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Lebel H, Rochefort D, Lai C, Boulanger T, Debiais A, Hamlet L, Maleki M, Goulet MA. 4,4'-Hydrazobis(1-methylpyridinium) as a Two-Electron Posolyte Molecule for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:17555-17560. [PMID: 40357731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5c03524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are a safe and sustainable solution for the storage of intermittent renewable energy. While several highly soluble two-electron organic molecule negolytes have been developed for AORFBs, most reported organic posolyte species exchange only one electron. Herein, readily available 4,4'-hydrazobis(1-methylpyridinium) dichloride (HydBPyMeCl) is described as a novel two-electron posolyte molecule for AORFBs. The synthesis of HydBPyMeCl was accomplished by a three-step process, yielding multiple grams of the compound. HydBPyMeCl exhibited a reversible two-electron transfer at high redox potential (+0.64 V vs Ag/AgCl reference electrode, pH = 0). When evaluated at 1 M concentration and low pH (2 M HCl) with V3+/V2+ on the negative side, HydBPyMeCl showed high stability. A capacity retention of 99.997% per cycle (99.980% per day measured over 70 days) was achieved, coupled with a high volumetric specific capacity of 47.1 Ah/L (87.2% of capacity utilization at 80 mA/cm2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Lebel
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials, Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Dominic Rochefort
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials, Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Calvine Lai
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials, Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Thomas Boulanger
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials, Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Alizée Debiais
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials, Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Louis Hamlet
- Département de Chimie, Center for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials, Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centreville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - Meysam Maleki
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1M8
| | - Marc-Antoni Goulet
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1M8
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2
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Ahn S, Yun A, Ko D, Singh V, Joo JM, Byon HR. Organic redox flow batteries in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Chem Soc Rev 2025; 54:742-789. [PMID: 39601089 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are gaining significant attention due to the growing demand for sustainable energy storage solutions. In contrast to conventional aqueous vanadium RFBs, which have a restricted voltage range resulting from the use of water and vanadium, the utilization of redox-active organic molecules (ROMs) as active materials broadens the range of applicable liquid media to include non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. The extended voltage range of non-aqueous media, exceeding 2 V, facilitates the establishment of high-energy storage systems. Additionally, considering the higher cost of non-aqueous solvents compared to water, the objective in developing non-aqueous electrolyte solution-based organic RFBs (NRFBs) is to efficiently install these systems in a compact manner and explore unique applications distinct from those associated with aqueous RFBs, which are typically deployed for grid-scale energy storage systems. This review presents recent research progress in ROMs, electrolytes, and membranes in NRFBs. Furthermore, we address the prevailing challenges that require revolution, encompassing a narrow cell voltage range, insufficient solubility, chemical instability, and the crossover of ROMs. Through this exploration, the review contributes to the understanding of the current landscape and potential advancements in NRFB technology and encourages researchers and professionals in the energy field to explore this emerging technology as a potential solution to global environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ariyeong Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghwi Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Mahoney E, Boudjelel M, Shavel H, Krzyaniak MD, Wasielewski MR, Malapit CA. Triphenylphosphine Oxide-Derived Anolyte for Application in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Battery. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:1381-1386. [PMID: 39772556 PMCID: PMC11744756 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 12/07/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Recent advances in redox flow batteries have made them a viable option for grid-scale energy storage, however they exhibit low energy density. One way to boost energy density is by increasing the cell potential using a nonaqueous system. Molecular engineering has proven to be an effective strategy to develop redox-active compounds with extreme potentials but these are usually challenged by resource sustainability of the newly developed redox materials. Here, we investigate the utility of phosphine oxides as anolytes with extremely negative potentials. Specifically, we found that cyclic triphenylphosphine oxide (CPO), has a highly negative potential (-2.4 V vs Fc/Fc+). Importantly, CPO is synthesized from triphenylphosphine oxide, a common industrial chemical waste with no commercial value. Structural and electrochemical characterization of the reduced radical anion showed that enhanced stability is due to cyclization or extended pi-conjugation. Importantly, mechanistic investigation into the decomposition of CPO under various solvents and electrochemical conditions allowed us to utilize an acetonitrile/DMF binary solvent system to enable a long-lived anolyte which exhibited no fade over 350 cycles. In summary, this work led to the development of a waste-derived cyclic phosphine oxide that exhibits excellent cycling stability making it an ideal anolyte toward the development of energy-dense RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily
R. Mahoney
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological
Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maxime Boudjelel
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological
Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Henry Shavel
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological
Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D. Krzyaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological
Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Paula
M. Trienens Institute of Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological
Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Paula
M. Trienens Institute of Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Technological
Institute, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Paula
M. Trienens Institute of Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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4
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Chung HT, Schramm TK, Head-Gordon M, Shee J, Toste FD. Regioisomeric Engineering for Multicharge and Spin Stabilization in Two-Electron Organic Catholytes. J Am Chem Soc 2025; 147:2115-2128. [PMID: 39746122 PMCID: PMC11745167 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Revised: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Developing multicharge and spin stabilization strategies is fundamental to enhancing the lifetime of functional organic materials, particularly for long-term energy storage in multiredox organic redox flow batteries. Current approaches are limited to the incorporation of electronic substituents to increase or decrease the overall electron density or bulky substituents to sterically shield reactive sites. With the aim to further expand the molecular toolbox for charge and spin stabilization, we introduce regioisomerism as a scaffold-diversifying design element that considers the collective and cumulative electronic and steric contributions from all of the substituents based on their relative regioisomeric arrangements. Through a systematic study of regioisomers of near-planar aromatic cyclic triindoles and nonplanar nonaromatic cyclic tetraindoles, we demonstrate that this regioisomeric engineering strategy significantly enhances the H-cell cycling stability in the above two new classes of 2e- catholytes, even when current strategies failed to stabilize the multicharged species. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the strategy operates by redistributing the charge and spin densities while highlighting the role of aromaticity in charge stabilization. The most stable 2e- catholyte candidate was paired with a viologen derivative anolyte to achieve a proof-of-concept all-organic flow battery with 1.26-1.49 V, 98% capacity retention, and only 0.0117% fade/h and 0.00563% fade/cycle over 400 cycles (192 h), which is the highest capacity retention ever reported over 400 cycles in a multielectron all-organic flow battery setup. We anticipate regioisomeric engineering to be a promising strategy complementary to conventional electronic and steric approaches for multicharge and spin stabilization in other functional organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. T.
Katie Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Tim K. Schramm
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James Shee
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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5
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Sadykhov GA, Belyaev DV, Khramtsova EE, Vakhrusheva DV, Krasnoborova SY, Dianov DV, Pervova MG, Rusinov GL, Verbitskiy EV, Charushin VN. 4-Alkyl-4 H-thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3- b]quinoxaline Derivatives as New Heterocyclic Analogues of Indolo[2,3- b]quinoxalines: Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:369. [PMID: 39796223 PMCID: PMC11720412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26010369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 12/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/01/2025] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
The synthetic approach based on a sequence of Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling and annulation through intramolecular oxidative cyclodehydrogenation has been used for the construction of novel 4-alkyl-4H-thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline derivatives. For the first time, these polycyclic compounds were evaluated for antimycobacterial activity, including extensively drug-resistant strains. A reasonable bacteriostatic effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv was demonstrated. A plausible mechanism for antimycobacterial activity of heterocyclic analogues of indolo[2,3-b]quinoxalines has been advanced on the basis of their molecular docking data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gusein A. Sadykhov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoy Street, 22, Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia (D.V.B.); (M.G.P.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Mira Street, 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Danila V. Belyaev
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoy Street, 22, Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia (D.V.B.); (M.G.P.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology—The Branch of National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infection Diseases, 22 Parts’ezda Street, 50, Ekaterinburg 620039, Russia; (D.V.V.); (S.Y.K.); (D.V.D.)
| | | | - Diana V. Vakhrusheva
- Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology—The Branch of National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infection Diseases, 22 Parts’ezda Street, 50, Ekaterinburg 620039, Russia; (D.V.V.); (S.Y.K.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Svetlana Yu. Krasnoborova
- Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology—The Branch of National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infection Diseases, 22 Parts’ezda Street, 50, Ekaterinburg 620039, Russia; (D.V.V.); (S.Y.K.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Dmitry V. Dianov
- Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology—The Branch of National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infection Diseases, 22 Parts’ezda Street, 50, Ekaterinburg 620039, Russia; (D.V.V.); (S.Y.K.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Marina G. Pervova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoy Street, 22, Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia (D.V.B.); (M.G.P.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
| | - Gennady L. Rusinov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoy Street, 22, Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia (D.V.B.); (M.G.P.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Ural Research Institute for Phthisiopulmonology—The Branch of National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infection Diseases, 22 Parts’ezda Street, 50, Ekaterinburg 620039, Russia; (D.V.V.); (S.Y.K.); (D.V.D.)
| | - Egor V. Verbitskiy
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoy Street, 22, Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia (D.V.B.); (M.G.P.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Mira Street, 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Valery N. Charushin
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoy Street, 22, Ekaterinburg 620137, Russia (D.V.B.); (M.G.P.); (G.L.R.); (V.N.C.)
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Mira Street, 19, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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6
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Banjare SK, Lezius L, Horst ES, Leifert D, Daniliuc CG, Alasmary FA, Studer A. Thermal and Photoinduced Radical Cascade Annulation using Aryl Isonitriles: An Approach to Quinoline-Derived Benzophosphole Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404275. [PMID: 38687058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a radical cascade addition cyclization sequence to access quinoline-based benzophosphole oxides from ortho-alkynylated aromatic phosphine oxides using various aryl isonitriles as radical acceptors and inexpensive tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a terminal oxidant in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver acetate. Alternatively, the same cascade can be realized through a sustainable photochemical approach utilizing 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as an organic photocatalyst at room temperature. The introduced modular approach shows broad functional group tolerance and offers straightforward access to complex P,N-containing polyheterocyclic arenes. These novel π-extended benzophosphole oxides exhibit interesting photophysical and electrochemical properties such as absorption in the visible region, emission and reversible reduction at low potentials, which makes them promising for potential materials science applications. The photophysical properties can further be tuned by the addition of external Lewis and Brønsted acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kumar Banjare
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Lezius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elena S Horst
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fatmah A Alasmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Chemistry Department, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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7
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Varenikov A, Gandelman M, Sigman MS. Development of Modular Nitrenium Bipolar Electrolytes for Possible Applications in Symmetric Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19474-19488. [PMID: 38963077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Amid the escalating integration of renewable energy sources, the demand for grid energy storage solutions, including non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries (oRFBs), has become ever more pronounced. oRFBs face a primary challenge of irreversible capacity loss attributed to the crossover of redox-active materials between half-cells. A possible solution for the crossover challenge involves utilization of bipolar electrolytes that act as both the catholyte and anolyte. Identifying such molecules poses several challenges as it requires a delicate balance between the stability of both oxidation states and energy density, which is influenced by the separation between the two redox events. We report the development of a diaminotriazolium redox-active core capable of producing two electronically distinct persistent radical species with typically extreme reduction potentials (E1/2red < -2 V, E1/2ox > +1 V, vs Fc0/+) and up to 3.55 V separation between the two redox events. Structure-property optimization studies allowed us to identify factors responsible for fine-tuning of potentials for both redox events, as well as separation between them. Mechanistic studies revealed two primary decomposition pathways for the neutral radical charged species and one for the radical biscation. Additionally, statistical modeling provided evidence for the molecular descriptors to allow identification of the structural features responsible for stability of radical species and to propose more stable analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Varenikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mark Gandelman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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8
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Burghoff A, Holubowitch NE. Critical Roles of pH and Activated Carbon on the Speciation and Performance of an Archetypal Organometallic Complex for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9728-9740. [PMID: 38535624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A lack of suitable high-potential catholytes hinders the development of aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) for large-scale energy storage. Hydrolysis of the charged (oxidized) catholyte typically occurs when its redox potential approaches that of water, with a negative impact on battery performance. Here, we elucidate and address such behavior for a representative iron-based organometallic complex, showing that the associated voltage and capacity losses can be curtailed by several simple means. We discovered that addition of activated carbon cloth (ACC) to the reservoir of low-cost, high-potential [Fe(bpy)3]2+/3+ catholyte-limited aqueous redox flow batteries extends their lifetime and boosts discharge voltage─two typically orthogonal performance metrics. Similar effects are observed when the catholyte's graphite felt electrode is electrochemically oxidized (overcharged) and by modifying the catholyte solution's pH, which was monitored in situ for all flow batteries. Modulation of solution pH alters hydrolytic speciation of the charged catholyte from the typical dimeric species μ-O-[FeIII(bpy)2(H2O)]24+, converting it to a higher-potential μ-dihydroxo form, μ-[FeIII(bpy)2(H2O)(OH)]24+, at lower pH. The existence of free bpyH22+ at low pH is found to strongly correlate with battery degradation. Near-neutral-pH RFBs employing a viologen anolyte, (SPr)2V, in excess with the [Fe(bpy)3]2+/3+ catholyte containing ACC exhibited high-voltage discharge for up to 600 cycles (41 days) with no discernible capacity fade. Correlating pH and voltage data offers powerful fundamental insight into organometallic (electro)chemistry with potential utility beyond battery applications. The findings, with implications toward a host of other "near-neutral" active species, illuminate the critical and underappreciated role of electrolyte pH on intracycle and long-term aqueous flow battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Burghoff
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University─Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Nicolas E Holubowitch
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
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9
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Pancoast AR, McCormack SL, Galinat S, Walser-Kuntz R, Jett BM, Sanford MS, Sigman MS. Data science enabled discovery of a highly soluble 2,2'-bipyrimidine anolyte for application in a flow battery. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13734-13742. [PMID: 38075655 PMCID: PMC10699568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04084d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of non-aqueous redox flow batteries as a viable energy storage solution relies upon the identification of soluble charge carriers capable of storing large amounts of energy over extended time periods. A combination of metrics including number of electrons stored per molecule, redox potential, stability, and solubility of the charge carrier impact performance. In this context, we recently reported a 2,2'-bipyrimidine charge carrier that stores two electrons per molecule with reduction near -2.0 V vs. Fc/Fc+ and high stability. However, these first-generation derivatives showed a modest solubility of 0.17 M (0.34 M e-). Seeking to improve solubility without sacrificing stability, we harnessed the synthetic modularity of this scaffold to design a library of sixteen candidates. Using computed molecular descriptors and a single node decision tree, we found that minimization of the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) can be used to predict derivatives with enhanced solubility. This parameter was used in combination with a heatmap describing stability to de-risk a virtual screen that ultimately identified a 2,2'-bipyrimidine with significantly increased solubility and good stability metrics in the reduced states. This molecule was paired with a cyclopropenium catholyte in a prototype all-organic redox flow battery, achieving a cell potential up to 3 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Pancoast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Sara L McCormack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Shelby Galinat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Ryan Walser-Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Brianna M Jett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research 9700 S. Cass Avenue Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
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