1
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Sutton AT, Rustandi RR. Determining the Oxidation Mechanism through Radical Intermediates in Polysorbates 80 and 20 by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:233. [PMID: 38399448 PMCID: PMC10892813 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysorbates 20 and 80 (PS20 and PS80) are added to many commercial biologic and vaccine pharmaceuticals. It is commonly known that these polysorbates undergo a radical oxidation mechanism; however, the identity of these radical intermediates has not been clearly determined. Furthermore, PS20 and PS80 differ by the presence of a lauric acid instead of an oleic acid, respectively. The oxidation of PS80 is thought to be centered around the double bond of the oleic acid even though PS20 also undergoes oxidation, making the mechanism of oxidation unclear for PS20. Using commercial stocks of PS20 and PS80 alkyl (R•), alkoxyl (C-O•) and peroxyl (C-OO•) radicals were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy likely originating from radical-initiating species already present in the material. When dissolved in water, the peroxyl radicals (C-OO•) originally in the stocks were not detected but poly(ethylene oxide) radicals were. An oxidative pathway for polysorbates was suggested based on the radical species identified in the polysorbate stock material and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Sutton
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA;
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2
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He J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Ju Y, He Y, Jiang Y, Jiang J. Interfacial Extraction to Trap and Characterize the Criegee Intermediates from Phospholipid Ozonolysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5018-5023. [PMID: 36840931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Criegee intermediates (CIs) play a significant role in cell membrane peroxidation, but their identification remains elusive at the molecular level. Herein, we combined interfacial extraction and sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry to study the oxidation reaction of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (POPG) mediated by ozone (O3) at/near the surface of a hung water droplet. On-line interfacial extraction and ionization provided a snapshot of the short-lived CIs. Experiments in which the content of water was varied provided evidence for the formation of CIs, which has not been previously observed. Capture experiments using 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) indicated that CIs could be selectively characterized, and the extracted ion current (EICs) of CIs vs DMPO-CI adducts further confirmed the successful observation of CIs. Theoretical calculation suggested that surface ozonolysis of POPG was mainly mediated by anti-CI. These results open a new route for aqueous surface reactive species identification, and benefit toward the understanding of disease development associated with cell oxidative stress mediated by CIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, China
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3
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Berruti I, López MIP, Oller I, Laurenti E, Minella M, Calza P. The reactivity of peroxymonosulfate towards sulfamethoxazole. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Campbell SJ, Wolfer K, Gallimore PJ, Giorio C, Häussinger D, Boillat MA, Kalberer M. Characterization and Quantification of Particle-Bound Criegee Intermediates in Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12945-12954. [PMID: 36054832 PMCID: PMC9494744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ozonolysis of alkenes contributes substantially to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which are important modulators of air quality and the Earth's climate. Criegee intermediates (CIs) are abundantly formed through this reaction. However, their contributions to aerosol particle chemistry remain highly uncertain. In this work, we present the first application of a novel methodology, using spin traps, which simultaneously quantifies CIs produced from the ozonolysis of volatile organic compounds in the gas and particle phases. Only the smallest CI with one carbon atom was detected in the gas phase of a β-caryophyllene ozonolysis reaction system. However, multiple particle-bound CIs were observed in β-caryophyllene SOA. The concentration of the most abundant CI isomer in the particle phase was estimated to constitute ∼0.013% of the SOA mass under atmospherically relevant conditions. We also demonstrate that the lifetime of CIs in highly viscous SOA particles is at least on the order of minutes, substantially greater than their gas-phase lifetime. The confirmation of substantial concentrations of large CIs with elongated lifetimes in SOA raises new questions regarding their influence on the chemical evolution of viscous SOA particles, where CIs may be a previously underestimated source of reactive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Campbell
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Kate Wolfer
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Gallimore
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PS, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Aurèle Boillat
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, Basel 4056, Switzerland
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5
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He J, Zhang H, Wang W, Ma Y, Yang M, He Y, Liu Z, Yu K, Jiang J. Probing autoxidation of oleic acid at air-water interface: A neglected and significant pathway for secondary organic aerosols formation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113232. [PMID: 35398317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids have been proposed to be a potential source of precursors for SOAs, but the autoxidation process was neglected in the oxidation studies. Here, the autoxidation of oleic acid was explored using microdroplet mass spectrometry. Bulk solution, concentration and solvent composition experiments provided direct evidences for that the autoxidation occurred at or near the air-water interface. The kinetic data showed an acceleration at this interface and was comparable to ozonation, indicating that autoxidation is an important pathway for SOAs formation. In addition, intermediates/products were captured and identified using tandem mass spectrometry, spin-trapping and quenched agents. The autoxidation mechanism was divided into addition intermediates (AIs) and Criegee intermediates (CIs) pathways mediated by hydroxyl radicals (OH). The CI chemistry which is ubiquitous in gas phase was observed at the air-water interface, and this leaded to the mass/volume loss of aerosols. Inversely, the AI chemistry caused the increase of mass, density and hygroscopicity of aerosols. AI chemistry was dominated compared to CI chemistry, but varied by concerning aerosol sizes, ultraviolet light (UV) and charge. Moreover, the MS approach of selectively probing the interfacial substances at the scale of sub-seconds opens new opportunities to study heterogeneous chemistry in atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China.
| | - Wenxin Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Yingxue Ma
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Yuwei He
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, PR China.
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6
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Xu Q, Leng H, You H, Wang S, Li H, Yu Y. A novel co-catalyzed system between persulfate and chlorite by sonolysis for removing triphenylmethane derivative. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 112:291-306. [PMID: 34955213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylmethane (tpm) derivatives (e.g. tpmCV) have threatened the safety of the aquatic environment due to the potential toxicity and carcinogenicity. In this study, the novel ultrasonic/persulfate/chlorite (US/S2O82-/ClO2-) oxidation process was developed for the effective removal of tpmCV in wastewater. The apparent non-integer kinetics (n around 1.20) of tpmCV degradation under different factors (R2Adj > 0.990) were investigated, respectively. Inhibiting effects of anions were greater than those of cations (except Fe(II/III)). The adding of micromolecule organic acids could regulate degradation towards positive direction. The double response surface methodology (RSM) was designed to optimize tpmCV removal process, and the acoustic-piezoelectric interaction was simulated to determine the propagation process of acoustic wave in the reactor. The possible degradation pathway was explored to mainly include carbonylation, carboxylation, and demethylation. The estimated effective-mean temperature at the bubble-water interface was calculated from 721 to 566 K after introducing the ClO2-, however, the adsorption or partitioning capacity of tpmCV in the reactive zone was widened from 0.0218 to 0.0982. The proposed co-catalysis of US/S2O82-/ClO2- was based on the determined active species mainly including ClO2, SO4⋅-, and ⋅OH. Compared with other US-based processes, the operating cost (3.97 $/m3) of US/S2O82-/ClO2- with the EE/O value (16.8 kWh/m3) was relatively reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haoran Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Shutao Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Haoyang Li
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yibo Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
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7
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Nyamwihura RJ, Ogungbe IV. The pinene scaffold: its occurrence, chemistry, synthetic utility, and pharmacological importance. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11346-11375. [PMID: 35425061 PMCID: PMC9003397 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the utility of pinene in the synthetic building block and as reagent in asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogers J. Nyamwihura
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 John R. Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 John R. Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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8
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Barber VP, Kroll JH. Chemistry of Functionalized Reactive Organic Intermediates in the Earth's Atmosphere: Impact, Challenges, and Progress. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10264-10279. [PMID: 34846877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase oxidation of organic compounds is an important chemical process in the Earth's atmosphere. It governs oxidant levels and controls the production of key secondary pollutants, and hence has major implications for air quality and climate. Organic oxidation is largely controlled by the chemistry of a few reactive intermediates, namely, alkyl (R) radicals, alkoxy (RO) radicals, peroxy (RO2) radicals, and carbonyl oxides (R1R2COO), which may undergo a number of unimolecular and bimolecular reactions. Our understanding of these intermediates, and the reaction pathways available to them, is based largely on studies of unfunctionalized intermediates, formed in the first steps of hydrocarbon oxidation. However, it has become increasingly clear that intermediates with functional groups, which are generally formed later in the oxidation process, can exhibit fundamentally different reactivity than unfunctionalized ones. In this Perspective, we explore the unique chemistry available to functionalized organic intermediates in the Earth's atmosphere. After a brief review of the canonical chemistry available to unfunctionalized intermediates, we discuss how the addition of functional groups can introduce new reactions, either by changing the energetics or kinetics of a given reaction or by opening up new chemical pathways. We then provide examples of atmospheric reaction classes that are available only to functionalized intermediates. Some of these, such as unimolecular H-shift reactions of RO2 radicals, have been elucidated only relatively recently, and can have important impacts on atmospheric chemistry (e.g., on radical cycling or organic aerosol formation); it seems likely that other, as-yet undiscovered reactions of (multi)functional intermediates may also exist. We discuss the challenges associated with the study of the chemistry of such intermediates and review novel experimental and theoretical approaches that have recently provided (or hold promise for providing) new insights into their atmospheric chemistry. The continued use and development of such techniques and the close collaboration between experimentalists and theoreticians are necessary for a complete, detailed understanding of the chemistry of functionalized intermediates and their impact on major atmospheric chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P Barber
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Xu Q, Zhang H, Leng H, You H, Jia Y, Wang S. Ultrasonic role to activate persulfate/chlorite with foamed zero-valent-iron: Sonochemical applications and induced mechanisms. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 78:105750. [PMID: 34544014 PMCID: PMC8455865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The novel system, consisting of composite oxidants (persulfate/chlorite, S2O82-/ClO2-) and stationary phase activator (zero-valent-iron foam, Fe0f) driven by ultrasonic (US) field, was applied to treat the triphenylmethane derivative effectively even at low temperature (≈ 289 K). By comparisons of sub-systems, the US roles to S2O82-, ClO2-, and Fe0f were seriatim analyzed. US made the reaction order of multi-component system tend to within 1 (leading to de-order reaction), and widened pH activating range of the Fe0f by sonicate-polishing during the process of ClO2- co-activating S2O82-. US and Fe0f were affected by fluid eddy on activating S2O82-/ClO2-. The Fe0f had slight effect on the temperature of US bubble-water interface but the addition of ClO2- lowered it. The partitioning capacity of the above US reactive zone increased during the reaction. US and ClO2- could enrich the kinds of degradation intermediates. The contributions of free radicals (ClOx-based radicals, sulfate radicals (SO4-), and hydroxyl radicals (OH)) and non-free radicals (ClO2, and O = FeIV/V from ionic Fe under "-O-O-" of S2O82- and cyclic adjustment reaction of ClO2-) processes by sonochemical induction were equally important by corresponding detection means. Especially, real-time and online high-resolution mass spectrum by self-developing further confirmed the chain transfers of different free radicals due to US role. The findings expanded the application of sono-persulfate-based systems and improved understanding on activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Haoran Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Yuhong Jia
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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10
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Yang X, Deng J, Li D, Chen J, Xu Y, Zhang K, Shang X, Cao Q. Transient species in the ozonolysis of tetramethylethene. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:210-216. [PMID: 32653182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of alkenes with ozone has great effect on atmospheric oxidation, its transient species can produce OH radicals and contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In the present study, the reaction of tetramethylethene (TME) with ozone was investigated using self-assembled low temperature matrix isolation system. The TME and ozone were co-deposited on a salt plate at 15 K, and then slowly warmed up the plate. The first transient species primary ozonide (POZ) was detected, indicating that the reaction followed Criegee mechanism. Then POZ began to decompose at 180 K. However, secondary ozonide (SOZ) was not observed according to Criegee mechanism. Probably, Criegee Intermediate (CI) did not react with inert carbonyl of acetone, but with remaining TME formed tetra-methyl epoxide (EPO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianguo Deng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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11
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Chhantyal-Pun R, Khan MAH, Taatjes CA, Percival CJ, Orr-Ewing AJ, Shallcross DE. Criegee intermediates: production, detection and reactivity. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1792104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig A. Taatjes
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Carl J. Percival
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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12
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Zanut A, Fiorani A, Canola S, Saito T, Ziebart N, Rapino S, Rebeccani S, Barbon A, Irie T, Josel HP, Negri F, Marcaccio M, Windfuhr M, Imai K, Valenti G, Paolucci F. Insights into the mechanism of coreactant electrochemiluminescence facilitating enhanced bioanalytical performance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2668. [PMID: 32472057 PMCID: PMC7260178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful transduction technique with a leading role in the biosensing field due to its high sensitivity and low background signal. Although the intrinsic analytical strength of ECL depends critically on the overall efficiency of the mechanisms of its generation, studies aimed at enhancing the ECL signal have mostly focused on the investigation of materials, either luminophores or coreactants, while fundamental mechanistic studies are relatively scarce. Here, we discover an unexpected but highly efficient mechanistic path for ECL generation close to the electrode surface (signal enhancement, 128%) using an innovative combination of ECL imaging techniques and electrochemical mapping of radical generation. Our findings, which are also supported by quantum chemical calculations and spin trapping methods, led to the identification of a family of alternative branched amine coreactants, which raises the analytical strength of ECL well beyond that of present state-of-the-art immunoassays, thus creating potential ECL applications in ultrasensitive bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zanut
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Sofia Canola
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Toshiro Saito
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 882, Ichige, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 312-8504, Japan
| | - Nicole Ziebart
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Rebeccani
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Takashi Irie
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 882, Ichige, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 312-8504, Japan
| | | | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Kyoko Imai
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 882, Ichige, Hitachinaka-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 312-8504, Japan
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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13
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Smith CD, Karton A. Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Reactions Involving Criegee Intermediates: An Assessment of Density Functional Theory and Ab Initio Methods Through Comparison with CCSDT(Q)/CBS Data. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:328-339. [PMID: 31750964 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions involving Criegee intermediates (CIs, R1 R2 COO) are important in atmospheric ozonolysis models. In recent years, density functional theory (DFT) and CCSD(T)-based ab initio methods are increasingly being used for modeling reaction profiles involving CIs. We obtain highly accurate CCSDT(Q)/CBS reaction energies and barrier heights for ring-closing reactions involving atmospherically important CIs (R1 /R2 = H, Me, OH, OMe, F, CN, cyclopropene, ethylene, acetaldehyde, and acrolein). We use this benchmark data to evaluate the performance of DFT, double-hybrid DFT (DHDFT), and ab initio methods for the kinetics and thermodynamics of these reactions. We find that reaction energies are more challenging for approximate theoretical procedures than barrier heights. Overall, taking both reaction energies and barrier heights into account, only one of the 58 considered DFT methods (the meta-GGA MN12-L) attains near chemical accuracy, with root-mean-square deviations (RMSDs) of 3.5 (barrier heights) and 4.7 (reaction energies) kJ mol-1 . Therefore, MN12-L is recommended for investigations where CCSD(T)-based methods are not computationally feasible. For reaction barrier heights performance does not strictly follow Jacob's Ladder, for example, DHDFT methods do not perform better than conventional DFT methods. Of the ab initio methods, the cost-effective CCSD(T)/CBS(MP2) approach gives the best performance for both reaction energies and barrier heights, with RMSDs of 1.7 and 1.4 kJ mol-1 , respectively. All the considered Gaussian-n methods show good performance with RMSDs below the threshold of chemical accuracy for both reaction energies and barrier heights, where G4(MP2) shows the best overall performance with RMSDs of 2.9 and 1.5 kJ mol-1 , respectively. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D Smith
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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14
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Stephenson TA, Lester MI. Unimolecular decay dynamics of Criegee intermediates: Energy-resolved rates, thermal rates, and their atmospheric impact. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1688530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Marsha I. Lester
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Campbell SJ, Utinger B, Lienhard DM, Paulson SE, Shen J, Griffiths PT, Stell AC, Kalberer M. Development of a Physiologically Relevant Online Chemical Assay To Quantify Aerosol Oxidative Potential. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13088-13095. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Battist Utinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M. Lienhard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne E. Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1565, United States
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1565, United States
| | - Paul T. Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad C. Stell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Vansco MF, Marchetti B, Trongsiriwat N, Bhagde T, Wang G, Walsh PJ, Klippenstein SJ, Lester MI. Synthesis, Electronic Spectroscopy, and Photochemistry of Methacrolein Oxide: A Four-Carbon Unsaturated Criegee Intermediate from Isoprene Ozonolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15058-15069. [PMID: 31446755 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ozonolysis of isoprene, one of the most abundant volatile organic compounds in the earth's atmosphere, generates the four-carbon unsaturated methacrolein oxide (MACR-oxide) Criegee intermediate. The first laboratory synthesis and direct detection of MACR-oxide is achieved through reaction of photolytically generated, resonance-stabilized iodoalkene radicals with oxygen. MACR-oxide is characterized on its first π* ← π electronic transition using a ground-state depletion method. MACR-oxide exhibits a broad UV-visible spectrum peaked at 380 nm with weak oscillatory structure at long wavelengths ascribed to vibrational resonances. Complementary theory predicts two strong π* ← π transitions arising from extended conjugation across MACR-oxide with overlapping contributions from its four conformers. Electronic promotion to the 11ππ* state agrees well with experiment, and results in nonadiabatic coupling and prompt release of O 1D products observed as anisotropic velocity-map images. This UV-visible detection scheme will enable study of its unimolecular and bimolecular reactions under thermal conditions of relevance to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Vansco
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Barbara Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Nisalak Trongsiriwat
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Trisha Bhagde
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Guanghan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Stephen J Klippenstein
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Marsha I Lester
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
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17
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Giorio C, Campbell SJ, Bruschi M, Archibald AT, Kalberer M. Detection and identification of Criegee intermediates from the ozonolysis of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs: comparison between experimental measurements and theoretical calculations. Faraday Discuss 2018; 200:559-578. [PMID: 28580994 PMCID: PMC5708353 DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ozonolysis of alkenes is a key reaction in the atmosphere, playing an important role in determining the oxidising capacity of the atmosphere and acting as a source of compounds that can contribute to local photochemical “smog”. The reaction products of the initial step of alkene-ozonolysis are Criegee intermediates (CIs), which have for many decades eluded direct experimental detection because of their very short lifetime. We use an innovative experimental technique, stabilisation of CIs with spin traps and analysis with proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, to measure the gas phase concentration of a series of CIs formed from the ozonolysis of a range of both biogenic and anthropogenic alkenes in flow tube experiments. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to assess the stability of the CI-spin trap adducts and show that the reaction of the investigated CIs with the spin trap occurs very rapidly except for the large β-pinene CI. Our measurement method was used successfully to measure all the expected CIs, emphasising that this new technique is applicable to a wide range of CIs with different molecular structures that were previously unidentified experimentally. In addition, for the first time it was possible to study CIs simultaneously in an even more complex reaction system consisting of more than one olefinic precursor. Comparison between our new experimental measurements, calculations of stability of the CI-spin trap adducts and results from numerical modelling, using the master chemical mechanism (MCM), shows that our new method can be used for the quantification of CIs produced in situ in laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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18
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Lee I, Kwon JE, Kang Y, Kim KC, Kim BG. Instantaneous Detection of Trichlorinated Carbon via Photo-Induced Electron Transfer toward Chemosensor for Toxic Organochlorides. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1831-1837. [PMID: 30117732 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the usefulness of organochlorides as raw materials for organic synthesis, they cause several issues in the human body, such as hepatic dysfunction, tumor, and heavy damage to the central nervous system. Especially when organochlorides contain three or more chlorinated carbons, they tend to be more toxic to the human body possibly owing to relatively high reactivity. Several electron donors (TPCAs) are designed to devise a novel detection system for toxic organochlorides containing trichlorinated carbons, and the detection mechanism of the devised sensor system is systematically identified by EPR measurement and the analysis of the solution after the detection of chloroform, which is used as a model compound. Since the detection system simultaneously utilizes the radical-generation capability and the low LUMO level of the trichlorinated carbon, it provides high selectivity against most of the common organic compounds including other organochlorides containing mono- or dichlorinated carbons, and the outstanding selectivity of the designed sensor has been verified with Mirex composed of numerous chlorinated carbons. In addition, the detection system exhibits immediate sensing capability because only electron transfer and radical reaction are involved in the detection process. Finally, when diphosgene is detected with the devised sensing platform, a noticeable change in fluorescence intensities can be identified within 5 s even for a diphosgene concentration of less than 1 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyu Lee
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kwon
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongkwon Kang
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chul Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gi Kim
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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19
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Hoyermann K, Mauß F, Olzmann M, Welz O, Zeuch T. Exploring the chemical kinetics of partially oxidized intermediates by combining experiments, theory, and kinetic modeling. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:18128-18146. [PMID: 28681879 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02759a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Partially oxidized intermediates play a central role in combustion and atmospheric chemistry. In this perspective, we focus on the chemical kinetics of alkoxy radicals, peroxy radicals, and Criegee intermediates, which are key species in both combustion and atmospheric environments. These reactive intermediates feature a broad spectrum of chemical diversity. Their reactivity is central to our understanding of how volatile organic compounds are degraded in the atmosphere and converted into secondary organic aerosol. Moreover, they sensitively determine ignition timing in internal combustion engines. The intention of this perspective article is to provide the reader with information about the general mechanisms of reactions initiated by addition of atomic and molecular oxygen to alkyl radicals and ozone to alkenes. We will focus on critical branching points in the subsequent reaction mechanisms and discuss them from a consistent point of view. As a first example of our integrated approach, we will show how experiment, theory, and kinetic modeling have been successfully combined in the first infrared detection of Criegee intermediates during the gas phase ozonolysis. As a second example, we will examine the ignition timing of n-heptane/air mixtures at low and intermediate temperatures. Here, we present a reduced, fuel size independent kinetic model of the complex chemistry initiated by peroxy radicals that has been successfully applied to simulate standard n-heptane combustion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Hoyermann
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Neeman EM, Avilés Moreno JR, Huet TR. The gas phase structure of α-pinene, a main biogenic volatile organic compound. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:214305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5003726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elias M. Neeman
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523–PhLAM–Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Juan Ramón Avilés Moreno
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523–PhLAM–Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
- Department of Physical, Chemical, and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Thérèse R. Huet
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523–PhLAM–Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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21
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Yuan B, Koss AR, Warneke C, Coggon M, Sekimoto K, de Gouw JA. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Atmospheric Sciences. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13187-13229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Institute
for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Graduate
School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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22
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Hanson JR. The Ozonolysis of Terpenoids, a Pandora's Box of by-Products. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x15064232103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ozonolysis of terpenoids is described and the origins of some by-products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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23
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Berndt T, Herrmann H, Kurtén T. Direct Probing of Criegee Intermediates from Gas-Phase Ozonolysis Using Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13387-13392. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Berndt
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, TROPOS, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, TROPOS, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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