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Garg A, Haswell A, Hopkinson MN. C-F Bond Insertion: An Emerging Strategy for Constructing Fluorinated Molecules. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304229. [PMID: 38270496 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
C-F Insertion reactions, where an organic fragment formally inserts into a carbon-fluorine bond in a substrate, are highly attractive, yet largely unexplored, methods to prepare valuable fluorinated molecules. The inherent strength of C-F bonds and the resulting need for a large thermodynamic driving force to initiate C-F cleavage often leads to sequestering of the released fluoride in an unreactive by-product. Recently, however, several groups have succeeded in overcoming this challenge, opening up the study of C-F insertion as an efficient and highly atom-economical approach to prepare fluorinated compounds. In this article, the recent breakthroughs are discussed focusing on the key conceptual advances that allowed for both C-F bond cleavage and subsequent incorporation of the released fluoride into the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Garg
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Haswell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew N Hopkinson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, NE1 7RU, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Schmitt HL, Martymianov D, Green O, Delcaillau T, Park Kim YS, Morandi B. Regiodivergent Ring-Expansion of Oxindoles to Quinolinones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4301-4308. [PMID: 38335924 PMCID: PMC10885155 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The development of divergent methods to expedite structure-activity relationship studies is crucial to streamline discovery processes. We developed a rare example of regiodivergent ring expansion to access two regioisomers from a common starting material. To enable this regiodivergence, we identified two distinct reaction conditions for transforming oxindoles into quinolinone isomers. The presented methods proved to be compatible with a variety of functional groups, which enabled the late-stage diversification of bioactive oxindoles as well as facilitated the synthesis of quinolinone drugs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik L Schmitt
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Den Martymianov
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ori Green
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tristan Delcaillau
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Young Seo Park Kim
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Vogel J, Miller KF, Shin E, Krussman JM, Melvin PR. Expanded Access to Fluoroformamidines via a Modular Synthetic Pathway. Org Lett 2024; 26:1277-1281. [PMID: 38323858 PMCID: PMC10877594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Fluoroformamidines are an underutilized and understudied functional group despite combining two of the most highly prized elements in drug design: nitrogen and fluorine. We report a practical and modular synthesis of fluoroformamidines via the rearrangement of in situ-generated amidoximes. High yields in just 60 s at room temperature highlight the efficiency of this protocol. Furthermore, fluoroformamidines proved to be useful intermediates in the synthesis of diverse ureas and carbamimidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
A. Vogel
- Department
of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
| | - Kirya F. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
| | - Eunjeong Shin
- Department
of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
| | - Jenna M. Krussman
- Department
of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
| | - Patrick R. Melvin
- Department
of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, United States
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4
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Farley SES, Mulryan D, Rekhroukh F, Phanopoulos A, Crimmin MR. Catalytic HF Shuttling between Fluoroalkanes and Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202317550. [PMID: 38069591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report BF3 ⋅ OEt2 as a catalyst to shuttle equivalents of HF from a fluoroalkane to an alkyne. Reactions of terminal and internal aliphatic alkynes led to formation of difluoroalkane products, while diarylalkynes can be selectively converted into fluoroalkenes. The method tolerates numerous sensitive functional groups including halogen, protected amine, ester and thiophene substituents. Mechanistic studies (DFT, probe experiments) suggest the catalyst is involved in both the defluorination and fluorination steps, with BF3 acting as a Lewis acid and OEt2 a weak Lewis base that mediates proton transfer. In certain cases, the interconversion of fluoroalkene and difluoroalkane products was found to be reversible. The new catalytic system was applied to demonstrate proof-of-concept recycling of poly(vinylidene difluoride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E S Farley
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Mulryan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Feriel Rekhroukh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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5
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Yu X, Maity A, Studer A. Cooperative Photoredox and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Fluoroaroylation for the Synthesis of α-Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310288. [PMID: 37812525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
α-Trifluoromethylated ketones have attracted significant attention as valuable building blocks in organic synthesis. Such compounds are generally accessed through trifluoromethylation of ketones. Here we report an alternative disconnection approach for the construction of α-CF3 carbonyl compounds by using aroyl fluorides as bifunctional reagents for fluoroaroylation of gem-difluoroalkenes through cooperative photoredox and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis. This strategy bypasses the use of expensive or sensitive trifluoromethylation reagents and/or the requirement for ketone pre-functionalization, thus enabling an efficient and general synthetic method to access α-CF3 -substituted ketones. A wide variety of gem-difluoroalkenes and aroyl fluorides bearing a diverse set of functional groups are eligible substrates. Notably, the developed methodology also provides rapid access to mono- or difluoroalkyl ketones. Mechanistic studies reveal that merging photoredox catalysis with NHC catalysis is essential for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Yu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anirban Maity
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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6
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Cho H, Jang S, Lee K, Cha D, Min SJ. Visible-Light-Induced DDQ-Catalyzed Fluorocarbamoylation Using CF 3SO 2Na and Oxygen. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37987781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbamoyl fluorides via visible-light induced DDQ catalysis of secondary amines is described. This protocol employs sodium trifluorosulfinate and molecular oxygen for the in situ generation of carbonyl difluoride, which is reacted with amines to afford the corresponding carbamoyl fluorides efficiently. Moreover, carbamoyl fluorides are easily transformed to synthetically useful carbonyl compounds under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Cho
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonga Jang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangjoo Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohoon Cha
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea
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7
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Cadwallader D, Shevchuk D, Tiburcio TR, Le CM. Fluoride-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Carbamoyl Fluorides and Alkynylsilanes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7369-7373. [PMID: 37767985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of alkynamides via the cross-coupling of carbamoyl fluorides and alkynylsilanes catalyzed by tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). In contrast to previously reported transformations of carbamoyl fluorides, C-F bond cleavage is achieved under exceptionally mild conditions (room temperature, low catalyst loadings, and short reaction times) without the need for strongly nucleophilic reagents and/or catalysts. This method offers distinct advantages over transition-metal-catalyzed approaches, such as tolerance to aryl halide moieties and complementary chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusty Cadwallader
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dmytro Shevchuk
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Tristan R Tiburcio
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Christine M Le
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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Mancinelli JP, Kong WY, Guo W, Tantillo DJ, Wilkerson-Hill SM. Borane-Catalyzed C-F Bond Functionalization of gem-Difluorocyclopropenes Enables the Synthesis of Orphaned Cyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17389-17397. [PMID: 37494703 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose an approach to synthesize tert-alkyl cyclopropanes by leveraging C-F bond functionalization of gem-difluorocyclopropenes using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane catalysis. The reaction proceeds through the intermediacy of a fluorocyclopropenium ion, which was confirmed by the isolation of [Ph2(C6D5)C3]+[(C6F5)3BF]-. We found that silylketene acetal nucleophiles were optimal reaction partners with fluorocyclopropenium ion intermediates yielding fully substituted cyclopropenes functionalized with two α-tert-alkyl centers (63-93% yield). The regioselectivity of the addition to cyclopropenium ions is controlled by their steric and electronic properties and enables access to 3,3-bis(difluoromethyl)cyclopropenes in short order. The resulting cyclopropene products are readily reduced to the corresponding orphaned cyclopropanes under hydrogenation conditions. Quantum chemical calculations reveal the nature of the C-F bond cleavage steps and provide evidence for catalysis by boron and not silylated oxonium ions, though Si-F bond formation is the enthalpic driving force for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Mancinelli
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Wang-Yeuk Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Wentao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sidney M Wilkerson-Hill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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