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Osterrieth JWM, Rampersad J, Madden D, Rampal N, Skoric L, Connolly B, Allendorf MD, Stavila V, Snider JL, Ameloot R, Marreiros J, Ania C, Azevedo D, Vilarrasa-Garcia E, Santos BF, Bu XH, Chang Z, Bunzen H, Champness NR, Griffin SL, Chen B, Lin RB, Coasne B, Cohen S, Moreton JC, Colón YJ, Chen L, Clowes R, Coudert FX, Cui Y, Hou B, D'Alessandro DM, Doheny PW, Dincă M, Sun C, Doonan C, Huxley MT, Evans JD, Falcaro P, Ricco R, Farha O, Idrees KB, Islamoglu T, Feng P, Yang H, Forgan RS, Bara D, Furukawa S, Sanchez E, Gascon J, Telalović S, Ghosh SK, Mukherjee S, Hill MR, Sadiq MM, Horcajada P, Salcedo-Abraira P, Kaneko K, Kukobat R, Kenvin J, Keskin S, Kitagawa S, Otake KI, Lively RP, DeWitt SJA, Llewellyn P, Lotsch BV, Emmerling ST, Pütz AM, Martí-Gastaldo C, Padial NM, García-Martínez J, Linares N, Maspoch D, Suárez Del Pino JA, Moghadam P, Oktavian R, Morris RE, Wheatley PS, Navarro J, Petit C, Danaci D, Rosseinsky MJ, Katsoulidis AP, Schröder M, Han X, Yang S, Serre C, Mouchaham G, Sholl DS, Thyagarajan R, Siderius D, Snurr RQ, Goncalves RB, Telfer S, Lee SJ, Ting VP, Rowlandson JL, Uemura T, Iiyuka T, van der Veen MA, Rega D, Van Speybroeck V, Rogge SMJ, Lamaire A, Walton KS, Bingel LW, Wuttke S, Andreo J, Yaghi O, Zhang B, Yavuz CT, Nguyen TS, Zamora F, Montoro C, Zhou H, Kirchon A, Fairen-Jimenez D. How Reproducible are Surface Areas Calculated from the BET Equation? Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2201502. [PMID: 35603497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porosity and surface area analysis play a prominent role in modern materials science. At the heart of this sits the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, which has been a remarkably successful contribution to the field of materials science. The BET method was developed in the 1930s for open surfaces but is now the most widely used metric for the estimation of surface areas of micro- and mesoporous materials. Despite its widespread use, the calculation of BET surface areas causes a spread in reported areas, resulting in reproducibility problems in both academia and industry. To prove this, for this analysis, 18 already-measured raw adsorption isotherms were provided to sixty-one labs, who were asked to calculate the corresponding BET areas. This round-robin exercise resulted in a wide range of values. Here, the reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is demonstrated to be a largely ignored issue, raising critical concerns over the reliability of reported BET areas. To solve this major issue, a new computational approach to accurately and systematically determine the BET area of nanoporous materials is developed. The software, called "BET surface identification" (BETSI), expands on the well-known Rouquerol criteria and makes an unambiguous BET area assignment possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W M Osterrieth
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - James Rampersad
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - David Madden
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Nakul Rampal
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Bethany Connolly
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan L Snider
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Rob Ameloot
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M 2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - João Marreiros
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M 2S), KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Conchi Ania
- CEMHTI, CNRS (UPR 3079), Université d'Orléans, Orléans, 45071, France
| | - Diana Azevedo
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Enrique Vilarrasa-Garcia
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Santos
- LPACO2/GPSA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza (CE), 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ze Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sarah L Griffin
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Banglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0698, USA
| | - Rui-Biao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0698, USA
| | - Benoit Coasne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Seth Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jessica C Moreton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yamil J Colón
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design, Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | | | - Patrick W Doheny
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian Doonan
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael Thomas Huxley
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Raffaele Ricco
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Omar Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Pingyun Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ross S Forgan
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dominic Bara
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Eli Sanchez
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jorge Gascon
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4700, Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvedin Telalović
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 4700, Thuwal-Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujit K Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Matthew R Hill
- CSIRO, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Muhammed Munir Sadiq
- CSIRO, Private Bag 33, Clayton South MDC, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Patricia Horcajada
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, (Móstoles) Madrid, E-28935, Spain
| | - Pablo Salcedo-Abraira
- Advanced Porous Materials Unit (APMU), IMDEA Energy, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, (Móstoles) Madrid, E-28935, Spain
| | - Katsumi Kaneko
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Radovan Kukobat
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Jeff Kenvin
- Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross, GA, 30093, USA
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stephen J A DeWitt
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Emmerling
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander M Pütz
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
| | - Natalia M Padial
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Paterna, València, 46980, Spain
| | - Javier García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, E-03690, Spain
| | - Noemi Linares
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente-Alicante s/n, San Vicente del Raspeig, E-03690, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jose A Suárez Del Pino
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Peyman Moghadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rama Oktavian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Russel E Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Paul S Wheatley
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Jorge Navarro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David Danaci
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Alexandros P Katsoulidis
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Martin Schröder
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xue Han
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sihai Yang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Christian Serre
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Georges Mouchaham
- Institut des Matériaux Poreux de Paris, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - David S Sholl
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Raghuram Thyagarajan
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Daniel Siderius
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8320, USA
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rebecca B Goncalves
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Shane Telfer
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Seok J Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Valeska P Ting
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Jemma L Rowlandson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iiyuka
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Monique A van der Veen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Rega
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, 2629HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Aran Lamaire
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, Zwijnaarde, B-9052, Belgium
| | - Krista S Walton
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Lukas W Bingel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Jacopo Andreo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Omar Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, Kavli Energy Nanoscience Institute at UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Thien S Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Felix Zamora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Montoro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Hongcai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Angelo Kirchon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- The Adsorption & Advanced Materials Laboratory (A 2ML), Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
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