1
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Tyagi R, Voora VK. Polarization-Induced Quantum Confinement of Negative Charge Carriers by Organic Nanoporous Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2025; 64:e202422923. [PMID: 40065738 PMCID: PMC12087872 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202422923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
We characterize the attachment of excess-electrons to organic nanoporous systems such as molecular nanohoops and models of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) using many-body methods. All the nanopore systems exhibit diffuse electronic states where the excess-electron is bound to the molecular scaffold via long-range polarization forces, and the excess-electron is predominantly localized in the interior of the nanopore or away from the molecular scaffold. Such "nanopore-bound" states show an enhanced electron-transfer coupling compared to more strongly-bound skeletal-states (or valence-bound states), where the excess-electron is confined to the molecular skeleton. For 1D assemblies of nanohoops, the bands formed from nanopore-bound states have a consistent nearly-free-electron character, indicating an efficient excited-state pathway for charge-carriers, while the bands from skeletal-states have higher effective mass along certain lattice directions. The nanopore-bound states show distinct size-dependent variations in electron affinities compared to skeletal-states and previously observed molecular quantum corral states. We conclude that nanopore-bound states emerge from polarization-induced quantum confinement, forming a distinct common feature of organic nanoporous matter with potential for efficient electron-transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritaj Tyagi
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
| | - Vamsee K. Voora
- Department of Chemical SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchHomi Bhabha Road, ColabaMumbai400005India
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2
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Wang Y, Dong L, Li S, Feng Y, Ge X, Han X, Liu C, Wei Y, Cheng X, Xie L, Huang W. The Unexploring Optoelectronic Features in Organic Trans-Dimensional Materials of Gridofluorenes at the Nanoscale. J Phys Chem Lett 2025; 16:3888-3903. [PMID: 40208067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Organic grido-architectures offer not only state-of-the-art models for exploring the complex relationships of multicarrier coherence among excitons, charges, photons, electrons, and phonons but also organic high-dimensional nanomaterials for flexible electronics and organic intelligence. Herein, we initiate the fundamental progress and perspective on gridofluorene-based zero-, one-, two-, and three-dimensional nanomolecules and their optoelectronic features. From the future point of view, the sterically trans-dimensional and hierarchically cross-scale effects of these covalent frameworks and nanostructures are discussed on their photophysical, electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Organic multiscale systems, with the feature of synergistically molecule-programmable integration of diverse functionalities, open a bright door to flexible electronics, intelligent molecules, devices, systems, and even organobots as well as artificially intelligent and robotic chemists (AiRCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Wang
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lizhu Dong
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuangyi Li
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyao Ge
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinxin Han
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) and Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE), Henan University, 379 Mingli Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) and Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE), Henan University, 379 Mingli Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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3
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Stawski W, Anderson HL. Polymorphism and flexibility of six-porphyrin nanorings in the solid state. Chem Sci 2024; 15:d4sc05255b. [PMID: 39328192 PMCID: PMC11421218 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Butadiyne-linked porphyrin nanorings are fascinating nanometer-sized platforms for exploring electronic delocalization and aromaticity, and they mimic ultra-fast photosynthetic energy-transfer phenomena in plants and purple bacteria. However, little is known about how they interact in the solid state. Here, we compare the crystal structures of several pseudopolymorphs of a six-porphyrin nanoring template complex, and report the structure of the free-base nanoring co-crystallized with C60. The structures differ not only in the molecular packing; they also feature different molecular conformations. The template is slightly too small for the cavity of the nanoring, and this size mismatch can be accommodated by two types of distortion: either the zinc atoms are pulled away from the planes of the porphyrins, or the nanorings contract by adopting a ruffled conformation, with butadiyne links alternatingly above and below the plane of the six zinc centers. The template-bound ring forms sheets and tubular stacks with interdigitated aryl groups. Upon demetallation, the nanoring becomes more flexible, adopting a highly elliptical conformation on co-crystallization with C60. The structure of this free-base nanoring features infinite solvent filled channels with a channel diameter of 13.5 Å. The high porosity of these materials points towards possible applications as porous light-harvesting frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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4
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Roy R, Brouillac C, Jacques E, Quinton C, Poriel C. π-Conjugated Nanohoops: A New Generation of Curved Materials for Organic Electronics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402608. [PMID: 38744668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanohoops, cyclic association of π-conjugated systems to form a hoop-shaped molecule, have been widely developed in the last 15 years. Beyond the synthetic challenge, the strong interest towards these molecules arises from their radially oriented π-orbitals, which provide singular properties to these fascinating structures. Thanks to their particular cylindrical arrangement, this new generation of curved molecules have been already used in many applications such as host-guest complexation, biosensing, bioimaging, solid-state emission and catalysis. However, their potential in organic electronics has only started to be explored. From the first incorporation as an emitter in a fluorescent organic light emitting diode (OLED), to the recent first incorporation as a host in phosphorescent OLEDs or as charge transporter in organic field-effect transistors and in organic photovoltaics, this field has shown important breakthroughs in recent years. These findings have revealed that curved materials can play a key role in the future and can even be more efficient than their linear counterparts. This can have important repercussions for the future of electronics. Time has now come to overview the different nanohoops used to date in electronic devices in order to stimulate the future molecular designs of functional materials based on these macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Roy
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32603
| | | | | | | | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
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5
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Krasley A, Li E, Galeana JM, Bulumulla C, Beyene AG, Demirer GS. Carbon Nanomaterial Fluorescent Probes and Their Biological Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3085-3185. [PMID: 38478064 PMCID: PMC10979413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanomaterials have broadly useful chemical and photophysical attributes that are conducive to applications in biology. In this review, we focus on materials whose photophysics allow for the use of these materials in biomedical and environmental applications, with emphasis on imaging, biosensing, and cargo delivery. The review focuses primarily on graphitic carbon nanomaterials including graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, as well as carbon dots and carbon nanohoops. Recent advances in and future prospects of these fields are discussed at depth, and where appropriate, references to reviews pertaining to older literature are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
T. Krasley
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Eugene Li
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesus M. Galeana
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Chandima Bulumulla
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Abraham G. Beyene
- Janelia
Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - Gozde S. Demirer
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Wang Y, Huang S, Zhang Z, Yan X. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Silole-Fused Cycloparaphenylenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:681-686. [PMID: 38065576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the introduction of a silole unit into cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs), and two compounds [12]Si3CPP and [16]Si4CPP are obtained by a platinum- and gold-mediated cyclooligomerization strategy. Their optical and electronic properties are studied by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra, which show red shifts and higher photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) compared with the corresponding CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
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7
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George G, Stasyuk OA, Solà M, Stasyuk AJ. A step towards rational design of carbon nanobelts with tunable electronic properties. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17373-17385. [PMID: 37791958 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Belt-shaped aromatic compounds are among the most attractive classes of radial π-conjugated nanocarbon molecules with unique physical and chemical properties. In this work, we computationally studied a number of all-carbon and heteroatom-bridged nanobelts, as well as their inclusion complexes with fullerene C60. Our results provide a useful guide for modulating the electronic properties of the nanobelts. An in-depth analysis of the ground and excited state properties of their complexes has allowed us to establish structure-property relationships and propose simple principles for the design of nanobelts with improved electron-donating properties suitable for photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- G George
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - O A Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - M Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - A J Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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8
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Wei Y, Zhou P, Chen X, Bao Q, Xie L. Research Progress on Organic Nanohoops/Nanogrids. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/a22110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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9
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Kwon H, Newell BS, Bruns CJ. Redox-switchable host-guest complexes of metallocenes and [8]cycloparaphenylene. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14276-14285. [PMID: 36134555 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03852h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cycloparaphenylene (CPP) nanocarbons are an appealing family of macrocyclic organic semiconductors with size-tunable structures and unique optoelectronic properties, which can be further modulated by complexation with guest molecules. While many π-π-stabilized CPP-fullerene host-guest complexes are known, CPPs can also host polycyclic guests stabilized by aromatic CH-π interactions. Here we combine experimental and computational results to report that CH-π interactions can also be tapped to include redox-active metallocene guests in [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP). Oxidation of a metallocene guest is accompanied by an increase in binding affinity and tilt angle. Crystallographically determined solid-state structures reveal CH-π interactions in the ferrocene complex (Fc⊂[8]CPP) and additional π-π interactions in the cobaltocenium complex (CoCp2+⊂[8]CPP). Functionalizing Fc with oxygen-bearing side chains also improves complex stability to a similar extent as oxidation, due to the formation of CH-O hydrogen bonds with the host's p-phenylene units. This work shows that CH-π bonding can be generalized as a driving force for CPP host-guest complexes and combined with other supramolecular forces to enhance stability. Owing to their semiconducting nature, amenability to functionalization, and reversible redox-dependent behavior, the [8]CPP-metallocene host-guest complexes may expand the library of synthons available for designing bespoke nanoelectronics and artificial molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brian S Newell
- Materials and Molecular Analysis Center, Analytical Resources Core, Colorado State University, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Carson J Bruns
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- ATLAS Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 1125 18th Street, 320 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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10
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Xu Y, Zhang S, Lindahl E, Friedman R, Wu W, Su P. A general tight-binding based energy decomposition analysis scheme for intermolecular interactions in large molecules. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034104. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a general tight-binding based energy decomposition analysis (EDA) scheme for intermolecular interactions is proposed. Different from the earlier version [Xu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 154, 194106 (2021)], the current tight-binding based density functional theory (DFTB)-EDA is capable of performing interaction analysis with all the self-consistent charge (SCC) type DFTB methods, including SCC-DFTB2/3 and GFN1/2-xTB, despite their different formulas and parameterization schemes. In DFTB-EDA, the total interaction energy is divided into frozen, polarization, and dispersion terms. The performance of DFTB-EDA with SCC-DFTB2/3 and GFN1/2-xTB for various interaction systems is discussed and assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Erik Lindahl
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ran Friedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Peifeng Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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11
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Wang Y, Fu M, Zhang X, Jin D, Zhu S, Wang Y, Wu Z, Bao J, Cheng X, Yang L, Xie L. Cubic Nanogrids for Counterbalance Contradiction among Reorganization Energy, Strain Energy, and Wide Bandgap. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4297-4308. [PMID: 35532545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular cross-scale gridization and polygridization of organic π-backbones make it possible to install 0/1/2/3-dimensional organic wide-bandgap semiconductors (OWBGSs) with potentially ZnO-like fascinating multifunctionality such as optoelectronic and piezoelectronic features. However, gridization effects are limited to uncover, because the establishment of gridochemistry still requires a long time, which offers a chance to understand the effects with a theoretical method, together with data statistics and machine learning. Herein, we demonstrate a state-of-the-art 3D cubic nanogridon with a size of ∼2 × 2 × 1.5 nm3 to examine its multigridization of π-segments on the bandgap, molecular strain energy (MSE), as well as reorganization energy (ROE). A cubic gridon (CG) consists of a four-armed bifluorene skeleton and a thiophene-containing fused arene plane with the Csp3 spiro-linkage, which can be deinstalled into face-on or edge-on monogrids. As a result, multigridization does not significantly reduce bandgaps (Eg ≥ 4.03 eV), while the MSE increases gradually from 4.72 to 23.83 kcal/mol. Very importantly, the ROE of a CG exhibits an extreme reduction down to ∼28 meV (λ+) that is near the thermal fluctuation energy (∼26 meV). Our multigridization results break through the limitation of the basic positively proportional relationship between reorganization energies and bandgaps in organic semiconductors. Furthermore, multigridization makes it possible to keep the ROE small under the condition of a high MSE in OWBGS that will guide the cross-scale design of multifunctional OWBGSs with both inorganics' optoelectronic performance and organics' mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Wang
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingyang Fu
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Remote Sensing and Information, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Dong Jin
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhu
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yucong Wang
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianmin Bao
- School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- School of Communications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems & Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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12
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Huijun Z, Jianbin L. Syntheses and Properties of Heteroatom-Doped Conjugated Nanohoops. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202205006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Si Y, Qu N, Yang G. Exploring the photophysical properties of unusual π-conjugated porphyrin nanohoops. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01394k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures, UV-vis/CD spectra and the second-order NLO properties of eight π-conjugated nanohoops, which are composed of two porphyrins linked by terphenyl bridges, were investigated by employing DFT/TDDFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Si
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Nan Qu
- College of Resource and Environmental Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guochun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology and Key Laboratory for Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, School of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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14
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Lv Y, Lin J, Song K, Song X, Zang H, Zang Y, Zhu D. Single cycloparaphenylene molecule devices: Achieving large conductance modulation via tuning radial π-conjugation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk3095. [PMID: 34936467 PMCID: PMC8694625 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated macrocycles cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) have unusual size-dependent electronic properties because of their unique radially π-conjugated structures. Contrary to linearly π-conjugated molecules, their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap shrinks as the molecular size reduces, and this feature can, in principle, be leveraged to achieve unexpected size-dependent transport properties. Here, we examine charge transport characteristics of [n]CPPs (n = 5 to 12) at the single molecule level using the scanning tunneling microscope–break junction technique. We find that the [n]CPPs have a much higher conductance than their linear oligoparaphenylene counterparts at small ring size and at the same time show a large tunneling attenuation coefficient comparable to saturated alkane series. These results show that the radially π-conjugated molecular systems can offer much larger conductance modulation range than standard linear molecules and can be a new platform for building molecular devices with highly tunable transport behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Junfeng Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuwei Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongjun Zang
- School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yaping Zang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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15
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Grabicki N, Nguyen KTD, Weidner S, Dumele O. Supramolekulare Bindungstaschen in [
n
]Cyclo‐2,7‐pyrenylenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Grabicki
- Institut für Chemie Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Khoa T. D. Nguyen
- Institut für Chemie Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Steffen Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Institut für Chemie Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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16
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Grabicki N, Nguyen KTD, Weidner S, Dumele O. Confined Spaces in [n]Cyclo-2,7-pyrenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14909-14914. [PMID: 33887087 PMCID: PMC8251724 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A set of strained aromatic macrocycles based on [n]cyclo-2,7-(4,5,9,10-tetrahydro)pyrenylenes is presented with size-dependent photophysical properties. The K-region of pyrene was functionalized with ethylene glycol groups to decorate the outer rim and thereby confine the space inside the macrocycle. This confined space is especially pronounced for n=5, which leads to an internal binding of up to 8.0×104 m-1 between the ether-decorated [5]cyclo-2,7-pyrenylene and shape-complementary crown ether-cation complexes. Both the ether-decorated [n]cyclo-pyrenylenes as well as one of their host-guest complexes have been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis. In combination with computational methods the structural and thermodynamic reasons for the exceptionally strong binding have been elucidated. The presented rim confinement strategy makes cycloparaphenylenes an attractive supramolecular host family with a favorable, size-independent read-out signature and binding capabilities extending beyond fullerene guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Grabicki
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Strasse 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Khoa T. D. Nguyen
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Strasse 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Steffen Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für MaterialprüfungFederal Institute for Material Research and TestingRichard-Willstätter-Strasse 1112489BerlinGermany
| | - Oliver Dumele
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Strasse 212489BerlinGermany
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17
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Lucas F, McIntosh N, Jacques E, Lebreton C, Heinrich B, Donnio B, Jeannin O, Rault-Berthelot J, Quinton C, Cornil J, Poriel C. [4]Cyclo- N-alkyl-2,7-carbazoles: Influence of the Alkyl Chain Length on the Structural, Electronic, and Charge Transport Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8804-8820. [PMID: 34077184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles possessing radially oriented π-orbitals have experienced a fantastic development. However, their incorporation in organic electronic devices remains very scarce. In this work, we aim at bridging the gap between organic electronics and nanorings by reporting the first detailed structure-properties-device performance relationship study of organic functional materials based on a nanoring system. Three [4]cyclo-N-alkyl-2,7-carbazoles bearing different alkyl chains on their nitrogen atoms have been synthesized and characterized by combined experimental and theoretical approaches. This study includes electrochemical, photophysical, thermal, and structural solid-state measurements and charge transport properties investigations. An optimized protocol of the Pt approach has been developed to synthesize the [4]cyclocarbazoles in high yield (52-64%), of great interest for further development of nanorings, especially in materials science. The charge transport properties of [4]cyclocarbazoles and model compound [8]cycloparaphenylene ([8]CPP) have been studied. Although no field effect (FE) mobility was recorded for the benchmark [8]CPP, FE mobility values of ca. 10-5 cm2·V-1·s-1 were recorded for the [4]cyclocarbazoles. The characteristics (threshold voltage VTH, subthreshold swing SS, trapping energy ΔE) recorded for the three [4]cyclocarbazoles appear to be modulated by the alkyl chain length borne by the nitrogen atoms. Remarkably, the space-charge-limited current mobilities measured for the [4]cyclocarbazoles are about 3 orders of magnitude higher than that of [8]CPP (1.37/2.78 × 10-4 cm2·V-1·s-1 for the [4]cyclocarbazoles vs 1.21 × 10-7 cm2·V-1·s-1 for [8]CPP), highlighting the strong effect of nitrogen bridges on the charge transport properties. The whole study opens the way to the use of nanorings in electronics, which is now the next step of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lucas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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18
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Kanai K, Inoue T, Furuichi T, Shinoda K, Iwahashi T, Ouchi Y. Electronic structure of n-cycloparaphenylenes directly observed by photoemission spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8361-8367. [PMID: 33876000 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00625h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of n-cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPP, n = 8, 9, and 12) were studied by ultraviolet photoemission, inverse photoemission, ultraviolet-visible absorption, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to detect their unique electronic structures. [n]CPP has a cyclic structure in which both ends of n-poly(p-phenylene)s (nP) are connected. The molecular size dependence of the HOMO-LUMO gap of [n]CPP was investigated by direct observation and was found to increase as the molecular size increased. This trend is opposite to that of typical π-conjugated systems. Highly strained molecular structures, especially of small [n]CPPs, significantly impact their electronic structure. Insights into the electronic structure of [n]CPP obtained here will aid the design of electronic functionality of non-planar π-conjugation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Kanai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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19
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Chen M, Unikela KS, Ramalakshmi R, Li B, Darrigan C, Chrostowska A, Liu SY. A BN-Doped Cycloparaphenylene Debuts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1556-1560. [PMID: 33021073 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a BN-doped cycloparaphenylene BN-[10]CPP was synthesized and characterized. Its reactivity and photophysical properties were evaluated in direct comparison to its carbonaceous analogues Mes-[10]CPP and [10]CPP. While the photophysical properties of BN-[10]CPP remains similar to its carbonaceous analogues, the electronic structure changes associated with the introduction of a 1,2-azaborine BN heterocycle into a CPP scaffold enables facile and selective late-stage functionalizations that cannot be accomplished with carbonaceous CPPs. Specifically, Ir-catalyzed hydrogenation of BN-[10]CPP selectively reduces the BN heterocyclic ring, which upon hydrolysis produces a rare example of a macrocyclic paraphenylene 6 incorporating the versatile ketone functionality within the macrocyclic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Kiran S Unikela
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Rongala Ramalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.,Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Clovis Darrigan
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Anna Chrostowska
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.,Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254, 64000, Pau, France
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20
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Chen M, Unikela KS, Ramalakshmi R, Li B, Darrigan C, Chrostowska A, Liu S. A BN‐Doped Cycloparaphenylene Debuts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Kiran S. Unikela
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Rongala Ramalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254 64000 Pau France
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
| | - Clovis Darrigan
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254 64000 Pau France
| | - Anna Chrostowska
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254 64000 Pau France
| | - Shih‐Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, UMR 5254 64000 Pau France
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21
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Suzuki Y, Tohnai N, Saeki A, Hisaki I. Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks of twisted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13369-13372. [PMID: 33030481 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A dibenzo[g,p]chrysene (DBC)-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) was constructed by shape-fitted docking of the twisted π-conjugated core. The activated HOF, possessing exactly eclipsed stacking of the DBC cores, (CPDBC-1a) had a BET surface area of 1548 m2 g-1 and possessed photoconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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22
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Pérez‐Jiménez ÁJ, Sancho‐García JC. Theoretical Insights for Materials Properties of Cyclic Organic Nanorings. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Frydrych R, Lis T, Bury W, Cybińska J, Stępień M. Feeding a Molecular Squid: A Pliable Nanocarbon Receptor for Electron-Poor Aromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15604-15613. [PMID: 32815367 PMCID: PMC7498155 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid nanocarbon receptor consisting of a calix[4]arene and a bent oligophenylene loop ("molecular squid"), was obtained in an efficient, scalable synthesis. The system contains an electron-rich cavity with an adaptable shape, which can serve as a host for electron deficient guests, such as diquat, 10-methylacridinium, and anthraquinone. The new receptor forms inclusion complexes in the solid state and in solution, showing a dependence of the observed binding strength on the shape of the guest species and its charge. The interaction with the methylacridinium cation in solution was interpreted in terms of a 2:1 binding model, with K11 = 5.92(7) × 103 M-1. The solid receptor is porous to gases and vapors, yielding an uptake of ca. 4 mmol/g for methanol at 293 K. In solution, the receptor shows cyan fluorescence (λmaxem = 485 nm, ΦF = 33%), which is partly quenched upon binding of guests. Methylacridinium and anthraquinone adducts show red-shifted emission in the solid state, attributable to the charge-transfer character of these inclusion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frydrych
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bury
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.,PORT-Polski Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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24
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Zhou Z, Wei Z, Schaub TA, Jasti R, Petrukhina MA. Structural deformation and host-guest properties of doubly-reduced cycloparaphenylenes, [ n]CPPs 2- ( n = 6, 8, 10, and 12). Chem Sci 2020; 11:9395-9401. [PMID: 34094205 PMCID: PMC8161678 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reduction of several cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) ranging in size from [8]CPP to [12]CPP has been investigated with potassium metal in THF. The X-ray diffraction characterization of the resulting doubly-reduced [n]CPPs provided a unique series of carbon nanohoops with increasing dimensions and core flexibility for the first comprehensive structural analysis. The consequences of electron acquisition by a [n]CPP core have been analyzed in comparison with the neutral parents. The addition of two electrons to the cyclic carbon framework of [n]CPPs leads to the characteristic elliptic core distortion and facilitates the internal encapsulation of sizable cationic guests. Molecular and solid-state structure changes, alkali metal binding and unique size-dependent host abilities of the [n]CPP2- series with n = 6-12 are discussed. This in-depth analysis opens new perspectives in supramolecular chemistry of [n]CPPs and promotes their applications in size-selective guest encapsulation and chemical separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany NY 12222 USA
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25
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Barclay MS, Elles CG, Caricato M. On the Discrepancy between Experimental and Calculated Raman Intensities for Conjugated Phenyl and Thiophene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4678-4689. [PMID: 32392419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compared with experimental spectra, calculations for conjugated phenyl and thiophene oligomers tend to overestimate the ground state Raman intensities of higher-frequency vibrations (1200-1800 cm-1) relative to the intensities at lower frequencies (<1200 cm-1). The discrepancy was observed in previous benchmarking work that examined the method dependence of the calculated Raman spectra for a series of aromatic molecules. This paper further investigates the nature of the discrepancy by examining the role of anharmonic corrections and the dependence of the calculated Raman spectra on the inter-ring torsion angle for the representative molecules biphenyl (BP), 2-phenylthiophene (PT), and 2,2'-bithiophene (BT). Perturbative anharmonic corrections to the spectra calculated using density functional theory (DFT) provide only slightly better agreement with experiment. On the other hand, calculations at larger torsion angles give up to 30% improvement in the relative Raman intensities compared with the spectra calculated at the optimized geometries. The torsion-angle dependence of the Raman intensities is most pronounced for delocalized C-C and C-S stretching modes, and less pronounced for bending and ring distortion modes that do not involve inter-ring stretching. Higher-level calculations using the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] method indicate that DFT underestimates the energy barrier for torsion isomerization at small angles, and it overestimates the barriers at large angles, thus predicting minimum geometries at torsion angles that are too small. Therefore, the results suggest that the discrepancy in relative Raman intensities may be related to an overestimation of inter-ring conjugation by DFT, which also tends to favor geometries that are too planar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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26
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Zhao H, Cao L, Huang S, Ma C, Chang Y, Feng K, Zhao LL, Zhao P, Yan X. Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of m-Phenylene-Embedded Cycloparaphenylene Nanorings. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6951-6958. [PMID: 32408749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Five m-phenylene-embedded cycloparaphenylenes m3[9]CPP 1-5 were synthesized by the platinum-mediated cyclooligomerization strategy with high overall yields. The structures of m3[9]CPP 1-3 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Compared to [9]CPP, m3[9]CPP 1 caused a significant blueshift in the UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. This result shows that the radial π-conjugation is distorted and partially interrupted. The photophysical properties of m3[9]CPP 1 were further tuned by the introduction of various substituents for m3[9]CPP 2-5. Methoxy group substitution at m-phenylene did not change the photophysical properties significantly. Replacement of m-phenylene by tetrafluoro-m-phenylene achieved a significant blueshift. When the carboxyl group was embedded at m-phenylene or the methoxy group was embedded at p-phenylene, significant redshifts were observed with blue color emission. Theoretical calculations revealed that the decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap in m3[9]CPP 4 and 5 is favorable for the redshift of the fluorescence spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhao Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Liang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People's Republic of China
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27
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Moral M, Navarro A, Pérez-Jiménez AJ, Sancho-García JC. Nature (Hole or Electron) of Charge-Transfer Ability of Substituted Cyclopyrenylene Hoop-Shaped Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3555-3563. [PMID: 32279496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate here by means of DFT methods how the selective substitution in cyclic organic nanorings composed of pyrene units may promote semiconducting properties, analyzing the energy needed for a hole- or electron-transfer accommodation as a function of the substitution pattern and the system size (i.e., number of pyrene units). We choose to study both [3]Cyclo-2,7-pyrenylene ([3]CPY) and [4]Cyclo-2,7-pyrenylene ([4]CPY) compounds, the latter already synthesized, with substituents other than hydrogen acting in ipso and ortho positions, as well as the effect of the per-substitution. As substituents, we selected a set of electroactive halogen atoms (F, Cl, and Br) and groups (CN) to disclose structure-property relationships allowing thus to anticipate the use of these systems as organic molecular semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moral
- Renewable Energy Research Institute, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - A Navarro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - A J Pérez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - J C Sancho-García
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Alicante, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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28
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Sicard L, Lucas F, Jeannin O, Bouit P, Rault‐Berthelot J, Quinton C, Poriel C. [
n
]‐Cyclo‐9,9‐dibutyl‐2,7‐fluorene (
n
=4, 5): Nanoring Size Influence in Carbon‐Bridged Cyclo‐
para
‐phenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11066-11072. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Lucas
- Univ RennesCNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | | | | | | | | | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ RennesCNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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29
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Sicard L, Lucas F, Jeannin O, Bouit P, Rault‐Berthelot J, Quinton C, Poriel C. [
n
]‐Cyclo‐9,9‐dibutyl‐2,7‐fluorene (
n
=4, 5): Nanoring Size Influence in Carbon‐Bridged Cyclo‐
para
‐phenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabien Lucas
- Univ RennesCNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | | | | | | | | | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ RennesCNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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30
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Schaub TA, Prantl EA, Kohn J, Bursch M, Marshall CR, Leonhardt EJ, Lovell TC, Zakharov LN, Brozek CK, Waldvogel SR, Grimme S, Jasti R. Exploration of the Solid-State Sorption Properties of Shape-Persistent Macrocyclic Nanocarbons as Bulk Materials and Small Aggregates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8763-8775. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Schaub
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ephraim A. Prantl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Julia Kohn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Checkers R. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Erik J. Leonhardt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Terri C. Lovell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Carl K. Brozek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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31
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Si Y, Yang G. The photophysical properties of cycloparaphenylene-based compounds with figure-eight configurations. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nine macrocyclic compounds with figure-eight shape, containing different electron-donors or acceptors, were investigated to gain the viable strategy for improving the second-order NLO response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Si
- College of Resource and Environmental Science
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- China
| | - Guochun Yang
- Centre for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research
- Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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32
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Aydın G, Koçak O, Güleryüz C, Yavuz I. Structural order and charge transfer in highly strained carbon nanobelts. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03455j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a computational study of the atomic morphology, structural order and charge transfer properties of radially π-conjugated, closed-loop, and highly strained chiral carbon nanobelts (CNBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Aydın
- Department of Physics, Marmara University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - O. Koçak
- Department of Physics, Marmara University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - C. Güleryüz
- Department of Physics, Marmara University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - I. Yavuz
- Department of Physics, Marmara University
- Istanbul
- Turkey
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33
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Barclay MS, Elles CG, Caricato M. Benchmark Study of Ground-State Raman Spectra in Conjugated Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:612-620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Barclay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G. Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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34
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35
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36
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Linear, Non-Conjugated Cyclic and Conjugated Cyclic Paraphenylene under Pressure. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193496. [PMID: 31561548 PMCID: PMC6803999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The n-paraphenylene family comprises chains of phenylene units linked together by C-C bonds that are between single- and double-bonded, and where n corresponds to the number of phenylene units. In this work, we compare the response of the optical properties of different phenylene arrangements. We study linear chains (LPP), cyclic systems (CPPs), and non-conjugated cyclic systems with two hydrogenated phenylenes (H4[n]CPP). Particularly, the systems of interest in this work are [6]LPP, [12]- and [6]CPP and H4[6]CPP. This work combines Raman and infrared spectroscopies with absorption and fluorescence (one- and two-photon excitations) measured as a function of pressure up to maximum of about 25 GPa. Unprecedented crystallographic pressure-dependent results are shown on H4[n]CPP, revealing intramolecular π-π interactions upon compression. These intramolecular interactions justify the H4[n]CPP singular optical properties with increasing fluorescence lifetime as a function of pressure.
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37
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Tang H, Gu Z, Ding H, Li Z, Xiao S, Wu W, Jiang X. Nanoscale Crystalline Sheets and Vesicles Assembled from Nonplanar Cyclic π-Conjugated Molecules. RESEARCH 2019; 2019:1953926. [PMID: 31549048 PMCID: PMC6750094 DOI: 10.34133/2019/1953926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in chemistry and materials science is to create new carbon nanomaterials by assembling structurally unique carbon building blocks, such as nonplanar π-conjugated cyclic molecules. However, self-assembly of such cyclic π-molecules to form organized nanostructures has been rarely explored despite intensive studies on their chemical synthesis. Here we synthesized a family of new cycloparaphenylenes and found that these fully hydrophobic and nonplanar cyclic π-molecules could self-assemble into structurally distinct two-dimensional crystalline multilayer nanosheets. Moreover, these crystalline multilayer nanosheets could overcome inherent rigidity to curve into closed crystalline vesicles in solution. These supramolecular assemblies show that the cyclic molecular scaffolds are homogeneously arranged on the surface of nanosheets and vesicles with their molecular isotropic x-y plane standing obliquely on the surface. These supramolecular architectures that combined exact crystalline order, orientation-specific arrangement of π-conjugated cycles, controllable morphology, uniform molecular pore, superior florescence quench ability, and photoluminescence are expected to give rise to a new class of functional materials displaying unique photonic, electronic, and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technolog, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhewei Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technolog, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Haifeng Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shiyan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technolog, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technolog, and Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Neue MaterialienUniversität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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39
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Xu Y, von Delius M. The Supramolecular Chemistry of Strained Carbon Nanohoops. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:559-573. [PMID: 31190449 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since 1996, a growing number of strained macrocycles, comprising only sp2 - or sp-hybridized carbon atoms within the ring, have become synthetically accessible, with the [n]cycloparaphenyleneacetylenes (CPPAs) and the [n]cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) being the most prominent examples. Now that robust and relatively general synthetic routes toward a diverse range of nanohoop structures have become available, the research focus is beginning to shift towards the exploration of their properties and applications. From a supramolecular chemistry perspective, these macrocycles offer unique opportunities as a result of their near-perfect circular shape, the unusually high degree of shape-persistence, and the presence of both convex and concave π-faces. In this Minireview, we give an overview on the use of strained carbon-rich nanohoops in host-guest chemistry, the preparation of mechanically interlocked architectures, and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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40
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Lucas F, Sicard L, Jeannin O, Rault-Berthelot J, Jacques E, Quinton C, Poriel C. [4]Cyclo-N-ethyl-2,7-carbazole: Synthesis, Structural, Electronic and Charge Transport Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:7740-7748. [PMID: 30946486 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nanorings, which are macrocycles possessing radially directed π-orbitals have shown fantastic development in the last ten years. Unravelling their unusual electronic properties has been one of the driving forces of this research field. However, and despite promising properties, their incorporation in organic electronic devices remains very scarce. In this work, we aim to contribute to bridge the gap between organic electronics and nanorings by reporting the synthesis, the structural and electronic properties and the incorporation in an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) of a cyclic tetracarbazole, namely [4]cyclo-N-ethyl-2,7-carbazole ([4]C-Et-Cbz). The structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties have been compared to those of structurally related analogues [4]cyclo-9,9-diethyl-2,7-fluorene [4]C-diEt-F (with carbon bridges) and [8]-cycloparaphenylene [8]CPP (without any bridge) in order to shed light on the impact of the bridging in nanorings. This work shows that nanorings can be used as an active layer in an OFET and provides a first benchmark in term of OFET characteristics for this type of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lucas
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lambert Sicard
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Jeannin
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Cyril Poriel
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR CNRS 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
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41
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Zhou X, Thompson RR, Fronczek FR, Lee S. Size-Selective Synthesis of Large Cycloparaphenyleneacetylene Carbon Nanohoops Using Alkyne Metathesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:4680-4683. [PMID: 31144823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Size selective synthesis of large cycloparaphenyleneacetylene carbon nanohoops was achieved using alkyne metathesis. The large nanohoops were stable in ambient conditions due to their reduced strain. The nanohoops exhibited blue fluorescence with high quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70810 , United States
| | - Richard R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70810 , United States
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70810 , United States
| | - Semin Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70810 , United States
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42
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Strunk KP, Abdulkarim A, Beck S, Marszalek T, Bernhardt J, Koser S, Pisula W, Jänsch D, Freudenberg J, Pucci A, Bunz UHF, Melzer C, Müllen K. Pristine Poly( para-phenylene): Relating Semiconducting Behavior to Kinetics of Precursor Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:19481-19488. [PMID: 31050397 PMCID: PMC6750640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated unsubstituted poly( para-phenylene) (PPP), a long-desired prototype of a conjugated polymer semiconductor. PPP was accessed via thermal aromatization of a precursor polymer bearing kinked, solubility-inducing dimethoxycyclohexadienylene moieties. IR spectroscopy and Vis ellipsometry studies revealed that the rate of conversion of the precursor to PPP increases with temperature and decreases with film density, indicating a process with high activation volume. The obtained PPP films were analyzed in thin-film transistors to gain insights into the interplay between the degree of conversion and the resulting p-type semiconducting properties. The semiconducting behavior of PPP was further unambiguously proven through IR and transistor measurements of molybdenum trioxide p-doped films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Philipp Strunk
- Kirchhoff-Institut
für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced
Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Abdulkarim
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Kirchhoff-Institut
für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob Bernhardt
- Kirchhoff-Institut
für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Koser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff-Institut
für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced
Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Melzer
- Kirchhoff-Institut
für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced
Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Straße 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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43
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Van Raden JM, White BM, Zakharov LN, Jasti R. Nanohoop Rotaxanes from Active Metal Template Syntheses and Their Potential in Sensing Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7341-7345. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. Van Raden
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Brittany M. White
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
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44
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Van Raden JM, White BM, Zakharov LN, Jasti R. Nanohoop Rotaxanes from Active Metal Template Syntheses and Their Potential in Sensing Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M. Van Raden
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Brittany M. White
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Material Science InstituteUniversity of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
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45
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Koçak O, Duru IP, Yavuz I. Charge Transfer and Interface Effects in Co‐Assembled Circular Donor/Acceptor Complexes for Organic Photovoltaics. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olkan Koçak
- Department of PhysicsMarmara University 34722 Ziverbey Istanbul Turkey
| | - Izzet Paruğ Duru
- Department of PhysicsMarmara University 34722 Ziverbey Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ilhan Yavuz
- Department of PhysicsMarmara University 34722 Ziverbey Istanbul Turkey
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