1
|
Wang J, Jin T, Guo L, Li Z, Wang C, Shan S, Tang Q, Pan B, Chen F. Strain effects on catalytic activity and stability of PdM nanoalloys with grain boundaries. RSC Adv 2025; 15:17317-17329. [PMID: 40416638 PMCID: PMC12100472 DOI: 10.1039/d5ra02127h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Formate has emerged as a promising liquid hydrogen carrier for fuel cell applications, yet the kinetic limitations and stability issues of catalysts for formate dehydrogenation (FDH) and oxidation (FOR) remain challenging. Through systematic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we computationally investigated how strain engineering modulates the electronic structure and catalytic behavior of PdM38 and PdM79 nanoalloys (M = Ir/Ag). Our theoretical models revealed that Ir atoms exhibit surface segregation driven by hydrogen/oxygen adsorption, effectively alleviating core lattice strain. Compressive strain was computationally observed to induce a negative shift in the d-band center of surface Pd sites. First-principles calculations identified core-shell PdIr and Janus-type PdAg configurations as optimal candidates, demonstrating enhanced theoretical activity for both FDH and FOR. This improvement was attributed to the elevated hydrogen adsorption free energy at Ir-enriched surfaces. By establishing a correlation between atomic strain, electronic structure, and catalytic descriptors, this computational study provides a theoretical framework for designing strain-engineered Pd-based catalysts, highlighting the critical role of element-specific segregation patterns in optimizing formate-based hydrogen storage systems as a hydrogen carrier and fuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Tao Jin
- Longmen Laboratory Luoyang 471000 China
| | - Longfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Shuang Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Bowei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Fuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang H, Duan P, Zhuang Z, Luo Y, Shen J, Xiong Y, Liu X, Wang D. Understanding the Dynamic Evolution of Active Sites among Single Atoms, Clusters, and Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2415265. [PMID: 39748626 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202415265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Catalysis remains a cornerstone of chemical research, with the active sites of catalysts being crucial for their functionality. Identifying active sites, particularly during the reaction process, is crucial for elucidating the relationship between a catalyst's structure and its catalytic property. However, the dynamic evolution of active sites within heterogeneous metal catalysts presents a substantial challenge for accurately pinpointing the real active sites. The advent of in situ and operando characterization techniques has illuminated the path toward understanding the dynamic changes of active sites, offering robust scientific evidence to support the rational design of catalysts. There is a pressing need for a comprehensive review that systematically explores the dynamic evolution among single atoms, clusters, and nanoparticles as active sites during the reaction process, utilizing in situ and operando characterization techniques. This review aims to delineate the effects of various reaction factors on dynamic evolution of active sites among single atoms, clusters, and nanoparticles. Moreover, several in situ and operando techniques are elaborated with emphases on tracking the dynamic evolution of active sites, linking them to catalytic properties. Finally, it discusses challenges and future perspectives in identifying active sites during the reaction process and advancing in situ and operando characterization techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100094, P. R. China
| | - Zechao Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yaowu Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ji Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuli Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Xiangwen Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100094, P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Wang J, Li R, Guo Q, Zhang Q, He Y, Li Z, Liu W, Liu X, Lu Z. High Oxygen Reduction Efficiency and Durability of Nano-Honeycomb Pt 3(NiFeCo) Replenished by High-Entropy Metallic Glass Support. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2406850. [PMID: 39468903 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202406850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
Developing low-Pt oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts with high efficiency and robustness is critical for practical fuel cells. The most advanced ORR catalysts either feature high percentages of Pt (>70 at.%) or exhibit poor durability when reducing Pt loading. Herein, a multicomponent solid-solution Pt3(FeCoNi) honeycomb nano-framework supported by the specially designed high-entropy metallic glass (MG) is reported for efficient ORR. This hybrid catalyst with a low surface Pt loading of 5.79 µg cm-2 displays exceptional mass and specific activities of 7.02 A mgpt -1 and 8.15 mA cmPt -2 at 0.9 V, respectively, which are ≈15 and 22 times higher compared with commercial Pt/C. The analyses reveal the weakened chemisorption of oxygenated species, which is induced by the strong strain and ligand effects originating from the synergistic multicomponent alloying. This in turn enhances the intrinsic ORR activity. Moreover, benefiting from a unique replenishment behavior, the hybrid catalyst delivers ultra-high durability with negligible activity decay even after 50 000 potential cycles. This mechanism is achieved by sacrificing the interior MG supplementary support to dynamically compensate for the loss of catalytically active surface. The work provides an alternative way to design more efficient and durable low-Pt electrocatalysts for electrochemical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Institute of Clean Energy, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Department of Functional Material Research, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Clean Energy, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qi Guo
- Institute of Clean Energy, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qiqin Zhang
- Institute of Clean Energy, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yi He
- Institute of Clean Energy, Yangtze River Delta Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiongjun Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoping Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhdanov VP. Basics of the reaction kinetics on metallic alloys. Phys Rev E 2024; 110:034804. [PMID: 39425335 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.110.034804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
Kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions are often complicated by various factors, and from the perspective of statistical physics the development of the corresponding models is frequently challenging especially in the case of practically important alloy catalysts. To extend the basics in this area, I use a generic kinetic model of N_{2} formation in the NO reaction with such species as CO or H_{2}. The focus is on the reaction on the surface of a bimetallic alloy with low integral fraction of one of the metals so that the alloy is formed only at the surface. The main goal is to illustrate the specifics of the reaction kinetics and to clarify the accuracy of various approximations which are often inevitable for the analysis of such systems. The key results are as follows. (i) In the baseline one-metal case with the Langmuir-type equations, the model predicts the existence of the optimal adsorbate binding energy corresponding to the maximal reaction rate. (ii) With suitable substitution of the symbols, the equations employed for a uniform surface [item (i)] can be used for the mean-field description of reaction on the surface of a random alloy. In particular, the maximum in the dependence of the reaction rate on the binding energy is converted to the maximum with respect to the alloy composition. (iii) The reaction kinetics on the random-alloy surface have been described exactly. The corresponding maximum in the reaction rate is lower and somewhat smeared compared to that predicted in the mean-field approximation for an alloy or for the optimal monometallic catalyst. (iv) The reaction kinetics have been scrutinized also in the case of two-dimensional (2D) segregation of metal atoms at the surface in the limits of slow and rapid adsorbate diffusion between the spots. The kinetics are shown to be qualitatively different in these limits and also compared to the random-alloy case. (v) The thermodynamic criteria for 2D segregation of metal atoms at the surface have been derived as well.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lan J, Wu H, Yang L, Chen J. The design engineering of nanocatalysts for high power redox flow batteries. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10566-10577. [PMID: 38738335 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00689e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are one of the most promising long-term energy storage technologies which utilize the redox reaction of active species to realize charge and discharge. With the decoupled power and energy components, RFBs exhibit high battery pile construction flexibility and long lifespan. However, the inherent slow electrochemical kinetics of the current widely applied redox active species severely impedes the power output of RFBs. Developing high performance electrocatalysts for these redox active species would boost the power output and energy efficiency of RFBs. Here, we present a critical review of nanoelectrocatalysts to improve the sluggish kinetics of different redox active species, mainly including the chemical components, structure and integration methods. The relationship between the physicochemical properties of nanoelectrocatalysts and the power output of RFBs is highlighted. Finally, the future design of nanoelectrocatalysts for commercial RFBs is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinji Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Huilei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Jiajia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChem), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu J, Wang R, Kang Y, Li J, Hao Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Gong M. Regulating Lateral Adsorbate Interaction for Efficient Electroreforming of Bio-polyols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403466. [PMID: 38451163 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Tailoring the selectivity at the electrode-electrolyte interface is one of the greatest challenges for heterogeneous electrocatalysis, and complementary strategies to catalyst structural designs need to be developed. Herein, we proposed a new strategy of controlling the electrocatalytic pathways by lateral adsorbate interaction for the bio-polyol oxidation. Redox-innocent 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) anion possesses the alcoholic property that facilely adsorbs on the nickel oxyhydroxide catalyst, but is resistant to oxidation due to the electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups. The alien HFIP adsorbents can compete with bio-polyols and form a mixed adsorbate layer that creates lateral adsorbate interaction via hydrogen bonding, which achieved a >2-fold enhancement of the oxalate selectivity to 55 % for the representative glycerol oxidation and can be extended to various bio-polyol substrates. Through in situ spectroscopic analysis and DFT calculation on the glycerol oxidation, we reveal that the hydrogen-bonded adsorbate interaction can effectively tune the adsorption energies and tailor the oxidation capabilities toward the targeted products. This work offers an additional perspective of tuning electrocatalytic reactions via introducing redox-innocent adsorbates to create lateral adsorbate interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials Electric Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yikun Kang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jili Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yaming Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yefei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhipan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang H, Tan M, Hu L, Gui R, Liu X, Zhang X, Sun Z, Cao L, Yao T. Uncovering Structural Evolution during the Dealloying Process in Pt-Based Oxygen-Reduction Catalyst. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3071-3077. [PMID: 38466813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive understanding toward the dealloying process is crucial for designing alloy catalysts employed in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the specific leaching procedure and subsequent reconstruction of the dealloyed catalyst still remain unclear. Herein, we employ in situ X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to monitor the dealloying process of a two-dimensional PtTe ordered alloy, known for its enhanced ORR activity. Our findings reveal the unsynchronous evolutions of Pt and Te sites, wherein the Pt component undergoes a structural transformation prior to the complete leaching of Te, leading to the formation of a defect-rich Pt catalyst. This dealloyed catalyst exhibits a significant enhancement in ORR activity, featuring a half-wave potential of 0.90 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and a mass activity of 0.62 A mgPt-1, outperforming the performance of commercial Pt/C counterpart. This in-depth understanding of the dealloying mechanism enriches our knowledge for the development of high-performance Pt-based alloy catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Minyuan Tan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Renjie Gui
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Cao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu H, Sun F, Yang L, Chen M, Wang H. Gaining insight into the impact of electronic property and interface electrostatic field on ORR kinetics in alloy engineering via theoretical prognostication and experimental validation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:890-900. [PMID: 37634362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Alloy engineering has been utilized as a potent strategy to modulate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity. However, the regulatory mechanism underpinning the ORR kinetics by means of alloy engineering is still shrouded in ambiguity. This work places emphasis on the kinetics of the ORR concerning Pt3M (M = Cr, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, and Ir) catalysts, and integrates theoretical prognostication and experimental validation to illuminate the fundamental principles of alloy engineering. The ORR kinetic activity, as prognosticated by theory, shows significant agreement with experimental results, provided that the rate-determining step (RDS) accounts for a dominant role in the potential-independent kinetic mechanism. In essence, alloy engineering manipulates electronic properties through electron transfer to modulate intermediate adsorption and adjusts the interface electric field (Efield) to regulate hydrogen atom transport, ultimately influencing kinetics. The Efield holds greater significance in ORR kinetics compared to the intermediate adsorption (EadsO), the corresponding degrees of correlation with free energy barriers (Ea) of RDS are -0.89, and 0.75, respectively. This work highlights the nature of alloy engineering for ORR kinetics modulation and assists in the design of efficient catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Southern University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fengman Sun
- Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Southern University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Southern University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Southern University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Haijiang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies (Southern University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|