L, Pütz AM, Vignolo-González H, Lotsch BV. Covalent Organic Frameworks as Single-Site Photocatalysts for Solar-to-Fuel Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9479-9492. [PMID: 38547041 PMCID: PMC11009957 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Single-site photocatalysts (SSPCs) are well-established as potent platforms for designing innovative materials to accomplish direct solar-to-fuel conversion. Compared to classical inorganic porous materials, such as zeolites and silica, covalent organic frameworks (COFs)─an emerging class of porous polymers that combine high surface areas, structural diversity, and chemical stability─are attractive candidates for SSPCs due to their molecular-level precision and intrinsic light harvesting ability, both amenable to structural engineering. In this Perspective, we summarize the design concepts and state-of-the-art strategies for the construction of COF SSPCs, and we review the development of COF SSPCs and their applications in solar-to-fuel conversion from their inception. Underlying pitfalls concerning photocatalytic characterization are discussed, and perspectives for the future development of this burgeoning field are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yao
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander M. Pütz
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hugo Vignolo-González
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- E-Conversion
and Center for Nanoscience, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching, 85748 Munich, Germany
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2
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Boström HLB, Emmerling S, Heck F, Koschnick C, Jones AJ, Cliffe MJ, Al Natour R, Bonneau M, Guillerm V, Shekhah O, Eddaoudi M, Lopez-Cabrelles J, Furukawa S, Romero-Angel M, Martí-Gastaldo C, Yan M, Morris AJ, Romero-Muñiz I, Xiong Y, Platero-Prats AE, Roth J, Queen WL, Mertin KS, Schier DE, Champness NR, Yeung HHM, Lotsch BV. How Reproducible is the Synthesis of Zr-Porphyrin Metal-Organic Frameworks? An Interlaboratory Study. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2304832. [PMID: 37669645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a rapidly growing class of materials that offer great promise in various applications. However, the synthesis remains challenging: for example, a range of crystal structures can often be accessed from the same building blocks, which complicates the phase selectivity. Likewise, the high sensitivity to slight changes in synthesis conditions may cause reproducibility issues. This is crucial, as it hampers the research and commercialization of affected MOFs. Here, it presents the first-ever interlaboratory study of the synthetic reproducibility of two Zr-porphyrin MOFs, PCN-222 and PCN-224, to investigate the scope of this problem. For PCN-222, only one sample out of ten was phase pure and of the correct symmetry, while for PCN-224, three are phase pure, although none of these show the spatial linker order characteristic of PCN-224. Instead, these samples resemble dPCN-224 (disordered PCN-224), which has recently been reported. The variability in thermal behavior, defect content, and surface area of the synthesised samples are also studied. The results have important ramifications for field of metal-organic frameworks and their crystallization, by highlighting the synthetic challenges associated with a multi-variable synthesis space and flat energy landscapes characteristic of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L B Boström
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Present address: Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Emmerling
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Charlotte Koschnick
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew J Jones
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthew J Cliffe
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rawan Al Natour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mickaële Bonneau
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Guillerm
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center (AMPM), Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Javier Lopez-Cabrelles
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - María Romero-Angel
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán-2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán-2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Minliang Yan
- Macromolecules innovation institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Macromolecules innovation institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ignacio Romero-Muñiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ying Xiong
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ana E Platero-Prats
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jocelyn Roth
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Wendy L Queen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, CH-1950, Switzerland
| | - Kalle S Mertin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Danielle E Schier
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hamish H-M Yeung
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus D, 81377, Munich, Germany
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3
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Puthirath Balan A, Kumar A, Scholz T, Lin Z, Shahee A, Fu S, Denneulin T, Vas J, Kovács A, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Wang HI, Yang J, Lotsch BV, Nowak U, Kläui M. Harnessing Van der Waals CrPS 4 and Surface Oxides for Nonmonotonic Preset Field Induced Exchange Bias in Fe 3GeTe 2. ACS Nano 2024; 18:8383-8391. [PMID: 38437520 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures are an attractive platform for studying exchange bias due to their defect-free and atomically flat interfaces. Chromium thiophosphate (CrPS4), an antiferromagnetic material, possesses uncompensated magnetic spins in a single layer, rendering it a promising candidate for exploring exchange bias phenomena. Recent findings have highlighted that naturally oxidized vdW ferromagnetic Fe3GeTe2 exhibits exchange bias, attributed to the antiferromagnetic coupling of its ultrathin surface oxide layer (O-FGT) with the underlying unoxidized Fe3GeTe2. Anomalous Hall measurements are employed to scrutinize the exchange bias within the CrPS4/(O-FGT)/Fe3GeTe2 heterostructure. This analysis takes into account the contributions from both the perfectly uncompensated interfacial CrPS4 layer and the interfacial oxide layer. Intriguingly, a distinct and nonmonotonic exchange bias trend is observed as a function of temperature below 140 K. The occurrence of exchange bias induced by a "preset field" implies that the prevailing phase in the polycrystalline surface oxide is ferrimagnetic Fe3O4. Moreover, the exchange bias induced by the ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 is significantly modulated by the presence of the van der Waals antiferromagnetic CrPS4 layer, forming a heterostructure, along with additional iron oxide phases within the oxide layer. These findings underscore the intricate and complex nature of exchange bias in van der Waals heterostructures, highlighting their potential for tailored manipulation and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Puthirath Balan
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Scholz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhongchong Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Aga Shahee
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thibaud Denneulin
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Joseph Vas
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jinbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nowak
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Centre for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Koschnick C, Terban MW, Canossa S, Etter M, Dinnebier RE, Lotsch BV. Influence of Water Content on Speciation and Phase Formation in Zr-Porphyrin-Based MOFs. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2210613. [PMID: 36930851 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlled synthesis of phase-pure metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is essential for their application in technological areas such as catalysis or gas sorption. Yet, knowledge of their phase formation and growth remain rather limited, particularly with respect to species such as water whose vital role in MOF synthesis is often neglected. As a consequence, synthetic protocols often lack reproducibility when multiple MOFs can form from the same metal source and linker, and phase mixtures are obtained with little or no control over their composition. In this work, the role of water in the formation of the Zr-porphyrin MOF disordered PCN-224 (dPCN-224) is investigated. Through X-ray total scattering and scanning electron microscopy, it is observed that dPCN-224 forms via a metal-organic intermediate that consists of Zr6O4(OH)4 clusters linked by tetrakis(4-carboxy-phenyl)porphyrin molecules. Importantly, water is not only essential to the formation of Zr6O4(OH)4 clusters, but it also plays a primary role in dictating the formation kinetics of dPCN-224. This multidisciplinary approach to studying the speciation of dPCN-224 provides a blueprint for how Zr-MOF synthesis protocols can be assessed and their reproducibility increased, and highlights the importance of understanding the role of water as a decisive component in Zr-MOF formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Koschnick
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefano Canossa
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- German Electron Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
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5
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Cometto FP, Arisnabarreta N, Vanta R, Jacquelín DK, Vyas V, Lotsch BV, Paredes-Olivera PA, Patrito EM, Lingenfelder M. Rational Design of 2D Supramolecular Networks Switchable by External Electric Fields. ACS Nano 2024; 18:4287-4296. [PMID: 38259041 PMCID: PMC10851663 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The reversible formation of hydrogen bonds is a ubiquitous mechanism for controlling molecular assembly in biological systems. However, achieving predictable reversibility in artificial two-dimensional (2D) materials remains a significant challenge. Here, we use an external electric field (EEF) at the solid/liquid interface to trigger the switching of H-bond-linked 2D networks using a scanning tunneling microscope. Assisted by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, we systematically vary the molecule-to-molecule interactions, i.e., the hydrogen-bonding strength, as well as the molecule-to-substrate interactions to analyze the EEF switching effect. By tuning the building block's hydrogen-bonding ability (carboxylic acids vs aldehydes) and substrate nature and charge (graphite, graphene/Cu, graphene/SiO2), we induce or freeze the switching properties and control the final polymorphic output in the 2D network. Our results indicate that the switching ability is not inherent to any particular building block but instead relies on a synergistic combination of the relative adsorbate/adsorbate and absorbate/substrate energetic contributions under surface polarization. Furthermore, we describe the dynamics of the switching mechanism based on the rotation of carboxylic groups and proton exchange, which generate the polarizable species that are influenced by the EEF. This work provides insights into the design and control of reversible molecular assembly in 2D materials, with potential applications in a wide range of fields, including sensors and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando P. Cometto
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Radovan Vanta
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniela K. Jacquelín
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Vijay Vyas
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Patricia A. Paredes-Olivera
- Departamento
de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad Nacional de
Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - E. Martín Patrito
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC),
CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Magalí Lingenfelder
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and IPHYS, EPFL, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland
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6
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Endo K, Raza A, Yao L, Van Gele S, Rodríguez-Camargo A, Vignolo-González HA, Grunenberg L, Lotsch BV. Downsizing Porphyrin Covalent Organic Framework Particles Using Protected Precursors for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Adv Mater 2024:e2313197. [PMID: 38300155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising electrocatalyst platforms owing to their designability, porosity, and stability. Recently, COFs with various chemical structures are developed as efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction catalysts. However, controlling the morphology of COF catalysts remains a challenge, which can limit their electrocatalytic performance. Especially, while porphyrin COFs show promising catalytic properties, their particle size is mostly large and uncontrolled because of the severe aggregation of crystallites. In this work, a new synthetic methodology for rationally downsized COF catalyst particles is reported, where a tritylated amine is employed as a novel protected precursor for COF synthesis. Trityl protection provides high solubility to a porphyrin precursor, while its deprotection proceeds in situ under typical COF synthesis conditions. Subsequent homogeneous nucleation and colloidal growth yield smaller COF particles than a conventional synthesis, owing to suppressed crystallite aggregation. The downsized COF particles exhibit superior catalytic performance in electrochemical CO2 reduction, with higher CO production rate and faradaic efficiency compared to conventional COF particles. The improved performance is attributed to the higher contact area with a conductive agent. This study reveals particle size as an important factor for the evaluation of COF electrocatalysts and provides a strategy to control it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Endo
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Asif Raza
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Liang Yao
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Samuel Van Gele
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrés Rodríguez-Camargo
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hugo A Vignolo-González
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, 85748, Garching, Germany
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7
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Wandelt SL, Mutschke A, Khalyavin D, Calaminus R, Steinadler J, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Combining Nitridoborates, Nitrides and Hydrides-Synthesis and Characterization of the Multianionic Sr 6 N[BN 2 ] 2 H 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313564. [PMID: 37905748 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Multianionic metal hydrides, which exhibit a wide variety of physical properties and complex structures, have recently attracted growing interest. Here we present Sr6 N[BN2 ]2 H3 , prepared in a solid-state ampoule reaction at 800 °C, as the first combination of nitridoborate, nitride and hydride anions within a single compound. The crystal structure was solved from single-crystal X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data in space group P21 /c (no. 14), revealing a three-dimensional network of undulated layers of nitridoborate units, strontium atoms and hydride together with nitride anions. Magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR and vibrational spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations further confirm the structure model. Electrochemical measurements suggest the existence of hydride ion conductivity, allowing the hydrides to migrate along the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L Wandelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Mutschke
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry with Focus in Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, TU Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), TU Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dmitry Khalyavin
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Robert Calaminus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jennifer Steinadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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8
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Schulz F, Litzius K, Powalla L, Birch MT, Gallardo RA, Satheesh S, Weigand M, Scholz T, Lotsch BV, Schütz G, Burghard M, Wintz S. Direct Observation of Propagating Spin Waves in the 2D van der Waals Ferromagnet Fe 5GeTe 2. Nano Lett 2023; 23:10126-10131. [PMID: 37955345 PMCID: PMC10683057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in reduced dimensionalities is of great fundamental interest while also providing perspectives for applications of materials with novel functionalities. In particular, spin dynamics in two dimensions (2D) have become a focus of recent research. Here, we report the observation of coherent propagating spin-wave dynamics in a ∼30 nm thick flake of 2D van der Waals ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2 using X-ray microscopy. Both phase and amplitude information were obtained by direct imaging below TC for frequencies from 2.77 to 3.84 GHz, and the corresponding spin-wave wavelengths were measured to be between 1.5 and 0.5 μm. Thus, parts of the magnonic dispersion relation were determined despite a relatively high magnetic damping of the material. Numerically solving an analytic multilayer model allowed us to corroborate the experimental dispersion relation and predict the influence of changes in the saturation magnetization or interlayer coupling, which could be exploited in future applications by temperature control or stacking of 2D-heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schulz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Litzius
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Universität
Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Powalla
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max T. Birch
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- RIKEN
Center for Emergent Matter Science, JP-351-0198 Wako, Japan
| | - Rodolfo A. Gallardo
- Universidad
Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, 2390123 Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Sayooj Satheesh
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Scholz
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marko Burghard
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wintz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Schneider S, Kreiner ST, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Finding Order in Disorder: The Highly Disordered Lithium Oxonitridophosphate Double Salt Li 8+x P 3 O 10-x N 1+x (x=1.4(5)). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301986. [PMID: 37436099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x , was obtained in an ampoule synthesis from P3 N5 and Li2 O. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 - ${\mathrel{\mathop{{\rm { 1}}}\limits^{{\rm -}}}}$ with a=5.125(2), b=9.888(5), c=10.217(5) Å, α=70.30(2), β=76.65(2), γ=77.89(2)°. Li8+x P3 O10-x N1+x is a double salt, the structure of which contains distinctive complex anion species, namely non-condensed P(O,N)4 tetrahedra, and P(O,N)7 double tetrahedra connected by one N atom. Additionally, there is mixed occupation of O/N positions, which enables further anionic species by variation of O/N occupancies. To characterize these motifs in detail, complementary analytical methods were applied. The double tetrahedron exhibits significant disorder in single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the title compound is a Li+ ion conductor with a total ionic conductivity of 1.2×10-7 S cm-1 at 25 °C, and a corresponding total activation energy of 0.47(2) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra T Kreiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
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10
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Brandt S, Pavlichenko I, Shneidman AV, Patel H, Tripp A, Wong TSB, Lazaro S, Thompson E, Maltz A, Storwick T, Beggs H, Szendrei-Temesi K, Lotsch BV, Kaplan CN, Visser CW, Brenner MP, Murthy VN, Aizenberg J. Nonequilibrium sensing of volatile compounds using active and passive analyte delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303928120. [PMID: 37494398 PMCID: PMC10400973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303928120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although sensor technologies have allowed us to outperform the human senses of sight, hearing, and touch, the development of artificial noses is significantly behind their biological counterparts. This largely stems from the sophistication of natural olfaction, which relies on both fluid dynamics within the nasal anatomy and the response patterns of hundreds to thousands of unique molecular-scale receptors. We designed a sensing approach to identify volatiles inspired by the fluid dynamics of the nose, allowing us to extract information from a single sensor (here, the reflectance spectra from a mesoporous one-dimensional photonic crystal) rather than relying on a large sensor array. By accentuating differences in the nonequilibrium mass-transport dynamics of vapors and training a machine learning algorithm on the sensor output, we clearly identified polar and nonpolar volatile compounds, determined the mixing ratios of binary mixtures, and accurately predicted the boiling point, flash point, vapor pressure, and viscosity of a number of volatile liquids, including several that had not been used for training the model. We further implemented a bioinspired active sniffing approach, in which the analyte delivery was performed in well-controlled 'inhale-exhale' sequences, enabling an additional modality of differentiation and reducing the duration of data collection and analysis to seconds. Our results outline a strategy to build accurate and rapid artificial noses for volatile compounds that can provide useful information such as the composition and physical properties of chemicals, and can be applied in a variety of fields, including disease diagnosis, hazardous waste management, and healthy building monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Brandt
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ida Pavlichenko
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Anna V. Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Haritosh Patel
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Austin Tripp
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Timothy S. B. Wong
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Sean Lazaro
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Ethan Thompson
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Aubrey Maltz
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Thomas Storwick
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Holden Beggs
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Katalin Szendrei-Temesi
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München81377, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München81377, Germany
| | - C. Nadir Kaplan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Claas W. Visser
- Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Michael P. Brenner
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
| | - Venkatesh N. Murthy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA02134
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
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11
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Plass MA, Terban MW, Scholz T, Moudrakovski I, Duppel V, Dinnebier RE, Lotsch BV. Structure and Ionic Conductivity of Li-Disordered Bismuth o-Thiophosphate Li 60-3xBi 16+x(PS 4) 36. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37382207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the first lithium-containing bismuth ortho (o)-thiophosphate was determined using a combination of powder X-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction. Li60-3xBi16+x(PS4)36 with x in the range of 4.1-6.5 possesses a complex monoclinic structure [space group C2/c (No. 15)] and a large unit cell with the lattice parameters a = 15.4866 Å, b = 10.3232 Å, c = 33.8046 Å, and β = 85.395° for Li44.4Bi21.2(PS4)36, in agreement with the structure as observed by X-ray and neutron pair distribution function analysis. The disordered distribution of lithium ions within the interstices of the dense host structure and the Li ion dynamics and diffusion pathways have been investigated by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, pulsed field gradient NMR diffusion measurements, and bond valence sum calculations. The total lithium ion conductivities range from 2.6 × 10-7 to 2.8 × 10-6 S cm-1 at 20 °C with activation energies between 0.29 and 0.32 eV, depending on the bismuth content. Despite the highly disordered nature of lithium ions in Li60-3xBi16+x(PS4)36, the underlying dense host framework appears to limit the dimensionality of the lithium diffusion pathways and emphasizes once more the necessity of a close inspection of the structure-property relationships in solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian A Plass
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tanja Scholz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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12
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Grunenberg L, Savasci G, Emmerling ST, Heck F, Bette S, Cima Bergesch A, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Postsynthetic Transformation of Imine- into Nitrone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Atmospheric Water Harvesting at Decreased Humidity. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37231627 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a facile postsynthetic linkage conversion method giving synthetic access to nitrone-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) from imine- and amine-linked COFs. The new two-dimensional (2D) nitrone-linked covalent organic frameworks, NO-PI-3-COF and NO-TTI-COF, are obtained with high crystallinity and large surface areas. Nitrone-modified pore channels induce condensation of water vapor at 20% lower humidity compared to their amine- or imine-linked precursor COFs. Thus, the topochemical transformation to nitrone linkages constitutes an attractive approach to postsynthetically fine-tune water adsorption properties in framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- e-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Emmerling
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Afonso Cima Bergesch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- e-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- e-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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13
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Changizi R, Zaefferer S, Ziegler C, Romaka V, Lotsch BV, Scheu C. Combined structural analysis and cathodoluminescence investigations of single Pr 3+-doped Ca 2Nb 3O 10 nanosheets. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8055. [PMID: 37198254 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the novel properties of both 2D materials and rare-earth elements, developing 2D rare-earth nanomaterials has a growing interest in research. To produce the most efficient rare-earth nanosheets, it is essential to find out the correlation between chemical composition, atomic structure and luminescent properties of individual sheets. In this study, 2D nanosheets exfoliated from Pr3+-doped KCa2Nb3O10 particles with different Pr concentrations were investigated. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis indicates that the nanosheets contain Ca, Nb and O and a varying Pr content between 0.9 and 1.8 at%. K was completely removed after exfoliation. The crystal structure is monoclinic as in the bulk. The thinnest nanosheets are 3 nm corresponding to one triple perovskite-type layer with Nb on the B sites and Ca on the A sites, surrounded by charge compensating TBA+ molecules. Thicker nanosheets of 12 nm thickness (and above) were observed too by transmission electron microscopy with the same chemical composition. This indicates that several perovskite-type triple layers remain stacked similar to the bulk. Luminescent properties of individual 2D nanosheets were studied using a cathodoluminescence spectrometer revealing additional transitions in the visible region in comparison to the spectra of different bulk phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Changizi
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stefan Zaefferer
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Vitaliy Romaka
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Koschnick C, Terban MW, Frison R, Etter M, Böhm FA, Proserpio DM, Krause S, Dinnebier RE, Canossa S, Lotsch BV. Unlocking New Topologies in Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks by Combining Linker Flexibility and Building Block Disorder. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10051-10060. [PMID: 37125876 PMCID: PMC10176567 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding diversity of Zr-based frameworks is inherently linked to the variable coordination geometry of Zr-oxo clusters and the conformational flexibility of the linker, both of which allow for different framework topologies based on the same linker-cluster combination. In addition, intrinsic structural disorder provides a largely unexplored handle to further expand the accessibility of novel metal-organic framework (MOF) structures that can be formed. In this work, we report the concomitant synthesis of three topologically different MOFs based on the same M6O4(OH)4 clusters (M = Zr or Hf) and methane-tetrakis(p-biphenyl-carboxylate) (MTBC) linkers. Two novel structural models are presented based on single-crystal diffraction analysis, namely, cubic c-(4,12)MTBC-M6 and trigonal tr-(4,12)MTBC-M6, which comprise 12-coordinated clusters and 4-coordinated tetrahedral linkers. Notably, the cubic phase features a new architecture based on orientational cluster disorder, which is essential for its formation and has been analyzed by a combination of average structure refinements and diffuse scattering analysis from both powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The trigonal phase also features structure disorder, although involving both linkers and secondary building units. In both phases, remarkable geometrical distortion of the MTBC linkers illustrates how linker flexibility is also essential for their formation and expands the range of achievable topologies in Zr-based MOFs and its analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Koschnick
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ruggero Frison
- Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Felix A Böhm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Davide M Proserpio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Simon Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Stefano Canossa
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich 81377, Germany
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15
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Gouder A, Podjaski F, Jiménez-Solano A, Kröger J, Wang Y, Lotsch BV. An integrated solar battery based on a charge storing 2D carbon nitride. Energy Environ Sci 2023; 16:1520-1530. [PMID: 37063253 PMCID: PMC10091497 DOI: 10.1039/d2ee03409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Solar batteries capable of harvesting sunlight and storing solar energy present an attractive vista to transition our energy infrastructure into a sustainable future. Here we present an integrated, fully earth-abundant solar battery based on a bifunctional (light absorbing and charge storing) carbon nitride (K-PHI) photoanode, combined with organic hole transfer and storage materials. An internal ladder-type hole transfer cascade via a transport layer is used to selectively shuttle the photogenerated holes to the PEDOT:PSS cathode. This concept differs from previous designs such as light-assisted battery schemes or photocapacitors and allows charging with light during both electrical charge and discharge, thus substantially increasing the energy output of the cell. Compared to battery operation in the dark, light-assisted (dis)charging increases charge output by 243%, thereby increasing the electric coulombic efficiency from 68.3% in the dark to 231%, leading to energy improvements of 94.1% under illumination. This concept opens new vistas towards compact, highly integrated devices based on multifunctional, carbon-based electrodes and separators, and paves the way to a new generation of earth-abundant solar batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gouder
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Butenandstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - F Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - A Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Córdoba Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Einstein (C2) 14071 Córdoba Spain
| | - J Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Y Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - B V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Butenandstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
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16
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Sridhar V, Yildiz E, Rodríguez-Camargo A, Lyu X, Yao L, Wrede P, Aghakhani A, Akolpoglu BM, Podjaski F, Lotsch BV, Sitti M. Designing Covalent Organic Framework-Based Light-Driven Microswimmers toward Therapeutic Applications. Adv Mater 2023:e2301126. [PMID: 37003701 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While micromachines with tailored functionalities enable therapeutic applications in biological environments, their controlled motion and targeted drug delivery in biological media require sophisticated designs for practical applications. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a new generation of crystalline and nanoporous polymers, offer new perspectives for light-driven microswimmers in heterogeneous biological environments including intraocular fluids, thus setting the stage for biomedical applications such as retinal drug delivery. Two different types of COFs, uniformly spherical TABP-PDA-COF sub-micrometer particles and texturally nanoporous, micrometer-sized TpAzo-COF particles are described and compared as light-driven microrobots. They can be used as highly efficient visible-light-driven drug carriers in aqueous ionic and cellular media. Their absorption ranging down to red light enables phototaxis even in deeper and viscous biological media, while the organic nature of COFs ensures their biocompatibility. Their inherently porous structures with ≈2.6 and ≈3.4 nm pores, and large surface areas allow for targeted and efficient drug loading even for insoluble drugs, which can be released on demand. Additionally, indocyanine green (ICG) dye loading in the pores enables photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography, and hyperthermia in operando conditions. This real-time visualization of the drug-loaded COF microswimmers enables unique insights into the action of photoactive porous drug carriers for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sridhar
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Rodríguez-Camargo
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xianglong Lyu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Liang Yao
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Wrede
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Birgul M Akolpoglu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, 85748, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Emmerling ST, Maschita J, Lotsch BV. Nitric Oxide (NO) as a Reagent for Topochemical Framework Transformation and Controlled NO Release in Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7800-7809. [PMID: 36976754 PMCID: PMC10103124 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as versatile platforms for the separation and storage of hazardous gases. Simultaneously, the synthetic toolbox to tackle the "COF trilemma" has been diversified to include topochemical linkage transformations and post-synthetic stabilization strategies. Herein, we converge these themes and reveal the unique potential of nitric oxide (NO) as a new reagent for the scalable gas-phase transformation of COFs. Using physisorption and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on 15N-enriched COFs, we study the gas uptake capacity and selectivity of NO adsorption and unravel the interactions of NO with COFs. Our study reveals the clean deamination of terminal amine groups on the particle surfaces by NO, exemplifying a unique surface passivation strategy for COFs. We further describe the formation of a NONOate linkage by the reaction of NO with an amine-linked COF, which shows controlled release of NO under physiological conditions. NONOate-COFs thus show promise as tunable NO delivery platforms for bioregulatory NO release in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Emmerling
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Maschita
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- E-conversion and Center for Nanoscience, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Schneider S, Wendinger EM, Baran V, Hatz AK, Lotsch BV, Nentwig M, Oeckler O, Bräuniger T, Schnick W. Comprehensive Investigation of Anion Species in Crystalline Li + ion Conductor Li 27-x [P 4 O 7+x N 9-x ]O 3 (x≈1.9(3)). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300174. [PMID: 36807370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The Li+ ion conductor Li27-x [P4 O7+x N9-x ]O3 (x≈1.9) has been synthesized from P3 N5 , Li3 N and Li2 O in a Ta ampoule at 800 °C under Ar atmosphere. The cubic compound crystallizes in space group I 4 - ${\mathrel{\mathop{{\rm { 4}}}\limits^{{\rm -}}}}$ 3d with a=12.0106(14) Å and Z=4. It contains both non-condensed [PO2 N2 ]5- and [PO3 N]4- tetrahedra as well as O2- ions, surrounded by Li+ ions. Charge neutrality is achieved by partial occupancy of Li positions, which was refined with neutron powder diffraction data. Measurements of the partial ionic and electronic conductivity show a total ionic conductivity of 6.6×10-8 S cm-1 with an activation energy of 0.46±0.02 eV and a bulk ionic conductivity of 4×10-6 S cm-1 at 25 °C, which is close to the ionic conductivity of amorphous lithium nitridophosphate. This makes Li27-x [P4 O7+x N9-x ]O3 an interesting candidate for investigation of structural factors affecting ionic conductivity in lithium oxonitridophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Wendinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Baran
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Technical University of Munich, FRM II, Lichtenbergstr. 1 (D), 85748, Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Hatz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1 (D), 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Nentwig
- Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, Institut für Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Materialwissenschaft, Scharnhorststr. 20 (D), 04275, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Oeckler
- Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, Institut für Mineralogie, Kristallographie und Materialwissenschaft, Scharnhorststr. 20 (D), 04275, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Bräuniger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
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19
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Schneider S, Balzat LG, Lotsch BV, Schnick W. Structure Determination of the Crystalline LiPON Model Structure Li 5+x P 2 O 6-x N 1+x with x≈0.9. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202984. [PMID: 36382621 PMCID: PMC10107624 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate (LiPON) is used as solid electrolyte in all-solid-state batteries. Crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphates are important model structures to retrieve analytical information that can be used to understand amorphous phases better. The new crystalline lithium oxonitridophosphate Li5+x P2 O6-x N1+x was synthesized as an off-white powder by ampoule synthesis at 750-800 °C under Ar atmosphere. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 /c with a=15.13087(11) Å, b=9.70682(9) Å, c=8.88681(7) Å, and β=106.8653(8)°. Two P(O,N)4 tetrahedra connected by an N atom form the structural motif [P2 O6-x N1+x ](5+x)- . The structure was elucidated from X-ray diffraction data and the model corroborated by NMR and infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. Measurements of ionic conductivity show a total ionic conductivity of 6.8×10-7 S cm-1 at 75 °C with an activation energy of 0.52±0.01 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas G Balzat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany.,MPI for Solid State Research, Department of Nanochemistry, Heisenbergstraße 1, (D) 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, (D) 81377, Munich, Germany
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20
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Powalla L, Birch MT, Litzius K, Wintz S, Schulz F, Weigand M, Scholz T, Lotsch BV, Kern K, Schütz G, Burghard M. Single Skyrmion Generation via a Vertical Nanocontact in a 2D Magnet-Based Heterostructure. Nano Lett 2022; 22:9236-9243. [PMID: 36400013 PMCID: PMC9756335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skyrmions have been well studied in chiral magnets and magnetic thin films due to their potential application in practical devices. Recently, monochiral skyrmions have been observed in two-dimensional van der Waals magnets. Their atomically flat surfaces and capability to be stacked into heterostructures offer new prospects for skyrmion applications. However, the controlled local nucleation of skyrmions within these materials has yet to be realized. Here, we utilize real-space X-ray microscopy to investigate a heterostructure composed of the 2D ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 (FGT), an insulating hexagonal boron nitride layer, and a graphite top electrode. Upon a stepwise increase of the voltage applied between the graphite and FGT, a vertically conducting pathway can be formed. This nanocontact allows the tunable creation of individual skyrmions via single nanosecond pulses of low current density. Furthermore, time-resolved magnetic imaging highlights the stability of the nanocontact, while our micromagnetic simulations reproduce the observed skyrmion nucleation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Powalla
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Max T. Birch
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Litzius
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wintz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Schulz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Scholz
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
- University
of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus D), 81377München, Germany
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
de Physique, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max
Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marko Burghard
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Çiftçi E, Podjaski F, Gouder A, Lotsch BV, Dinnebier RE, Bette S. Crystal structure and spectral characterization ofLa2(CO3)3 · 5H2O – an industrially relevant lanthanide carbonate. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Bette
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Festkorperforschung Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
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22
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Gouder A, Jiménez-Solano A, Vargas-Barbosa NM, Podjaski F, Lotsch BV. Photomemristive sensing via charge storage in 2D carbon nitrides. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:1866-1877. [PMID: 35475438 PMCID: PMC9252257 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photomemristive sensors have the potential to innovate current photo-electrochemical sensors by incorporating new sensing capabilities including non-invasive, wireless and time-delayed (memory) readout. Here we report the charge storing 2D carbon nitride potassium poly(heptazine imide), K-PHI, as a direct photomemristive sensing platform by capitalizing on K-PHI's visible light bandgap, large oxidation potential, and intrinsic optoionic charge storage properties. Utilizing the light-induced charge storage function of K-PHI nanosheets, we demonstrate memory sensing via charge accumulation and present potentiometric, impedimetric and coulometric readouts to write/erase this information from the material, with no additional reagents required. Additionally, wireless colorimetric and fluorometric detection of the charging state of K-PHI nanoparticles is demonstrated, enabling the material's use as particle-based autonomous sensing probe in situ. The various readout options of K-PHI's response enable us to adapt the sensitivities and dynamic ranges without modifying the sensing platform, which is demonstrated using glucose as a model analyte over a wide range of concentrations (50 μM to 50 mM). Since K-PHI is earth abundant, biocompatible, chemically robust and responsive to visible light, we anticipate that the photomemristive sensing platform presented herein opens up memristive and neuromorphic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gouder
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nella M Vargas-Barbosa
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research (IEK-12), Helmholtz Institute Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Corrensstr. 46, 48148 Münster, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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23
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Osterrieth JWM, Rampersad J, Madden D, Rampal N, Skoric L, Connolly B, Allendorf MD, Stavila V, Snider JL, Ameloot R, Marreiros J, Ania C, Azevedo D, Vilarrasa-Garcia E, Santos BF, Bu XH, Chang Z, Bunzen H, Champness NR, Griffin SL, Chen B, Lin RB, Coasne B, Cohen S, Moreton JC, Colón YJ, Chen L, Clowes R, Coudert FX, Cui Y, Hou B, D'Alessandro DM, Doheny PW, Dincă M, Sun C, Doonan C, Huxley MT, Evans JD, Falcaro P, Ricco R, Farha O, Idrees KB, Islamoglu T, Feng P, Yang H, Forgan RS, Bara D, Furukawa S, Sanchez E, Gascon J, Telalović S, Ghosh SK, Mukherjee S, Hill MR, Sadiq MM, Horcajada P, Salcedo-Abraira P, Kaneko K, Kukobat R, Kenvin J, Keskin S, Kitagawa S, Otake KI, Lively RP, DeWitt SJA, Llewellyn P, Lotsch BV, Emmerling ST, Pütz AM, Martí-Gastaldo C, Padial NM, García-Martínez J, Linares N, Maspoch D, Suárez Del Pino JA, Moghadam P, Oktavian R, Morris RE, Wheatley PS, Navarro J, Petit C, Danaci D, Rosseinsky MJ, Katsoulidis AP, Schröder M, Han X, Yang S, Serre C, Mouchaham G, Sholl DS, Thyagarajan R, Siderius D, Snurr RQ, Goncalves RB, Telfer S, Lee SJ, Ting VP, Rowlandson JL, Uemura T, Iiyuka T, van der Veen MA, Rega D, Van Speybroeck V, Rogge SMJ, Lamaire A, Walton KS, Bingel LW, Wuttke S, Andreo J, Yaghi O, Zhang B, Yavuz CT, Nguyen TS, Zamora F, Montoro C, Zhou H, Kirchon A, Fairen-Jimenez D. How Reproducible are Surface Areas Calculated from the BET Equation? Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2201502. [PMID: 35603497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porosity and surface area analysis play a prominent role in modern materials science. At the heart of this sits the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, which has been a remarkably successful contribution to the field of materials science. The BET method was developed in the 1930s for open surfaces but is now the most widely used metric for the estimation of surface areas of micro- and mesoporous materials. Despite its widespread use, the calculation of BET surface areas causes a spread in reported areas, resulting in reproducibility problems in both academia and industry. To prove this, for this analysis, 18 already-measured raw adsorption isotherms were provided to sixty-one labs, who were asked to calculate the corresponding BET areas. This round-robin exercise resulted in a wide range of values. Here, the reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is demonstrated to be a largely ignored issue, raising critical concerns over the reliability of reported BET areas. To solve this major issue, a new computational approach to accurately and systematically determine the BET area of nanoporous materials is developed. The software, called "BET surface identification" (BETSI), expands on the well-known Rouquerol criteria and makes an unambiguous BET area assignment possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W M Osterrieth
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - James Rampersad
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - David Madden
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Nakul Rampal
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Bethany Connolly
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan L Snider
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Rob Ameloot
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M 2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - João Marreiros
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M 2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Conchi Ania
- CEMHTI, CNRS (UPR 3079), Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45071, France
| | - Diana Azevedo
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Enrique Vilarrasa-Garcia
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Santos
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ze Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sarah L Griffin
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0698, USA
| | - Rui-Biao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0698, USA
| | - Benoit Coasne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Seth Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jessica C Moreton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yamil J Colón
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Patrick W Doheny
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian Doonan
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Thomas Huxley
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Raffaele Ricco
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Omar Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Pingyun Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ross S Forgan
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dominic Bara
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Eli Sanchez
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4700, Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvedin Telalović
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4700, Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujit K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Matthew R Hill
- CSIRO, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Muhammed Munir Sadiq
- CSIRO, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Patricia Horcajada
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, (Móstoles) Madrid, E-28935, Spain
| | - Pablo Salcedo-Abraira
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, (Móstoles) Madrid, E-28935, Spain
| | - Katsumi Kaneko
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Radovan Kukobat
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Jeff Kenvin
- Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross, GA, 30093, USA
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stephen J A DeWitt
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Emmerling
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander M Pütz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
| | - Natalia M Padial
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
| | - Javier García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, E-03690, Spain
| | - Noemi Linares
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, E-03690, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jose A Suárez Del Pino
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Peyman Moghadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rama Oktavian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Russel E Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Paul S Wheatley
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Jorge Navarro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David Danaci
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Alexandros P Katsoulidis
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Martin Schröder
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xue Han
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christian Serre
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Georges Mouchaham
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - David S Sholl
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Raghuram Thyagarajan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Daniel Siderius
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8320, USA
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rebecca B Goncalves
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shane Telfer
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Seok J Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Valeska P Ting
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Jemma L Rowlandson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iiyuka
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Monique A van der Veen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Rega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Aran Lamaire
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Krista S Walton
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Lukas W Bingel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Jacopo Andreo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Omar Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Thien S Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Felix Zamora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Montoro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Hongcai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Angelo Kirchon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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24
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Yao L, Rodríguez-Camargo A, Xia M, Mücke D, Guntermann R, Liu Y, Grunenberg L, Jiménez-Solano A, Emmerling ST, Duppel V, Sivula K, Bein T, Qi H, Kaiser U, Grätzel M, Lotsch BV. Covalent Organic Framework Nanoplates Enable Solution-Processed Crystalline Nanofilms for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10291-10300. [PMID: 35657204 PMCID: PMC9204765 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are coming of age, the lack of effective approaches to achieve crystalline and centimeter-scale-homogeneous COF films remains a significant bottleneck toward advancing the application of COFs in optoelectronic devices. Here, we present the synthesis of colloidal COF nanoplates, with lateral sizes of ∼200 nm and average heights of 35 nm, and their utilization as photocathodes for solar hydrogen evolution. The resulting COF nanoplate colloid exhibits a unimodal particle-size distribution and an exceptional colloidal stability without showing agglomeration after storage for 10 months and enables smooth, homogeneous, and thickness-tunable COF nanofilms via spin coating. Photoelectrodes comprising COF nanofilms were fabricated for photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar-to-hydrogen conversion. By rationally designing multicomponent photoelectrode architectures including a polymer donor/COF heterojunction and a hole-transport layer, charge recombination in COFs is mitigated, resulting in a significantly increased photocurrent density and an extremely positive onset potential for PEC hydrogen evolution (over +1 V against the reversible hydrogen electrode), among the best of classical semiconductor-based photocathodes. This work thus paves the way toward fabricating solution-processed large-scale COF nanofilms and heterojunction architectures and their use in solar-energy-conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yao
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrés Rodríguez-Camargo
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Meng Xia
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Mücke
- Central Facility for Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Roman Guntermann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Emmerling
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kevin Sivula
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany.,E-Conversion and Center for Nanoscience, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching bei München, 85748 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility for Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,E-Conversion and Center for Nanoscience, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching bei München, 85748 Munich, Germany
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25
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Scholz T, Schneider C, Terban MW, Deng Z, Eger R, Etter M, Dinnebier RE, Canepa P, Lotsch BV. Superionic Conduction in the Plastic Crystal Polymorph of Na 4P 2S 6. ACS Energy Lett 2022; 7:1403-1411. [PMID: 35434367 PMCID: PMC9008513 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium thiophosphates are promising materials for large-scale energy storage applications benefiting from high ionic conductivities and the geopolitical abundance of the elements. A representative of this class is Na4P2S6, which currently shows two known polymorphs-α and β. This work describes a third polymorph of Na4P2S6, γ, that forms above 580 °C, exhibits fast-ion conduction with low activation energy, and is mechanically soft. Based on high-temperature diffraction, pair distribution function analysis, thermal analysis, impedance spectroscopy, and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations, the γ-Na4P2S6 phase is identified to be a plastic crystal characterized by dynamic orientational disorder of the P2S6 4- anions translationally fixed on a body-centered cubic lattice. The prospect of stabilizing plastic crystals at operating temperatures of solid-state batteries, with benefits from their high ionic conductivities and mechanical properties, could have a strong impact in the field of solid-state battery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Scholz
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Schneider
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maxwell W. Terban
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zeyu Deng
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575 Singapore
| | - Roland Eger
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches
Elektronensynchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pieremanuele Canepa
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575 Singapore
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- LMU
Munich, Butenandtstraße
5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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26
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Maschita J, Banerjee T, Lotsch BV. Direct and Linker-Exchange Alcohol-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Imide-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chem Mater 2022; 34:2249-2258. [PMID: 35281973 PMCID: PMC8908547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.1c04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an extensively studied class of porous materials, which distinguish themselves from other porous polymers in their crystallinity and high degree of modularity, enabling a wide range of applications. However, the established synthetic protocols for the synthesis of stable and crystalline COFs, such as imide-linked COFs, often requires the use of high boiling solvents and toxic catalysts, making their synthesis expensive and environmentally harmful. Herein, we report a new environmentally friendly strategy-an alcohol-assisted hydrothermal polymerization approach (aaHTP) for the synthesis of a wide range of crystalline and porous imide-linked COFs. This method allows us to gain access to new COFs and to avoid toxic solvents by up to 90% through substituting commonly used organic solvent mixtures with water and small amounts of n-alcohols without being restricted to water-soluble linker molecules. Additionally, we use the aaHTP to demonstrate an eco-friendly COF-to-COF transformation of an imine-linked COF into a novel imide-linked COF via linkage replacement, inaccessible using published reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Maschita
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan − 333031, India
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- E-conversion
and Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
- E-mail:
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27
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Kröger J, Podjaski F, Savasci G, Moudrakovski I, Jiménez-Solano A, Terban MW, Bette S, Duppel V, Joos M, Senocrate A, Dinnebier R, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Conductivity Mechanism in Ionic 2D Carbon Nitrides: From Hydrated Ion Motion to Enhanced Photocatalysis. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107061. [PMID: 34870342 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides are among the most studied materials for photocatalysis; however, limitations arise from inefficient charge separation and transport within the material. Here, this aspect is addressed in the 2D carbon nitride poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) by investigating the influence of various counterions, such as M = Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Cs+ , Ba2+ , NH4 + , and tetramethyl ammonium, on the material's conductivity and photocatalytic activity. These ions in the PHI pores affect the stacking of the 2D layers, which further influences the predominantly ionic conductivity in M-PHI. Na-containing PHI outperforms the other M-PHIs in various relative humidity (RH) environments (0-42%RH) in terms of conductivity, likely due to pore-channel geometry and size of the (hydrated) ion. With increasing RH, the ionic conductivity increases by 4-5 orders of magnitude (for Na-PHI up to 10-5 S cm-1 at 42%RH). At the same time, the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate is observed for Na-PHI, which is mirrored by increased photogenerated charge-carrier lifetimes, pointing to efficient charge-carrier stabilization by, e.g., mobile ions. These results indicate that also ionic conductivity is an important parameter that can influence the photocatalytic activity. Besides, RH-dependent ionic conductivity is of high interest for separators, membranes, or sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Joos
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Senocrate
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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28
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Sridhar V, Podjaski F, Alapan Y, Kröger J, Grunenberg L, Kishore V, Lotsch BV, Sitti M. Light-driven carbon nitride microswimmers with propulsion in biological and ionic media and responsive on-demand drug delivery. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabm1421. [PMID: 35044799 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abm1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose two-dimensional poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) carbon nitride microparticles as light-driven microswimmers in various ionic and biological media. Their high-speed (15 to 23 micrometer per second; 9.5 ± 5.4 body lengths per second) swimming in multicomponent ionic solutions with concentrations up to 5 M and without dedicated fuels is demonstrated, overcoming one of the bottlenecks of previous light-driven microswimmers. Such high ion tolerance is attributed to a favorable interplay between the particle's textural and structural nanoporosity and optoionic properties, facilitating ionic interactions in solutions with high salinity. Biocompatibility of these microswimmers is validated by cell viability tests with three different cell lines and primary cells. The nanopores of the swimmers are loaded with a model cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), resulting in a high (185%) loading efficiency without passive release. Controlled drug release is reported under different pH conditions and can be triggered on-demand by illumination. Light-triggered, boosted release of DOX and its active degradation products are demonstrated under oxygen-poor conditions using the intrinsic, environmentally sensitive and light-induced charge storage properties of PHI, which could enable future theranostic applications in oxygen-deprived tumor regions. These organic PHI microswimmers simultaneously address the current light-driven microswimmer challenges of high ion tolerance, fuel-free high-speed propulsion in biological media, biocompatibility, and controlled on-demand cargo release toward their biomedical, environmental, and other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sridhar
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yunus Alapan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Kröger
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Vimal Kishore
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Stähler C, Grunenberg L, Terban MW, Browne WR, Doellerer D, Kathan M, Etter M, Lotsch BV, Feringa BL, Krause S. Light-Driven Molecular Motors Embedded in Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8253-8264. [PMID: 35919721 PMCID: PMC9297439 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02282f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of molecular machines into the backbone of porous framework structures will facilitate nano actuation, enhanced molecular transport, and other out-of-equilibrium host-guest phenomena in well-defined 3D solid materials. In...
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Stähler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
- E-conversion Lichtenbergstrasse 4a 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Simon Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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30
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Pauly M, Kröger J, Duppel V, Murphey C, Cahoon J, Lotsch BV, Maggard PA. Unveiling the Complex Configurational Landscape of the Intralayer Cavities in a Crystalline Carbon Nitride. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3187-3193. [PMID: 35414880 PMCID: PMC8926284 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04648a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-depth understanding of the reported photoelectrochemical properties of the layered carbon nitride, poly(triazine imide)/LiCl (PTI/LiCl), has been limited by the apparent disorder of the Li/H atoms within its framework....
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Pauly
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus D) Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Corban Murphey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - James Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus D) Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Paul A Maggard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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31
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Stavila V, Li S, Dun C, Marple MAT, Mason HE, Snider JL, Reynolds JE, El Gabaly F, Sugar JD, Spataru CD, Zhou X, Dizdar B, Majzoub EH, Chatterjee R, Yano J, Schlomberg H, Lotsch BV, Urban JJ, Wood BC, Allendorf MD. Defying Thermodynamics: Stabilization of Alane Within Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Reversible Hydrogen Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Sichi Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Harris E. Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | | | | | - Farid El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Joshua D. Sugar
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | | | - Xiaowang Zhou
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Brennan Dizdar
- University of Missouri—St. Louis Department of Physics and Astronomy One University Blvd St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Eric H. Majzoub
- University of Missouri—St. Louis Department of Physics and Astronomy One University Blvd St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hendrik Schlomberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Department of Chemistry Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Department of Chemistry Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brandon C. Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Mark D. Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
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32
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Stavila V, Li S, Dun C, Marple MAT, Mason HE, Snider JL, Reynolds JE, El Gabaly F, Sugar JD, Spataru CD, Zhou X, Dizdar B, Majzoub EH, Chatterjee R, Yano J, Schlomberg H, Lotsch BV, Urban JJ, Wood BC, Allendorf MD. Rücktitelbild: Defying Thermodynamics: Stabilization of Alane Within Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Reversible Hydrogen Storage (Angew. Chem. 49/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Sichi Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Harris E. Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | | | | | - Farid El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Joshua D. Sugar
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | | | - Xiaowang Zhou
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Brennan Dizdar
- University of Missouri—St. Louis Department of Physics and Astronomy One University Blvd St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Eric H. Majzoub
- University of Missouri—St. Louis Department of Physics and Astronomy One University Blvd St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hendrik Schlomberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Department of Chemistry Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Department of Chemistry Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brandon C. Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Mark D. Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
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33
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Stavila V, Li S, Dun C, Marple MAT, Mason HE, Snider JL, Reynolds JE, El Gabaly F, Sugar JD, Spataru CD, Zhou X, Dizdar B, Majzoub EH, Chatterjee R, Yano J, Schlomberg H, Lotsch BV, Urban JJ, Wood BC, Allendorf MD. Defying Thermodynamics: Stabilization of Alane Within Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Reversible Hydrogen Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25815-25824. [PMID: 34459093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The highly unfavorable thermodynamics of direct aluminum hydrogenation can be overcome by stabilizing alane within a nanoporous bipyridine-functionalized covalent triazine framework (AlH3 @CTF-bipyridine). This material and the counterpart AlH3 @CTF-biphenyl rapidly desorb H2 between 95 and 154 °C, with desorption complete at 250 °C. Sieverts measurements, 27 Al MAS NMR and 27 Al{1 H} REDOR experiments, and computational spectroscopy reveal that AlH3 @CTF-bipyridine dehydrogenation is reversible at 60 °C under 700 bar hydrogen, >10 times lower pressure than that required to hydrogenate bulk aluminum. DFT calculations and EPR measurements support an unconventional mechanism whereby strong AlH3 binding to bipyridine results in single-electron transfer to form AlH2 (AlH3 )n clusters. The resulting size-dependent charge redistribution alters the dehydrogenation/rehydrogenation thermochemistry, suggesting a novel strategy to enable reversibility in high-capacity metal hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Sichi Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maxwell A T Marple
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Harris E Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan L Snider
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Joseph E Reynolds
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Farid El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Joshua D Sugar
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Catalin D Spataru
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Xiaowang Zhou
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Brennan Dizdar
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.,University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eric H Majzoub
- University of Missouri-St. Louis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hendrik Schlomberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Munich (LMU), Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Munich (LMU), Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brandon C Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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34
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Stavila V, Li S, Dun C, Marple MAT, Mason HE, Snider JL, Reynolds JE, El Gabaly F, Sugar JD, Spataru CD, Zhou X, Dizdar B, Majzoub EH, Chatterjee R, Yano J, Schlomberg H, Lotsch BV, Urban JJ, Wood BC, Allendorf MD. Back Cover: Defying Thermodynamics: Stabilization of Alane Within Covalent Triazine Frameworks for Reversible Hydrogen Storage (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Sichi Li
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Chaochao Dun
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Harris E. Mason
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | | | | | - Farid El Gabaly
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Joshua D. Sugar
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | | | - Xiaowang Zhou
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Brennan Dizdar
- University of Missouri—St. Louis Department of Physics and Astronomy One University Blvd St. Louis MO 63121 USA
- University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Eric H. Majzoub
- University of Missouri—St. Louis Department of Physics and Astronomy One University Blvd St. Louis MO 63121 USA
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hendrik Schlomberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Department of Chemistry Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Department of Chemistry Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Brandon C. Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
| | - Mark D. Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94550 USA
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35
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Trenker S, Grunenberg L, Banerjee T, Savasci G, Poller LM, Muggli KIM, Haase F, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. A flavin-inspired covalent organic framework for photocatalytic alcohol oxidation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15143-15150. [PMID: 34909156 PMCID: PMC8612393 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a number of key properties that predestine them to be used as heterogeneous photocatalysts, including intrinsic porosity, long-range order, and light absorption. Since COFs can be constructed from a practically unlimited library of organic building blocks, these properties can be precisely tuned by choosing suitable linkers. Herein, we report the construction and use of a novel COF (FEAx-COF) photocatalyst, inspired by natural flavin cofactors. We show that the functionality of the alloxazine chromophore incorporated into the COF backbone is retained and study the effects of this heterogenization approach by comparison with similar molecular photocatalysts. We find that the integration of alloxazine chromophores into the framework significantly extends the absorption spectrum into the visible range, allowing for photocatalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes even with low-energy visible light. In addition, the activity of the heterogeneous COF photocatalyst is less dependent on the chosen solvent, making it more versatile compared to molecular alloxazines. Finally, the use of oxygen as the terminal oxidant renders FEAx-COF a promising and “green” heterogeneous photocatalyst. In this manuscript, we report the development of a novel alloxazine COF inspired by naturally occurring flavin cofactors for photoredox catalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trenker
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus Rajasthan 333031 India
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Laura M Poller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Katharina I M Muggli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Frederik Haase
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
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36
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Abstract
![]()
Covalent organic
frameworks (COFs) with a pore size beyond 5 nm
are still rarely seen in this emerging field. Besides obvious complications
such as the elaborated synthesis of large linkers with sufficient
solubility, more subtle challenges regarding large-pore COF synthesis,
including pore occlusion and collapse, prevail. Here we present two
isoreticular series of large-pore imine COFs with pore sizes up to
5.8 nm and correlate the interlayer interactions with the structure
and thermal behavior of the COFs. By adjusting interlayer interactions
through the incorporation of methoxy groups acting as pore-directing
“anchors”, different stacking modes can be accessed,
resulting in modified stacking polytypes and, hence, effective pore
sizes. A strong correlation between stacking energy toward highly
ordered, nearly eclipsed structures, higher structural integrity during
thermal stress, and a novel, thermally induced phase transition of
stacking modes in COFs was found, which sheds light on viable design
strategies for increased structural control and stability in large-pore
COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian T Emmerling
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robin Schuldt
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Liang Yao
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,E-conversion and Center for Nanoscience, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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37
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Terban MW, Grunenberg L, Pütz AM, Bette S, Savasci G, Dinnebier RE, Lotsch BV. Developing more precise structural descriptions of layered covalent organic frameworks using total scattering data. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321091893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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38
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Suzuki H, Liu H, Bertinshaw J, Ueda K, Kim H, Laha S, Weber D, Yang Z, Wang L, Takahashi H, Fürsich K, Minola M, Lotsch BV, Kim BJ, Yavaş H, Daghofer M, Chaloupka J, Khaliullin G, Gretarsson H, Keimer B. Proximate ferromagnetic state in the Kitaev model material α-RuCl 3. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4512. [PMID: 34301938 PMCID: PMC8302668 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
α-RuCl3 is a major candidate for the realization of the Kitaev quantum spin liquid, but its zigzag antiferromagnetic order at low temperatures indicates deviations from the Kitaev model. We have quantified the spin Hamiltonian of α-RuCl3 by a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering study at the Ru L3 absorption edge. In the paramagnetic state, the quasi-elastic intensity of magnetic excitations has a broad maximum around the zone center without any local maxima at the zigzag magnetic Bragg wavevectors. This finding implies that the zigzag order is fragile and readily destabilized by competing ferromagnetic correlations. The classical ground state of the experimentally determined Hamiltonian is actually ferromagnetic. The zigzag state is stabilized by quantum fluctuations, leaving ferromagnetism – along with the Kitaev spin liquid – as energetically proximate metastable states. The three closely competing states and their collective excitations hold the key to the theoretical understanding of the unusual properties of α-RuCl3 in magnetic fields. RuCl3 has stood out as a prime candidate in the search for quantum spin liquids; however, its antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperature suggests deviations from typical QSL models. Here, using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, the authors provide a comprehensive determination of the low energy effective Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - H Liu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - J Bertinshaw
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Ueda
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.,Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea
| | - S Laha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Weber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Z Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - L Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Takahashi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K Fürsich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Minola
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B V Lotsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), München, Germany
| | - B J Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea.,Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea
| | - H Yavaş
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M Daghofer
- Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Chaloupka
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - G Khaliullin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Gretarsson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Keimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Stuttgart, Germany.
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39
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Haffner A, Hatz A, Zeman OEO, Hoch C, Lotsch BV, Johrendt D. Polymorphie und schnelle Kalium‐Ionenleitung im Phosphidosilicat KSi
2
P
3
mit T5 Supertetraedern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Haffner
- Department Chemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Anna‐Katharina Hatz
- Abteilung für Nanochemie Max-Plank-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Otto E. O. Zeman
- Department Chemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Constantin Hoch
- Department Chemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Abteilung für Nanochemie Max-Plank-Institut für Festkörperforschung Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Deutschland
| | - Dirk Johrendt
- Department Chemie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) 81377 München Deutschland
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40
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Emmerling ST, Germann LS, Julien PA, Moudrakovski I, Etter M, Friščić T, Dinnebier RE, Lotsch BV. In situ monitoring of mechanochemical covalent organic framework formation reveals templating effect of liquid additive. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Koschnick C, Stäglich R, Scholz T, Terban MW, von Mankowski A, Savasci G, Binder F, Schökel A, Etter M, Nuss J, Siegel R, Germann LS, Ochsenfeld C, Dinnebier RE, Senker J, Lotsch BV. Understanding disorder and linker deficiency in porphyrinic zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks by resolving the Zr 8O 6 cluster conundrum in PCN-221. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3099. [PMID: 34035286 PMCID: PMC8149457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23348-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), exemplified by MOF-525, PCN-221, and PCN-224, are promising systems for catalysis, optoelectronics, and solar energy conversion. However, subtle differences between synthetic protocols for these three MOFs give rise to vast discrepancies in purported product outcomes and description of framework topologies. Here, based on a comprehensive synthetic and structural analysis spanning local and long-range length scales, we show that PCN-221 consists of Zr6O4(OH)4 clusters in four distinct orientations within the unit cell, rather than Zr8O6 clusters as originally published, and linker vacancies at levels of around 50%, which may form in a locally correlated manner. We propose disordered PCN-224 (dPCN-224) as a unified model to understand PCN-221, MOF-525, and PCN-224 by varying the degree of orientational cluster disorder, linker conformation and vacancies, and cluster–linker binding. Our work thus introduces a new perspective on network topology and disorder in Zr-MOFs and pinpoints the structural variables that direct their functional properties. Zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks have defective structures that are useful in catalysis and gas storage. Here, the authors study the interplay between cluster disorder and linker vacancies in PCN-221 and propose a new structure model with tilted Zr6O4(OH)4 clusters rather than Zr8O6 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Koschnick
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany.,e-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching, 85748, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, Munich, 80799, Germany
| | - Robert Stäglich
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany.,North Bavarian NMR Center, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Tanja Scholz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Alberto von Mankowski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany.,e-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching, 85748, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, Munich, 80799, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, Munich, 80799, Germany
| | - Florian Binder
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Alexander Schökel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Jürgen Nuss
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Renée Siegel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany.,North Bavarian NMR Center, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Luzia S Germann
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, Munich, 80799, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany. .,North Bavarian NMR Center, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany.
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany. .,e-conversion, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching, 85748, Germany. .,Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, Munich, 80799, Germany.
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42
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Haffner A, Hatz AK, Zeman OEO, Hoch C, Lotsch BV, Johrendt D. Polymorphism and Fast Potassium-Ion Conduction in the T5 Supertetrahedral Phosphidosilicate KSi 2 P 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13641-13646. [PMID: 33734533 PMCID: PMC8252096 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The all‐solid‐state battery (ASSB) is a promising candidate for electrochemical energy storage. In view of the limited availability of lithium, however, alternative systems based on earth‐abundant and inexpensive elements are urgently sought. Besides well‐studied sodium compounds, potassium‐based systems offer the advantage of low cost and a large electrochemical window, but are hardly explored. Here we report the synthesis and crystal structure of K‐ion conducting T5 KSi2P3 inspired by recent discoveries of fast ion conductors in alkaline phosphidosilicates. KSi2P3 is composed of SiP4 tetrahedra forming interpenetrating networks of large T5 supertetrahedra. The compound passes through a reconstructive phase transition from the known T3 to the new tetragonal T5 polymorph at 1020 °C with enantiotropic displacive phase transitions upon cooling at about 155 °C and 80 °C. The potassium ions are located in large channels between the T5 supertetrahedral networks and show facile movement through the structure. The bulk ionic conductivity is up to 2.6×10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C with an average activation energy of 0.20 eV. This is remarkably high for a potassium ion conductor at room temperature, and marks KSi2P3 as the first non‐oxide solid potassium ion conductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Haffner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Hatz
- Department of Nanochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Otto E O Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Constantin Hoch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Nanochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dirk Johrendt
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
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43
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Grunenberg L, Savasci G, Terban MW, Duppel V, Moudrakovski I, Etter M, Dinnebier RE, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Amine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks as a Platform for Postsynthetic Structure Interconversion and Pore-Wall Modification. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3430-3438. [PMID: 33626275 PMCID: PMC7953377 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks have emerged as a powerful synthetic platform for installing and interconverting dedicated molecular functions on a crystalline polymeric backbone with atomic precision. Here, we present a novel strategy to directly access amine-linked covalent organic frameworks, which serve as a scaffold enabling pore-wall modification and linkage-interconversion by new synthetic methods based on Leuckart-Wallach reduction with formic acid and ammonium formate. Frameworks connected entirely by secondary amine linkages, mixed amine/imine bonds, and partially formylated amine linkages are obtained in a single step from imine-linked frameworks or directly from corresponding linkers in a one-pot crystallization-reduction approach. The new, 2D amine-linked covalent organic frameworks, rPI-3-COF, rTTI-COF, and rPy1P-COF, are obtained with high crystallinity and large surface areas. Secondary amines, installed as reactive sites on the pore wall, enable further postsynthetic functionalization to access tailored covalent organic frameworks, with increased hydrolytic stability, as potential heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Grunenberg
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- E-conversion,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
and Center for NanoScience, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Maxwell W. Terban
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Etter
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- E-conversion,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
and Center for NanoScience, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- E-conversion,
Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
and Center for NanoScience, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
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44
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Däntl M, Guderley S, Szendrei-Temesi K, Chatzitheodoridou D, Ganter P, Jiménez-Solano A, Lotsch BV. Transfer of 1D Photonic Crystals via Spatially Resolved Hydrophobization. Small 2021; 17:e2007864. [PMID: 33590689 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1D photonic crystals (1DPCs) are well known from a variety of applications ranging from medical diagnostics to optical fibers and optoelectronics. However, large-scale application is still limited due to complex fabrication processes and bottlenecks in transferring 1DPCs to arbitrary substrates and pattern creation. These challenges were addressed by demonstrating the transfer of millimeter- to centimeter-scale 1DPC sensors comprised of alternating layers of H3 Sb3 P2 O14 nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles based on a non-invasive chemical approach. By depositing the 1DPC on a sacrificial layer of lithium tin sulfide nanosheets and hydrophobizing only the 1DPC by intercalation of n-octylamine via the vapor phase the 1DPC can be detached from the substrate by immersing the sample in water. Upon exfoliation of the hydrophilic sacrificial layer, the freestanding 1DPC remains at the water-air interface. In a second step, it can be transferred to arbitrary surfaces such as curved glass. In addition, the transfer of patterned 1DPCs is demonstrated by combining the sacrificial layer approach with area-resolved intercalation and etching. The fact that the sensing capability of the 1DPC is not impaired and can be modified after transfer renders this method a generic platform for the fabrication of photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Däntl
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Susanna Guderley
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Katalin Szendrei-Temesi
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Dimitra Chatzitheodoridou
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Pirmin Ganter
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Munich, 81377, Germany
- E-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, Garching, 85748, Germany
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45
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Bowman AR, Lang F, Chiang YH, Jiménez-Solano A, Frohna K, Eperon GE, Ruggeri E, Abdi-Jalebi M, Anaya M, Lotsch BV, Stranks SD. Relaxed Current Matching Requirements in Highly Luminescent Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells and Their Fundamental Efficiency Limits. ACS Energy Lett 2021; 6:612-620. [PMID: 33614966 PMCID: PMC7887871 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite-based tandem solar cells are of increasing interest as they approach commercialization. Here we use experimental parameters from optical spectroscopy measurements to calculate the limiting efficiency of perovskite-silicon and all-perovskite two-terminal tandems, employing currently available bandgap materials, as 42.0% and 40.8%, respectively. We show luminescence coupling between subcells (the optical transfer of photons from the high-bandgap to low-bandgap subcell) relaxes current matching when the high-bandgap subcell is a luminescent perovskite. We calculate that luminescence coupling becomes important at charge trapping rates (≤106 s-1) already being achieved in relevant halide perovskites. Luminescence coupling increases flexibility in subcell thicknesses and tolerance to different spectral conditions. For maximal benefit, the high-bandgap subcell should have the higher short-circuit current under average spectral conditions. This can be achieved by reducing the bandgap of the high-bandgap subcell, allowing wider, unstable bandgap compositions to be avoided. Lastly, we visualize luminescence coupling in an all-perovskite tandem through cross-section luminescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Bowman
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Lang
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Hsien Chiang
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Nanochemistry Department, Heisenberg Strasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kyle Frohna
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Giles E. Eperon
- National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 16253 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Edoardo Ruggeri
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Nanochemistry Department, Heisenberg Strasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
(LMU), Butenandtstrasse
5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- E-conversion, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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46
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Maschita J, Banerjee T, Savasci G, Haase F, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Ionothermal Synthesis of Imide-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15750-15758. [PMID: 32573890 PMCID: PMC7497034 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an extensively studied class of porous materials, which distinguish themselves from other porous polymers in their crystallinity and high degree of modularity, enabling a wide range of applications. COFs are most commonly synthesized solvothermally, which is often a time-consuming process and restricted to well-soluble precursor molecules. Synthesis of polyimide-linked COFs (PI-COFs) is further complicated by the poor reversibility of the ring-closing reaction under solvothermal conditions. Herein, we report the ionothermal synthesis of crystalline and porous PI-COFs in zinc chloride and eutectic salt mixtures. This synthesis does not require soluble precursors and the reaction time is significantly reduced as compared to standard solvothermal synthesis methods. In addition to applying the synthesis to previously reported imide COFs, a new perylene-based COF was also synthesized, which could not be obtained by the classical solvothermal route. In situ high-temperature XRPD analysis hints to the formation of precursor-salt adducts as crystalline intermediates, which then react with each other to form the COF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Maschita
- Nanochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstraße 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Nanochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstraße 170569StuttgartGermany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Nanochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstraße 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Frederik Haase
- Nanochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstraße 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
- Current address: Institute for Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Nanochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstraße 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
- E-conversion and Center for NanoscienceLichtenbergstraße 4a85748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Nanochemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Solid State ResearchHeisenbergstraße 170569StuttgartGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Munich (LMU)Butenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
- E-conversion and Center for NanoscienceLichtenbergstraße 4a85748Garching bei MünchenGermany
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47
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Vignolo-González HA, Laha S, Jiménez-Solano A, Oshima T, Duppel V, Schützendübe P, Lotsch BV. Toward Standardized Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Rates Using RuO 2@TiO 2 as a Benchmark. Matter 2020; 3:464-486. [PMID: 32803152 PMCID: PMC7418450 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative comparison of photocatalytic performances across different photocatalysis setups is technically challenging. Here, we combine the concepts of relative and optimal photonic efficiencies to normalize activities with an internal benchmark material, RuO2 photodeposited on a P25-TiO2 photocatalyst, which was optimized for reproducibility of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Additionally, a general set of good practices was identified to ensure reliable quantification of photocatalytic OER, including photoreactor design, photocatalyst dispersion, and control of parasitic reactions caused by the sacrificial electron acceptor. Moreover, a method combining optical modeling and measurements was proposed to quantify the benchmark absorbed and scattered light (7.6% and 81.2%, respectively, of λ = 300-500 nm incident photons), rather than just incident light (≈AM 1.5G), to estimate its internal quantum efficiency (16%). We advocate the adoption of the instrumental and theoretical framework provided here to facilitate material standardization and comparison in the field of artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Vignolo-González
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5–13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Sourav Laha
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Takayoshi Oshima
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Schützendübe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5–13, 81377 München, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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48
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Qi H, Sahabudeen H, Liang B, Položij M, Addicoat MA, Gorelik TE, Hambsch M, Mundszinger M, Park S, Lotsch BV, Mannsfeld SCB, Zheng Z, Dong R, Heine T, Feng X, Kaiser U. Near-atomic-scale observation of grain boundaries in a layer-stacked two-dimensional polymer. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabb5976. [PMID: 32851180 PMCID: PMC7428334 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers hold great promise in the rational materials design tailored for next-generation applications. However, little is known about the grain boundaries in 2D polymers, not to mention their formation mechanisms and potential influences on the material's functionalities. Using aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we present a direct observation of the grain boundaries in a layer-stacked 2D polyimine with a resolution of 2.3 Å, shedding light on their formation mechanisms. We found that the polyimine growth followed a "birth-and-spread" mechanism. Antiphase boundaries implemented a self-correction to the missing-linker and missing-node defects, and tilt boundaries were formed via grain coalescence. Notably, we identified grain boundary reconstructions featuring closed rings at tilt boundaries. Quantum mechanical calculations revealed that boundary reconstruction is energetically allowed and can be generalized into different 2D polymer systems. We envisage that these results may open up the opportunity for future investigations on defect-property correlations in 2D polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hafeesudeen Sahabudeen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Baokun Liang
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Miroslav Položij
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthew A. Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
| | - Tatiana E. Gorelik
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike Hambsch
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuel Mundszinger
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - SangWook Park
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan C. B. Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Renhao Dong
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Research Ecology, Leipzig Research Branch, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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49
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Pütz AM, Terban MW, Bette S, Haase F, Dinnebier RE, Lotsch BV. Total scattering reveals the hidden stacking disorder in a 2D covalent organic framework. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12647-12654. [PMID: 34094458 PMCID: PMC8163241 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between extended π-systems are often invoked as the main driving force for stacking and crystallization of 2D organic polymers. In covalent organic frameworks (COFs), the stacking strongly influences properties such as the accessibility of functional sites, pore geometry, and surface states, but the exact nature of the interlayer interactions is mostly elusive. The stacking mode is often identified as eclipsed based on observed high symmetry diffraction patterns. However, as pointed out by various studies, the energetics of eclipsed stacking are not favorable and offset stacking is preferred. This work presents lower and higher apparent symmetry modifications of the imine-linked TTI-COF prepared through high- and low-temperature reactions. Through local structure investigation by pair distribution function analysis and simulations of stacking disorder, we observe random local layer offsets in the low temperature modification. We show that while stacking disorder can be easily overlooked due to the apparent crystallographic symmetry of these materials, total scattering methods can help clarify this information and suggest that defective local structures could be much more prevalent in COFs than previously thought. A detailed analysis of the local structure helps to improve the search for and design of highly porous tailor-made materials. With total scattering methods and stacking fault simulations, we observe previously predicted random local layer offsets in a COF, which are typically disguised by the apparent crystallographic symmetry but strongly influence properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Pütz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Frederik Haase
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Exzellenzcluster E-conversion Lichtenbergstrasse 4a 85748 Garching Germany
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50
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Gottschling K, Savasci G, Vignolo-González H, Schmidt S, Mauker P, Banerjee T, Rovó P, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Rational Design of Covalent Cobaloxime-Covalent Organic Framework Hybrids for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12146-12156. [PMID: 32564604 PMCID: PMC7366382 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent
organic frameworks (COFs) display a unique combination
of chemical tunability, structural diversity, high porosity, nanoscale
regularity, and thermal stability. Recent efforts are directed at
using such frameworks as tunable scaffolds for chemical reactions.
In particular, COFs have emerged as viable platforms for mimicking
natural photosynthesis. However, there is an indisputable need for
efficient, stable, and economical alternatives for the traditional
platinum-based cocatalysts for light-driven hydrogen evolution. Here,
we present azide-functionalized chloro(pyridine)cobaloxime hydrogen-evolution
cocatalysts immobilized on a hydrazone-based COF-42 backbone that
show improved and prolonged photocatalytic activity with respect to
equivalent physisorbed systems. Advanced solid-state NMR and quantum-chemical
methods allow us to elucidate details of the improved photoreactivity
and the structural composition of the involved active site. We found
that a genuine interaction between the COF backbone and the cobaloxime
facilitates recoordination of the cocatalyst during the photoreaction,
thereby improving the reactivity and hindering degradation of the
catalyst. The excellent stability and prolonged reactivity make the
herein reported cobaloxime-tethered COF materials promising hydrogen
evolution catalysts for future solar fuel technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gottschling
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Hugo Vignolo-González
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sandra Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Mauker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petra Rovó
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4a, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
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