1
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Zhao JQ, Chen ZP. The Progress of Reductive Coupling Reaction by Iron Catalysis. CHEM REC 2024:e202400108. [PMID: 39289832 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The transition metal catalyzed coupling reaction has revolutionized the strategies for forging the carbon-carbon bonds. In contrast to traditional cross-coupling methods using pre-prepared nucleophilic organometallic reagents, reductive coupling reactions for the C-C bonds formation provide some advantages. Because both coupling partners are reduced in the final products using a stoichiometric amount of a reductant, this approach not only avoids the need to use sensitive organometallic species, but also provides an orthogonal and complementary access to classical coupling reaction. Notably, the reductive coupling reactions feature readily available fragments, promote good step economy, exhibit high functional group tolerance and unique chemoselectivity, which have propelled their increasingly popular in the organic synthesis. In recent years, due to the low price, minimal toxicity, and environmentally benign character, iron-catalyzed carbon-carbon coupling reactions have garnered significant attention from the organic synthetic chemists and pharmacologists, especially the iron-catalyzed reductive coupling. This review aims to provide an insightful overview of recent advances in iron-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions, and to illustrate their possible reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zhang-Pei Chen
- College of Sciences Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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2
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Zhang J, Jiao M, Lu Z, Lu H, Wang M, Shi Z. Hydrodeuteroalkylation of Unactivated Olefins Using Thianthrenium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409862. [PMID: 38866703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Isotopically labeled alkanes play a crucial role in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. While some deuterated methylating agents are readily available, the limited accessibility of other deuteroalkyl reagents has hindered the synthesis of corresponding products. In this study, we introduce a nickel-catalyzed system that facilitates the synthesis of various deuterium-labeled alkanes through the hydrodeuteroalkylation of d2-labeled alkyl TT salts with unactivated alkenes. Diverging from traditional deuterated alkyl reagents, alkyl thianthrenium (TT) salts can effectively and selectively introduce deuterium at α position of alkyl chains using D2O as the deuterium source via a single-step pH-dependent hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE). Our method allows for high deuterium incorporation, and offers precise control over the site of deuterium insertion within an alkyl chain. This technique proves to be invaluable for the synthesis of various deuterium-labeled compounds, especially those of pharmaceutical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Mengjie Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- Jiangsu Nata Opto-electronic Material Co., Ltd., Suzhou, 215126, China
| | - Hongjian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 210023, Nanjing, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
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3
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Huang S, Chen X, Xu Z, Zeng X, Xiong B, Qiu X. Radical alkylation and protonation induced anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation of unactivated olefins via cobalt catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9258-9261. [PMID: 39119642 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Although strategies of olefin hydroalkylation continue to emerge rapidly, the precise control of the regio- or chemoselectivity and the expansion of the reaction range are still challenges. Herein, a straightforward route for cobalt-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation of unactivated olefins with alkyl iodides has been achieved. The developed reaction is compatible with oxa-, aza-, cyclo- and a series of other functional groups as well as the frameworks of some bioactive compounds. Mechanism studies confirm that an alkyl radical is involved and cobalt-alkyl insertion followed by protonation with water are possible pathways in this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Huang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Zhangwenyi Xu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Xiaobao Zeng
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Biao Xiong
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Xiaodong Qiu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong 226019, China.
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4
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Jiang D, Li X, Xiao M, Cheng LJ. Cobalt-Catalyzed Intramolecular Markovnikov Hydrocarbonylation of Unactivated Alkenes via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202412828. [PMID: 39103315 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202412828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
A cobalt-catalyzed intramolecular Markovnikov hydroalkoxycarbonylation and hydroaminocarbonylation of unactivated alkenes has been developed, enabling highly chemo- and regioselective synthesis of α-alkylated γ-lactones and α-alkylated γ-lactams in good yields. The mild reaction conditions allow use of mono-, di- and trisubstituted alkenes bearing a variety of functional groups. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest the reaction proceeds through a CO-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and radical-polar crossover (RPC) process, in which a cationic acylcobalt(IV) complex is proposed as the key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xinzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Mengdie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Li-Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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5
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Kim C, Kim Y, Hong S. 1,3-Difunctionalization of [1.1.1]propellane through iron-hydride catalyzed hydropyridylation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5993. [PMID: 39013909 PMCID: PMC11252317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Current methodologies for the functionalization of [1.1.1]propellane primarily focus on achieving 1, 3-difunctionalized bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane or ring-opened cyclobutane moiety. Herein, we report an innovative approach for the 1, 3-difunctionalization of [1.1.1]propellane, enabling access to a diverse range of highly functionalized cyclobutanes via nucleophilic attack followed by ring opening and iron-hydride hydrogen atom transfer. To enable this method, we developed an efficient iron-catalyzed hydropyridylation of various alkenes for C - H alkylation of pyridines at the C4 position, eliminating the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidants or reductants. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the resulting N-centered radical serves as an effective oxidizing agent, facilitating single-electron transfer oxidation of the reduced iron catalyst. This process efficiently sustains the catalytic cycle, offering significant advantages for substrates with oxidatively sensitive functionalities that are generally incompatible with alternative approaches. The strategy presented herein is not only mechanistically compelling but also demonstrates broad versatility, highlighting its potential for late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yuhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea.
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Korea.
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6
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Hota SK, Murarka S. Cost-Effective Carbon Quaternization with Redox-Active Esters and Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408301. [PMID: 38982711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Quaternary carbons are embedded in various natural products, pharmaceuticals, and organic materials. However, constructing this valuable motif is far from trivial. Conventional approaches mainly rely on classical polar disconnections and encounter bottlenecks concerning harsh conditions, functional group tolerance, regioselectivity, and step economy. In this context, Kawamata, Baran, Shenvi, and co-workers recently demonstrated that two feedstock chemicals, alkyl carboxylic acids and olefins, could be utilized to construct tetrasubstituted carbons in the presence of an inexpensive iron porphyrin catalyst and a suitable reductant combination through quaternization of the radical intermediates. The method enables access to various sterically encumbered quaternary carbons under mild and robust conditions. Taking a complete detour from conventional approaches, the present heteroselective radical-radical coupling simplifies the synthesis of quaternary carbon-containing molecules through an innovative and distinctive disconnection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sandip Murarka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, 342037, Rajasthan, India
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7
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Dao N, Gan XC, Shenvi RA. Metal-Hydride C-C Cross-Coupling of Alkenes Through a Double Outer-Sphere Mechanism. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38926670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This Synopsis covers recent reports of metal-catalyzed alkene functionalizations that likely involve iterative outer-sphere reactions in which the substrate reacts directly with a metal ligand instead of with the metal center itself. Traditional metal hydride-catalyzed alkene functionalizations involve this latter pathway whereby the alkene forms part of the metal ligand sphere (i.e. an inner-sphere reaction). In contrast, alkenes do not ligate the metal in so-called outer-sphere reactions and instead react with a metal ligand. These transformations have proved crucial for the synthesis of high fraction sp3 (Fsp3) targets, especially in hindered fragment couplings of relevance to natural product space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Dao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xu-Cheng Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Shen M, Niu C, Wang X, Huang JB, Zhao Z, Ni SF, Rong ZQ. Regio- and Enantioselective Hydromethylation of 3-Pyrrolines and Glycals Enabled by Cobalt Catalysis. JACS AU 2024; 4:2312-2322. [PMID: 38938800 PMCID: PMC11200246 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Enantioenriched 3-methylpyrrolidine, with its unique chiral nitrogen-containing core skeleton, exists widely in various functional molecules, including natural products, bioactive compounds, and pharmaceuticals. Traditional methods for synthesizing these valuable methyl-substituted heterocycles often involve enzymatic processes or complex procedures with chiral auxiliaries, limiting the substrate scope and efficiency. Efficient catalytic methylation, especially in an enantioselective manner, has been a long-standing challenge in chemical synthesis. Herein, we present a novel approach for the remote and stereoselective installation of a methyl group onto N-heterocycles, leveraging a CoH-catalyzed asymmetric hydromethylation strategy. By effectively combining a commercial cobalt precursor with a modified bisoxazoline (BOX) ligand, a variety of easily accessible 3-pyrrolines can be converted to valuable enantiopure 3-(isotopic labeling)methylpyrrolidine compounds with outstanding enantioselectivity. This efficient protocol streamlines the two-step synthesis of enantioenriched 3-methylpyrrolidine, which previously required up to five or six steps under harsh conditions or expensive starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Shen
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute
of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Caoyue Niu
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute
of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Xuchao Wang
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute
of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jia-Bo Huang
- Department
of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of
Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute
of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department
of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of
Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Rong
- Frontiers
Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute
of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical
Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern
Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China
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9
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Yamaguchi Y, Hirata Y, Higashida K, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Cobalt/Photoredox Dual-Catalyzed Cross-Radical Coupling of Alkenes via Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Homolytic Substitution. Org Lett 2024; 26:4893-4897. [PMID: 38836750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Cobalt-catalyzed metal hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) in combination with photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful synthetic method, owing to its redox nature and applicability to various radical precursors. Herein, we describe a cross-radical coupling reaction under cobalt/photoredox dual catalysis. MHAT and homolytic substitution (SH2) processes enabled Markovnikov-selective hydrobenzylation of di/trisubstituted alkenes, affording products with a quaternary carbon center in a redox-neutral manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Higashida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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10
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Cai Q, McWhinnie IM, Dow NW, Chan AY, MacMillan DWC. Engaging Alkenes in Metallaphotoredox: A Triple Catalytic, Radical Sorting Approach to Olefin-Alcohol Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12300-12309. [PMID: 38657210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox cross-coupling is a well-established strategy for generating clinically privileged aliphatic scaffolds via single-electron reactivity. Correspondingly, expanding metallaphotoredox to encompass new C(sp3)-coupling partners could provide entry to a novel, medicinally relevant chemical space. In particular, alkenes are abundant, bench-stable, and capable of versatile C(sp3)-radical reactivity via metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT), although metallaphotoredox methodologies invoking this strategy remain underdeveloped. Importantly, merging MHAT activation with metallaphotoredox could enable the cross-coupling of olefins with feedstock partners such as alcohols, which undergo facile open-shell activation via photocatalysis. Herein, we report the first C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling of MHAT-activated alkenes with alcohols by performing deoxygenative hydroalkylation via triple cocatalysis. Through synergistic Ir photoredox, Mn MHAT, and Ni radical sorting pathways, this branch-selective protocol pairs diverse olefins and methanol or primary alcohols with remarkable functional group tolerance to enable the rapid construction of complex aliphatic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Cai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Iona M McWhinnie
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nathan W Dow
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Amy Y Chan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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11
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Ren J, Sun Z, Zhao S, Huang J, Wang Y, Zhang C, Huang J, Zhang C, Zhang R, Zhang Z, Ji X, Shao Z. Enantioselective synthesis of chiral α,α-dialkyl indoles and related azoles by cobalt-catalyzed hydroalkylation and regioselectivity switch. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3783. [PMID: 38710722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
General, catalytic and enantioselective construction of chiral α,α-dialkyl indoles represents an important yet challenging objective to be developed. Herein we describe a cobalt catalyzed enantioselective anti-Markovnikov alkene hydroalkylation via the remote stereocontrol for the synthesis of α,α-dialkyl indoles and other N-heterocycles. This asymmetric C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling features high flexibility in introducing a diverse set of alkyl groups at the α-position of chiral N-heterocycles. The utility of this methodology has been demonstrated by late-stage functionalization of drug molecules, asymmetric synthesis of bioactive molecules, natural products and functional materials, and identification of a class of molecules exhibiting anti-apoptosis activities in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Ligands play a vital role in controlling the reaction regioselectivity. Changing the ligand from bi-dentate L6 to tridentate L12 enables CoH-catalyzed Markovnikov hydroalkylation. Mechanistic studies disclose that the anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation involves a migratory insertion process while the Markovnikov hydroalkylation involves a MHAT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, 650092, Kunming, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Yukun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Ruipu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China.
| | - Zhihui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, 650500, Kunming, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, 650092, Kunming, China.
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12
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Zhang S, Zhao X, Qin G. Ru-Mg promoted reductive cross-coupling of allyl bromides and alkenes to synthesize 1,7-octadienes with an all-carbon quaternary center. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3376-3380. [PMID: 38568099 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A Ru-promoted reductive cross-coupling of allyl bromides and electron-deficient alkenes to provide terminal 1,7-octadienes with magnesium as a reductant is reported herein. This approach enables the facile construction of a series of complex terminal 1,7-octadienes with an all-carbon quaternary center under mild reaction conditions, and the synthetic utility of the current method has been demonstrated by a gram scale synthesis. Preliminary mechanism investigations suggested that a radical pathway might not be involved in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Zhang
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Guiping Qin
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China.
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13
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Luo S, Pham HDM, Li CC, Qiu Z, Cheng R, Khaliullin RZ, Li CJ. Anti-Markovnikov Hydroalkylation of Styrene Derivatives via Hydrazones Catalyzed by Ru-PNP Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:3004-3009. [PMID: 38573817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
A well-defined Ru(II)-PNP complex demonstrated high activity in the anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation of nonpolarized terminal alkenes via hydrazones. Hydrazone served as a carbanion equivalent to combine with the electrophilic alkene substrate upon activation by the ruthenium catalyst, forming a new C-C bond in a concerted pathway with N2 as the only theoretical byproduct. Experimental and computational studies suggested the existence of a push-pull interaction that activated the alkene for hydrazone addition and then deduced the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hanh D M Pham
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chen-Chen Li
- Department of Chemistry, and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Zihang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Ruofei Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Rustam Z Khaliullin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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14
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Gong Y, Hu J, Qiu C, Gong H. Insights into Recent Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive and Redox C-C Coupling of Electrophiles, C(sp 3)-H Bonds and Alkenes. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1149-1162. [PMID: 38547518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusTransition metal-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of two carbon electrophiles, also known as cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), has transformed the landscape of C-C coupling chemistry. Nickel catalysts, in particular, have demonstrated exceptional performance in facilitating XEC reactions, allowing for diverse elegant transformations by employing various electrophiles to forge C-C bonds. Nevertheless, several crucial challenges remain to be addressed. First, the intrinsic chemoselectivity between two structurally similar electrophiles in Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-C(sp2) cross-coupling has not been well understood; this necessitates an excess of one of the coupling partners to achieve synthetically useful outcomes. Second, the substitution of economically and environmentally benign nonmetal reductants for Zn/Mn can help scale up XEC reactions and avoid trace metals in pharmaceutical products, but research in this direction has progressed slowly. Finally, it is highly warranted to leverage mechanistic insights from Ni-catalyzed XEC to develop innovative thermoredox coupling protocols, specifically designed to tackle challenges associated with difficult substrates such as C(sp3)-H bonds and unactivated alkenes.In this Account, we address the aforementioned issues by reviewing our recent work on the reductive coupling of C-X and C-O electrophiles, the thermoredox strategy for coupling associated with C(sp3)-H bonds and unactivated alkenes, and the use of diboron esters as nonmetal reductants to achieve reductive coupling. We focus on the mechanistic perspectives of the transformations, particularly how the key C-NiIII-C intermediates are generated, in order to explain the chemoselective and regioselective coupling results. The Account consists of four sections. First, we discuss the Zn/Mn-mediated chemoselective C(sp2)-C(sp2) and C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formations based on the coupling of selected alkyl/aryl, allyl/benzyl, and other electrophiles. Second, we describe the use of diboron esters as versatile reductants to achieve C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) couplings, with an emphasis on the mechanistic consideration for the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. Third, we discuss leveraging C(sp3)-O bonds for effective C(sp3)-C bond formation via in situ halogenation of alcohols as well as the reductive preparation of α-vinylated and -arylated unusual amino esters. In the final section, we illustrate the thermoredox functionalization of challenging C(sp3)-H bonds with aryl and alkyl halides to afford C(sp3)-C bonds by taking advantage of the compatibility of Zn with the oxidant di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP). Furthermore, we discuss a Ni-catalyzed and SiH/DTBP-mediated hydrodimerization of terminal alkenes to selectively forge head-to-head and methyl branched C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. This process, conducted in the presence or absence of catalytic CuBr2, provides a solution to a long-standing challenge: site-selective hydrocoupling of unactivated alkenes to produce challenging C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Canbin Qiu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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15
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Chen R, Intermaggio NE, Xie J, Rossi-Ashton JA, Gould CA, Martin RT, Alcázar J, MacMillan DWC. Alcohol-alcohol cross-coupling enabled by S H2 radical sorting. Science 2024; 383:1350-1357. [PMID: 38513032 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols represent a functional group class with unparalleled abundance and structural diversity. In an era of chemical synthesis that prioritizes reducing time to target and maximizing exploration of chemical space, harnessing these building blocks for carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions is a key goal in organic chemistry. In particular, leveraging a single activation mode to form a new C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond from two alcohol subunits would enable access to an extraordinary level of structural diversity. In this work, we report a nickel radical sorting-mediated cross-alcohol coupling wherein two alcohol fragments are deoxygenated and coupled in one reaction vessel, open to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhe Chen
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Jiaxin Xie
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Colin A Gould
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Robert T Martin
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jesús Alcázar
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., C/Jarama 75A, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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16
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Liu J, Lu Y, Zhu L, Lei X. Construction of indolizine scaffolds from α,ω-alkynoic acids and α,ω-vinylamines via sequential-relay catalysis in "one pot". Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2474-2479. [PMID: 38440950 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of a diverse range of aryl-fused indolizin-3-ones through sequential Au(I)-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation, aminolysis, and cyclization, followed by ruthenium-catalyzed ring-closing metathesis. Moderate to good yields were observed with satisfactory substrate scope and functional group tolerance. The developed protocol represents a practical strategy for the construction of bioactive aryl-fused indolizin-3-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiami Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Lingxuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xinsheng Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong Zone, Shanghai 201203, China.
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17
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Deng H, Deng H, Kim C, Li P, Wang X, Yu Y, Qin T. Synthesis of nimbolide and its analogues and their application as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 trapping inducers. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2024; 3:378-385. [PMID: 39119242 PMCID: PMC11309514 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-023-00437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Nimbolide, a ring seco-C limonoid natural product, was recently found to inhibit the poly(ADP)-ribosylation (PARylation)-dependent ubiquitin E3 ligase RNF114. In doing so, it induces the 'supertrapping' of both PARylated PARP1 and PAR-dependent DNA-repair factors. PARP1 inhibitors have reshaped the treatment of cancer patients with germline BRCA1/2 mutations partly through the PARP1 trapping mechanism. To this end, modular access to nimbolide analogues represents an opportunity to develop cancer therapeutics with enhanced PARP1 trapping capability. Here we report a convergent synthesis of nimbolide through a late-stage coupling strategy. Through a sulfonyl hydrazone-mediated etherification and a radical cyclization, this strategy uses a pharmacophore-containing building block and diversifiable hydrazone units to enable the modular synthesis of nimbolide and its analogues. The broad generality of our synthetic strategy allowed access to a variety of analogues with their preliminary cellular cytotoxicity and PARP1 trapping activity reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Heping Deng, Hejun Deng
| | - Hejun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Heping Deng, Hejun Deng
| | - Chiho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Present address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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18
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Lin LQH, Rentería-Gómez Á, Martin RT, Zhang YQ, Ong KZW, Parris AB, Gutierrez O, Koh MJ. Selective 1,2-Hydroarylation(Alkenylation) of gem-Difluoroalkenes to Access (-CF 2 H) Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317935. [PMID: 38117662 PMCID: PMC11076007 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
An emerging class of C-C coupling transformations that furnish drug-like building blocks involves catalytic hydrocarbonation of alkenes. However, despite notable advances in the field, hydrocarbon addition to gem-difluoroalkenes without additional electronic activation remains largely unsuccessful. This owes partly to poor reactivity and the propensity of difluoroalkenes to undergo defluorinative side reactions. Here, we report a nickel catalytic system that promotes efficient 1,2-selective hydroarylation and hydroalkenylation, suppressing defluorination and providing straightforward access to a diverse assortment of prized organofluorides bearing difluoromethyl-substituted carbon centers. In contrast to radical-based pathways and reactions triggered by hydrometallation via a nickel-hydride complex, our experimental and computational studies support a mechanism in which a catalytically active nickel-bromide species promotes selective carbonickelation with difluoroalkenes followed by alkoxide exchange and hydride transfer, effectively overcoming the difluoroalkene's intrinsic electronic bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Qi Hao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Robert T Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ying-Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Zhi Wei Ong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Adam B Parris
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ming Joo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
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19
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Kellner-Rogers JS, Wang R, Lambert TH. Diazene-Catalyzed Oxidative Alkyl Halide-Olefin Metathesis. Org Lett 2024; 26:1078-1082. [PMID: 38295157 PMCID: PMC10947577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The first platform for oxidative alkyl halide-olefin metathesis is described. The procedure employs diazenes as catalysts, which effect the cyclization of alkenyl alkyl halides to generate cyclic olefins and carbonyl products. The synthesis of phenanthrene, coumarin, and quinolone derivatives is demonstrated as well as the potential to apply this strategy to other electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rina Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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20
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Kong L, Gan XC, van der Puyl Lovett VA, Shenvi RA. Alkene Hydrobenzylation by a Single Catalyst That Mediates Iterative Outer-Sphere Steps. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2351-2357. [PMID: 38232310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Cross-coupling catalysts typically react and unite functionally distinct partners via sequential inner-sphere elementary steps: coordination, migratory insertion, reductive elimination, etc. Here, we report a single catalyst that cross-couples styrenes and benzyl bromides via iterative outer-sphere steps: metal-ligand-carbon interactions. Each partner forms a stabilized radical intermediate, yet heterocoupled products predominate. The system is redox-neutral and, thus, avoids exogenous oxidants, resulting in simple and scalable conditions. Numerous variations of alkene hydrobenzylation are made possible, including access to the privileged heterodibenzyl (1,2-diarylethane) motif and challenging quaternary carbon variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingran Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xu-Cheng Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vincent A van der Puyl Lovett
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Tong G, Griffin S, Sader A, Crowell AB, Beavers K, Watson J, Buchan Z, Chen S, Shenvi RA. C5 methylation confers accessibility, stability and selectivity to picrotoxinin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8308. [PMID: 38097583 PMCID: PMC10721898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Minor changes to complex structures can exert major influences on synthesis strategy and functional properties. Here we explore two parallel series of picrotoxinin (PXN, 1) analogs and identify leads with selectivity between mammalian and insect ion channels. These are the first SAR studies of PXN despite its >100-year history and are made possible by advances in total synthesis. We observe a remarkable stabilizing effect of a C5 methyl, which completely blocks C15 alcoholysis via destabilization of an intermediate twist-boat conformer; suppression of this secondary hydrolysis pathway increases half-life in plasma. C5 methylation also decreases potency against vertebrate ion channels (γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors) but maintains or increases antagonism of homologous invertebrate GABA-gated chloride channels (resistance to dieldrin (RDL) receptors). Optimal 5MePXN analogs appear to change the PXN binding pose within GABAARs by disruption of a hydrogen bond network. These discoveries were made possible by the lower synthetic burden of 5MePXN (2) and were illuminated by the parallel analog series, which allowed characterization of the role of the synthetically simplifying C5 methyl in channel selectivity. These are the first SAR studies to identify changes to PXN that increase the GABAA-RDL selectivity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Samantha Griffin
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, USA
| | - Avery Sader
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, USA
| | - Anna B Crowell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio, 44074, USA
| | - Ken Beavers
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, USA
| | - Jerry Watson
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, USA
| | - Zachary Buchan
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46268, USA
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio, 44074, USA.
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
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22
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Kotesova S, Shenvi RA. Inner- and Outer-Sphere Cross-Coupling of High F sp3 Fragments. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3089-3098. [PMID: 37889168 PMCID: PMC10979517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Natural product research originates from a desire to explore, understand, and perturb biological function with atomic precision. To reach these goals at all, let alone efficiently, requires thoughtful and creative problem solving. Often this means bold disconnections that would simplify access to complex structures, if only the methods existed to bridge these theoretical gaps. Whereas biological interrogations provide long-term intellectual value and impetus, methods come as attractive fringe benefits of natural product synthesis. This Account describes strategic, methodological solutions to the syntheses of natural products [(-)-eugenial C, Galbulimima alkaloids GB18, GB22, GB13, and himgaline] featuring new, convergent disconnections as important problem-solving steps, which themselves were inspired by recent methods that arose from our group. Each target required the invention of first-row transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling procedures to satisfy the biological goals of the project. In these cases, synthetic strategy identified the methodological gap (the absence of stereo- and chemoselective couplings of appropriate fragments), but the tactical advantage conferred by first-row metals met the challenge. These methods were competent to handle the dense, sterically encumbered motifs common to natural products due to, in many cases, elementary steps that did not require bond formation between the hindered substrate and the metal center. Instead, these sterically lenient reactions appeared to involve metal-ligand-substrate reactions (i.e., outer-sphere steps), in contrast to the metal-substrate, coordinative reactions of precious metals (i.e., inner-sphere steps). Key observations from our previous studies, combined with the observations in seminal publications from other laboratories (Mattay, Weix, and MacMillan), led to the optimization of ligand-controlled, stereoselective reactions and the introduction of complementary catalytic cycles that revealed new modes of reactivity and generated novel structural motifs. Optimized access to bioactive natural product space accelerated our timeline of biological characterization, fulfilling a common premise of natural products research. The integration of methodology, complex natural product synthesis, diversification, and bioassay into a single Ph.D. dissertation would have been unmanageable in a prior era. The unique ability of first-row transition metals to effect Csp3-Csp3 cross-coupling with high chemo- and stereoselectivity has significantly lowered the barrier to reach the avowed goal of natural product synthesis and reduced the burden (real or perceived) of integrating natural products into functional campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kotesova
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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Qin J, Barday M, Jana S, Sanosa N, Funes-Ardoiz I, Teskey CJ. Photoinduced Cobalt Catalysis for the Reductive Coupling of Pyridines and Dienes Enabled by Paired Single-Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310639. [PMID: 37676106 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective hydroarylation of dienes has potential to provide swift access to useful building blocks. However, most existing methods rely on dienes stabilised by an aromatic group and transmetallation or nucleophilic attack steps require electron-rich aryl coupling partners. As such, there are few examples which tolerate wide-spread heteroarenes such as pyridine. Whilst allylic C-H functionalisation could be considered an alternative approach, the positional selectivity of unsymmetrical substrates is hard to control. Here, we report a general approach for selective hydropyridylation of dienes under mild conditions using metal catalysed hydrogen-atom transfer. Photoinduced, reductive conditions enable simultaneous formation of a cobalt-hydride catalyst and the persistent radical of easily-synthesised pyridyl phosphonium salts. This facilitates selective coupling of dienes in a traceless manner at the C4-position of a wide-range of pyridine substrates. The mildness of the method is underscored by its functional-group tolerance and demonstrated by applications in late-stage functionalisation. Based on a combination of experimental and computational studies, we propose a mechanistic pathway which proceeds through non-reversible hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) from a cobalt hydride species which is uniquely selective for dienes in the presence of other olefins due to a much higher relative barrier associated with olefin HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Qin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manuel Barday
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Samikshan Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nil Sanosa
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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24
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Zhong T, Gu C, Li Y, Huang J, Han J, Zhu C, Han J, Xie J. Manganese/Cobalt Bimetallic Relay Catalysis for Divergent Dehydrogenative Difluoroalkylation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310762. [PMID: 37642584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of manganese radical for halogen atom transfer (XAT) reactions has been esteemed as one reliable method but encountered with limited catalytic models. In this paper, a novel bimetallic relay catalysis of Mn2 (CO)10 and cobaloxime has been developed for divergent dehydrogenative difluoroalkylation of alkenes using commercially available difluoroalkyl bromides. A wide range of structurally diverse terminal, cyclic and internal alkenes as well as tetrasubstituted alkenes are found to be good coupling partners to deliver difluoroalkylated allylic products and difluoromethylated cyclic products, accompanied with the production of H2 as the by-product. This bimetallic relay strategy features broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions and excellent functional group compatibility. Its success represents an important step-forward to expedite the construction of a rich library of difluoroalkylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chengyihan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, China
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25
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Jana S, Mayerhofer VJ, Teskey CJ. Photo- and Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysed Hydrogen Atom Transfer for the Hydrofunctionalisation of Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304882. [PMID: 37184388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogen atom transfer from metal-hydrides to alkenes allows feedstock olefins to be used as alkyl radical precursors. The chemoselectivity of this process makes it an attractive synthetic tool and as such it has been regularly used in synthesis of complex molecules. However, onwards reactivity is limited by compatibility with the conditions which form the key metal-hydride species. Now, through the merger with photocatalysis or electrochemistry, milder methods are emerging which can unlock entirely new reactivity and offer perspectives on expanding these methods in unprecedented directions. This review outlines the most recent developments in electro- and photochemical cobalt catalysed methods and offers suggestions on the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samikshan Jana
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor J Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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26
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Xu L, Wang A, Shi X, He Q, Jiang TS. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Provides Three Different Units in Synthesis of Chroman-4-ones Containing Sulfur and a Quaternary Carbon Center under HOAc Conditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13466-13474. [PMID: 37733936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
HOAc-promoted construction of chroman-4-ones with a sulfur atom and an α-carbonyl quaternary carbon center directly from ortho-hydroxyacetophenones and DMSO is described. In these unique reactions, DMSO is activated by HOAc and provides three different units (CH2, CH2OH, and CH2SMe) in the target molecules. This reaction displays good substrate scope and reaction yields with a series of substitutes. The mechanism showed that the three units were formed in sequential order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Anan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Xu Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Qian He
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
| | - Tao-Shan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P.R. China
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27
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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28
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Gould CA, Pace AL, MacMillan DWC. Rapid and Modular Access to Quaternary Carbons from Tertiary Alcohols via Bimolecular Homolytic Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16330-16336. [PMID: 37471294 PMCID: PMC10680126 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary carbons are ubiquitous in bioactive molecules; however, synthetic methods for the construction of this motif remain underdeveloped. Here, we report the synthesis of quaternary carbons from tertiary alcohols, a class of structurally diverse, bench-stable feedstocks, via the merger of photoredox catalysis and iron-mediated SH2 bond formation. This alcohol-bromide cross-coupling is enabled by a novel halogen-atom transfer (XAT) reagent, which is the first reductively activated XAT reagent to be reported. A wide variety of sterically congested quaternary products can be accessed through this mild and practical protocol including products derived from both alkylation and benzylation of tertiary fragments. We further demonstrate the synthetic utility of this method through the expedited synthesis of a liver receptor agonist and through a two-step conversion of ketones and esters to quaternary products, which enables the modular control of up to three of the four substituents on a quaternary center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Gould
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andria L Pace
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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29
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Gan XC, Kotesova S, Castanedo A, Green SA, Mølle SLB, Shenvi RA. Iron-Catalyzed Hydrobenzylation: Stereoselective Synthesis of (-)-Eugenial C. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:15714-15720. [PMID: 37437221 PMCID: PMC11055631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) has emerged as a useful tool to form quaternary carbons from alkenes via hydrofunctionalization. Methods to date that cross-couple alkenes with sp3 partners rely on heterobimetallic catalysis to merge the two cycles. Here, we report an iron-only cross-coupling via putative MHAT/SH2 steps that solves a key stereochemical problem in the synthesis of meroterpenoid eugenial C and obviates the need for nickel. The concise synthesis benefits from a conformationally locked o,o'-disubstituted benzyl bromide and a locally sourced chiral pool terpene coupling partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-cheng Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Simona Kotesova
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alberto Castanedo
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Samantha A. Green
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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30
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Mondal B, Hazra S, Chatterjee A, Patel M, Saha J. Fe-Catalyzed Hydroallylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Vinyl Cyclopropanes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37481744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic, reductive C-C bond formation between alkenes and vinyl cyclopropane (VCP) through hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) is developed. Despite VCP's use as probes in radical-clock experiments, translation of this manifold into synthetic methods for accessing elusive C-C bonds remains largely unexplored. This work represents the first foray into this front where the high chemoselectivity of MHAT for alkene over VCP was pivotal for realizing the strategy. This method exhibits a broad scope, high functional group tolerance, and useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Mondal
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Subhadeep Hazra
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ayan Chatterjee
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Manveer Patel
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Jaideep Saha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali 160062, India
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31
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Brösamlen D, Oestreich M. Regioselective Hydroalkylation of Vinyl- and Allylsilanes as Well as Vinylgermanes under Ni-H Catalysis. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37418633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
A Ni-H-catalyzed hydroalkylation of vinylsilanes and -germanes as well as allylsilanes with unactivated alkyl iodides is reported. Unlike related reactions of styrene or vinyl boronate esters, the addition across the C-C double bond proceeds with anti-Markovnikov selectivity to deliver the linear regioisomer. Mechanistic control experiments support a radical mechanism, and a competition experiment reveals that the chemoselectivity is in favor of the vinyl over the allyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brösamlen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Deng M, Chu M, Li N, Sun G, Li F, Guo D, Kang G, Ji B. Aerobic C–C Bond Cleavage of Allylic Alcohols via Co-Catalyzed Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2023; 25:2420-2425. [PMID: 37001013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple, efficient method has been developed for the CoIII-H-catalyzed aerobic C-C bond cleavage of tertiary allylic alcohols to access ketones. This novel approach presents excellent chemoselectivity, good functional group compatibility, and high yields. This reaction occurs through a HAT-initiated peroxide intermediate, and an adjacent glycol-type diradical fragmentation process is recommended.
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33
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Ackerman-Biegasiewicz LKG, Kariofillis SK, Weix DJ. Multimetallic-Catalyzed C-C Bond-Forming Reactions: From Serendipity to Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6596-6614. [PMID: 36913663 PMCID: PMC10163949 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of two or more metal catalysts in a reaction is a powerful synthetic strategy to access complex targets efficiently and selectively from simple starting materials. While capable of uniting distinct reactivities, the principles governing multimetallic catalysis are not always intuitive, making the discovery and optimization of new reactions challenging. Here, we outline our perspective on the design elements of multimetallic catalysis using precedent from well-documented C-C bond-forming reactions. These strategies provide insight into the synergy of metal catalysts and compatibility of the individual components of a reaction. Advantages and limitations are discussed to promote further development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stavros K. Kariofillis
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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34
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Lee SH, Chi HM. HFIP-Empowered One-Pot Synthesis of C4-Aryl-Substituted Tetrahydroquinolines with Propargylic Chlorides and Anilines. Org Lett 2023; 25:1083-1087. [PMID: 36794874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-free, practical one-pot synthesis of C4-aryl-substituted tetrahydroquinolines from simple anilines and readily accessible propargylic chlorides has been developed. Activation of the C-Cl bond by 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol turned out to be the key interaction, which allowed C-N bond formation under an acidic medium. Propargylated aniline is formed as an intermediate via propargylation, and subsequential cyclization and reduction gave 4-arylated tetrahydroquinolines. To demonstrate the synthetic utility, total syntheses of aflaquinolone F and I have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea.,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
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35
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Tatunashvili E, Maloney CJ, Chan B, McErlean CSP. Generation and reaction of alanyl radicals in open flasks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2094-2097. [PMID: 36722990 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The generation and Giese-type reaction of alanyl radicals under metal-free reaction conditions is described. The procedure is operationally simple, occurring at ambient temperature in an open reaction vessel, and requiring short reaction times (≤5 min). The reaction occurs without epimerization and provides ready access to non-proteinogenic amino acids and peptides. Importantly, the process is tolerant of light absorbing groups including commonly used fluorescent tags.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Callan J Maloney
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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36
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Tao X, Wang Q, Kong L, Ni S, Pan Y, Wang Y. Branched-Selective Hydroacylation of Alkenes via Photoredox Cobalt and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Cooperative Triple Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lingyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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37
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Sennari G, Gardner KE, Wiesler S, Haider M, Eggert A, Sarpong R. Unified Total Syntheses of Benzenoid Cephalotane-Type Norditerpenoids: Cephanolides and Ceforalides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19173-19185. [PMID: 36198090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Detailed herein are our synthetic studies toward the preparation of the C18- and C19-benzenoid cephalotane-type norditerpenoids. Guided by chemical network analysis, the core structure of this natural product family was constructed in a concise manner using an iterative cross-coupling, followed by a formal inverse-electron-demand [4 + 2] cycloaddition. Initial efforts to functionalize an alkene group in the [4 + 2] cycloadduct using a Mukaiyama hydration and a subsequent olefination led to the complete C18-carbon framework. While effective, this approach proved lengthy and prompted the development of a direct alkene difunctionalization that relies on borocupration to advance the cycloadduct to the natural products. Late-stage peripheral C-H functionalization facilitated access to all of the known cephanolides in 6-10 steps as well as five recently isolated ceforalides in 8-13 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristen E Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stefan Wiesler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Maximilian Haider
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alina Eggert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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38
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Yue WJ, Martin R. Ni-Catalyzed Site-Selective Hydrofluoroalkylation of Terminal and Internal Olefins. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Yue
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Dong Y, Shin K, Mai BK, Liu P, Buchwald SL. Copper Hydride-Catalyzed Enantioselective Olefin Hydromethylation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16303-16309. [PMID: 36044255 PMCID: PMC9994624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective installation of a methyl group onto a small molecule can result in the significant modification of its biological properties. While hydroalkylation of olefins represents an attractive approach to introduce alkyl substituents, asymmetric hydromethylation protocols are often hampered by the incompatibility of highly reactive methylating reagents and a lack of general applicability. Herein, we report an asymmetric olefin hydromethylation protocol enabled by CuH catalysis. This approach leverages methyl tosylate as a methyl source compatible with the reducing base-containing reaction environment, while a catalytic amount of iodide ion transforms the methyl tosylate in situ into the active reactant, methyl iodide, to promote the hydromethylation. This method tolerates a wide range of functional groups, heterocycles, and pharmaceutically relevant frameworks. Density functional theory studies suggest that after the stereoselective hydrocupration, the methylation step is stereoretentive, taking place through an SN2-type oxidative addition mechanism with methyl iodide followed by a reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kwangmin Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Lusi RF, Sennari G, Sarpong R. Strategy Evolution in a Skeletal Remodeling and C-H Functionalization-Based Synthesis of the Longiborneol Sesquiterpenoids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17277-17294. [PMID: 36098550 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Detailed herein are our synthesis studies of longiborneol and related natural products. Our overarching goals of utilizing a "camphor first" strategy enabled by skeletal remodeling of carvone, and late-stage diversification using C-H functionalizations, led to divergent syntheses of the target natural products. Our initial approach proposed a lithiate addition to unite two fragments followed by a Conia-ene or Pd-mediated cycloalkylation reaction sequence to install the seven-membered ring emblematic of the longibornane core. This approach was unsuccessful and evolved into a revised plan that employed a Wittig coupling and a radical cyclization to establish the core. A reductive radical cyclization, which was explored first, led to a synthesis of copaborneol, a structural isomer of longiborneol. Alternatively, a metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer-initiated cyclization was effective for a synthesis of longiborneol. Late-stage C-H functionalization of the longibornane core led to a number of hydroxylated longiborneol congeners. The need for significant optimization of the strategies that were employed as well as the methods for C-H functionalization to implement these strategies highlights the ongoing challenges in applying these powerful reactions. Nevertheless, the reported approach enables functionalization of every natural product-relevant C-H bond in the longibornane skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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41
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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42
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Gharpure S, Chavan R, Ardhapure A. Iron‐Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of Alkenyl Vinylogous Carbonates for Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrofurans, Tetrahydropyrans and Chromans. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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43
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Wang J, Liu D, Chang Z, Li Z, Fu Y, Lu X. Nickel‐Catalyzed Switchable Site‐Selective Alkene Hydroalkylation by Temperature Regulation**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205537. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Wang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - De‐Guang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Zhe Chang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yao Fu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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44
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Woo S, Shenvi RA. Synthesis and target annotation of the alkaloid GB18. Nature 2022; 606:917-921. [PMID: 35551513 PMCID: PMC10036212 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of alkaloid metabolites from the bark of Galbulimima (GB) sp. leads to psychotropic and excitatory effects in humans1-4. Limited, variable supply of GB alkaloids5, however, has impeded their biological exploration and clinical development6. Here we report a solution to the supply of GB18, a structural outlier and putative psychotropic principle of Galbulimima bark. Efficient access to its challenging tetrahedral attached-ring motif required the development of a ligand-controlled endo-selective cross-electrophile coupling and a diastereoselective hydrogenation of a rotationally dynamic pyridine. Reliable, gram-scale access to GB18 enabled its assignment as a potent antagonist of κ- and μ-opioid receptors-the first new targets in 35 years-and lays the foundation to navigate and understand the biological activity of Galbulimima metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stone Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan A Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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45
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Wang JW, Liu DG, Chang Z, Li Z, Fu Y, Lu X. Nickel‐Catalyzed Switchable Site‐Selective Alkene Hydroalkylation by Temperature Regulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wang Wang
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - De-Guang Liu
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhe Chang
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Zhen Li
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yao Fu
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xi Lu
- University of Science and Technology of China Chemistry Jinzhai Road 230026 Hefei CHINA
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46
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Gong Y, Su L, Zhu Z, Ye Y, Gong H. Nickel-Catalyzed Thermal Redox Functionalization of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds with Carbon Electrophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201662. [PMID: 35293093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C(sp3 )-H bond coupling with carbon electrophiles remains rarely explored under thermo-driven hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) conditions due to the challenge of integrating oxidation and reduction in a single operation. We report here a Ni-catalyzed arylation and alkylation of C(sp3 )-H bonds with organohalides to forge C(sp3 )-C bonds by merging economical Zn and tBuOOtBu (DTBP) as the external reductant and oxidant. The mild and easy-to-operate protocol enables facile carbofunctionalization of N-/O-α- and cyclohexane C-H bonds, and preparation of a few intermediates of bioactive compounds and drug derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic studies implied addition of an alkyl radical to a NiII salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lei Su
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhaodong Zhu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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47
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Guan M, Miao H, Qin T, Zhang G, Zhang Q. CoH-catalyzed radical hydroalkylation of alkenes with 1,3-dicarbonyls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5265-5268. [PMID: 35389410 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01382g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) catalysis has emerged as a useful reaction platform for alkene hydrofunctionalization with high chemoselectivity and predictable branched selectivity. However, MHAT-mediated hydrofunctionalization involves carbon-carbon bond formation still confined to carbon electrophiles. Here, we describe a mild, general, scalable, and functional group tolerant CoH-catalyzed intermolecular hydroalkylation of alkenes with 1,3-dicarbonyls. This kind of CoH-catalyzed coupling of alkenes with carbon nucleophiles represents an important complement to the arsenal of MHAT-initiated hydrofunctionalization of alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihui Guan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Huanran Miao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Tao Qin
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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48
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Kang K, Weix DJ. Nickel-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross-Electrophile Coupling of In Situ Generated NHP Esters with Unactivated Alkyl Bromides. Org Lett 2022; 24:2853-2857. [PMID: 35416673 PMCID: PMC9126088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds by cross-coupling remains a challenge in synthesis. Here, we demonstrate a two-step, one-pot protocol for the in situ generation of N-hydroxyphthalimide esters and their nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling with unactivated alkyl bromides for the construction of 1°/1 ° C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. The conditions tolerate an array of functional groups, and mechanistic studies indicate that both substrates are converted to alkyl radicals during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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49
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Wang XX, Xu YT, Zhang ZL, Lu X, Fu Y. NiH-catalysed proximal-selective hydroalkylation of unactivated alkenes and the ligand effects on regioselectivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1890. [PMID: 35393419 PMCID: PMC8990077 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkene hydrocarbonation reactions have been developed to supplement traditional electrophile-nucleophile cross-coupling reactions. The branch-selective hydroalkylation method applied to a broad range of unactivated alkenes remains challenging. Herein, we report a NiH-catalysed proximal-selective hydroalkylation of unactivated alkenes to access β- or γ-branched alkyl carboxylic acids and β-, γ- or δ-branched alkyl amines. A broad range of alkyl iodides and bromides with different functional groups can be installed with excellent regiocontrol and availability for site-selective late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules. Under modified reaction conditions with NiCl2(PPh3)2 as the catalyst, migratory hydroalkylation takes place to provide β- (rather than γ-) branched products. The keys to success are the use of aminoquinoline and picolinamide as suitable directing groups and combined experimental and computational studies of ligand effects on the regioselectivity and detailed reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan-Tai Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China.
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomass Clean Energy, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Energy, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, 230031, Hefei, China.
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50
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Gong Y, Su L, Zhu Z, Ye Y, Gong H. Nickel‐Catalyzed Thermal Redox Functionalization of C(sp
3
)−H Bonds with Carbon Electrophiles**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Lei Su
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Zhaodong Zhu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yang Ye
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
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