1
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Alonso D, Maciá B, Pastor IM, Baeza A. Recent Advances on the Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic α-Alkylation of Carbonyl Derivatives Using Free Allylic Alcohols. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2024; 4:269-286. [PMID: 38855332 PMCID: PMC11157516 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
During the last years, the development of more sustainable and straightforward methodologies to minimize the generation of waste organic substances has acquired high importance within synthetic organic chemistry. Therefore, it is not surprising that many efforts are devoted to ameliorating already well-known successful methodologies, that is, the case of the asymmetric allylic allylation reaction of carbonyl compounds. The use of free alcohols as alkylating agents in this transformation represents a step forward in this sense since it minimizes waste production and the substrate manipulation. In this review, we aim to gather the most recent methodologies describing this strategy by paying special attention to the reaction mechanisms, as well as their synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego
A. Alonso
- Instituto
de Síntesis Orgánica, and Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Beatriz Maciá
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Oxford Road, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom
| | - Isidro M. Pastor
- Instituto
de Síntesis Orgánica, and Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Baeza
- Instituto
de Síntesis Orgánica, and Dpto. de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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2
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Shen HC, Wang ZS, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Simultaneous Stereoinvertive and Stereoselective C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling of Boronic Esters and Allylic Carbonates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13719-13726. [PMID: 38721780 PMCID: PMC11117407 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
With increasing interest in constructing more three-dimensional entities, there has been growing interest in cross-coupling reactions that forge C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds, which leads to additional challenges as it is not just a more difficult bond to construct but issues of stereocontrol also arise. Herein, we report the stereocontrolled cross-coupling of enantioenriched boronic esters with racemic allylic carbonates enabled by iridium catalysis, leading to the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds with single or vicinal stereogenic centers. The method shows broad substrate scope, enabling primary, secondary, and even tertiary boronic esters to be employed, and can be used to prepare any of the four possible stereoisomers of a coupled product with vicinal chiral centers. The new method, which combines the simultaneous enantiospecific reaction of a chiral nucleophile with the enantioselective reaction of a chiral electrophile in a single process, offers a solution for stereodivergent cross-coupling of two C(sp3) fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Varinder K. Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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3
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Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Wu BL, Yao JN, Long XX, Tan ZQ, Liang X, Feng L, Wei K, Yang YR. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (-)-Daphenylline. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1262-1268. [PMID: 38180776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
A concise enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-daphenylline, a hexacyclic Daphniphyllum alkaloid with a unique benzene ring, was achieved in 14 steps. The synthesis commences with two chiral stereocenters, C2 and C18, readily installed via Carreira's Ir/amine dual-catalyzed allylation. The allylic bridgehead amine 6 was rapidly prepared through Wickens' photoredox-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of olefin and CuBr2-catalyzed α-amination of ketone. The tetracycle 4 was formed via Pd-catalyzed reductive Heck reaction or, more concisely, by Krische's Rh-catalyzed reductive 1,6-enyne cyclization. In this synthesis, newly reported Wickens' photoredox-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation was used twice, and Friedel-Crafts acylation thrice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Neng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiang-Xi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zong-Qin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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5
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Jiang XM, Ji CL, Ge JF, Zhao JH, Zhu XY, Gao DW. Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral 1,2-Bis(Boronic) Esters Featuring Acyclic, Non-Adjacent 1,3-Stereocenters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202318441. [PMID: 38098269 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The construction of acyclic, non-adjacent 1,3-stereogenic centers, prevalent motifs in drugs and bioactive molecules, has been a long-standing synthetic challenge due to acyclic nucleophiles being distant from the chiral environment. In this study, we successfully synthesized highly valuable 1,2-bis(boronic) esters featuring acyclic and nonadjacent 1,3-stereocenters. Notably, this reaction selectively produces migratory coupling products rather than alternative deborylative allylation or direct allylation byproducts. This approach introduces a new activation mode for selective transformations of gem-diborylmethane in asymmetric catalysis. Additionally, we found that other gem-diborylalkanes, previously challenging due to steric hindrance, also successfully participated in this reaction. The incorporation of 1,2-bis(boryl)alkenes facilitated the diversification of the alkenyl and two boron moieties in our target compounds, thereby enabling access to a broad array of versatile molecules. DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and shed light on the factors responsible for the observed excellent enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. These were determined to arise from ligand-substrate steric repulsions in the syn-addition transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Min Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Chong-Lei Ji
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Fei Ge
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - De-Wei Gao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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6
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Sheng PZ, Ni ZB, Li LL, Wei K, Zhang H, Yang YR. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of the Cephalotaxus Alkaloids (-)-Fortuneicyclidins A and B and (-)-Cephalotine B. Org Lett 2023; 25:7464-7469. [PMID: 37800465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Fortuneicyclidins A and B are a pair of recently isolated Cephalotaxus alkaloids with an unprecedented rearranged polycyclic skeleton possessing multiple complex stereocenters and functionalization. In this work, highly stereocontrolled asymmetric total syntheses for title alkaloids were outlined. Key features include an underexplored Ir-catalyzed α-allylation of aldehyde to strategically install a vicinal N-substituted quaternary center and a tertiary stereocenter, Heck and RCM reactions to construct the critical polycyclic framework rapidly, two different tandem oxidation-transannular aldol cyclization processes, one through ozonolysis and another via Swern oxidation, to forge the last ring for fortuneicyclidins A and B, respectively. In this approach, the challenging C-2 hydroxyl group can be installed stereospecifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Zhen Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu-Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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7
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Sheng PZ, Li LL, Ni ZB, Wei K, Yang YR. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Cephalotaxus Alkaloid (-)-Cephalotine A. Org Lett 2023; 25:7459-7463. [PMID: 37578250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Cephalotine A, a recently isolated Cephalotaxus alkaloid, was first synthesized enantioselectively through three critical reactions. SmI2 -mediated radical cyclization of lactone and aldehyde to forge the final ring system, Chang's iridium-catalyzed C-H amidation to construct pyrrolidone stereoselectively, and Carreria's dual Ir/amine catalyzed allylation to install the vicinal tertiary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Zhen Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu-Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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8
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Yang P, Wang RX, Huang XL, Cheng YZ, You SL. Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutane Derivatives via Cascade Asymmetric Allylic Etherification/[2 + 2] Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21752-21759. [PMID: 37768553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Chiral cyclobutane presents as a popular motif in natural products and biologically active molecules, and its derivatives have been extensively used as key synthons in organic synthesis. Herein, we report an efficient synthetic method toward enantioenriched cyclobutane derivatives. The reaction proceeds in a cascade fashion involving Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic etherification and visible-light induced [2 + 2] cycloaddition. Readily available branched allyl acetates and cinnamyl alcohols are directly used as the substrates under mild reaction conditions, providing a broad range of chiral cyclobutanes in good yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 12:1 dr, >99% ee). It is worth noting that all substrates and catalysts were simultaneously added without any separated step in this approach. The gram-scale reaction and diverse transformations of product further enhance the potential utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pusu Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui-Xiang Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xu-Lun Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Shen HC, Popescu MV, Wang ZS, de Lescure L, Noble A, Paton RS, Aggarwal VK. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Difunctionalization of C-C σ-Bonds Enabled by Ring-Strained Boronate Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37471704 PMCID: PMC10401714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Enantioenriched organoboron intermediates are important building blocks in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Recently, transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective 1,2-metalate rearrangements of alkenylboronates have emerged as an attractive protocol to access these valuable reagents by installing two different carbon fragments across C═C π-bonds. Herein, we report the development of an iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylation-induced 1,2-metalate rearrangement of bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl (BCB) boronate complexes enabled by strain release, which allows asymmetric difunctionalization of C-C σ-bonds, including dicarbonation and carboboration. This protocol provides a variety of enantioenriched three-dimensional 1,1,3-trisubstituted cyclobutane products bearing a boronic ester that can be readily derivatized. Notably, the reaction gives trans diastereoisomers that result from an anti-addition across the C-C σ-bond, which is in contrast to the syn-additions observed for reactions promoted by PdII-aryl complexes and other electrophiles in our previous works. The diastereoselectivity has been rationalized based on a combination of experimental data and density functional theory calculations, which suggest that the BCB boronate complexes are highly nucleophilic and react via early transition states with low activation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Cheng Shen
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mihai V Popescu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Ze-Shu Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Louis de Lescure
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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10
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He C, Tang Y, Tang S, Sun J. Iridium-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective [4 + 1] Cycloaddition of Hydroxyallyl Anilines with Sulfoxonium Ylides. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37319271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present here an iridium-catalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective [4 + 1] cycloaddition reaction of hydroxyallyl anilines with sulfoxonium ylides under mild reaction conditions, leading to 3-vinyl indolines in moderate to good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Control experiments disclosed a plausible reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shengbiao Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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11
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Kalsi D, Louis Anandaraj SJ, Durai M, Weidenthaler C, Emondts M, Nolan SP, Bordet A, Leitner W. One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Allyl and Alkylamines Using a Catalytic System Composed of Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Copper N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Modified Silica. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Kalsi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Savarithai J. Louis Anandaraj
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Manisha Durai
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Claudia Weidenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Meike Emondts
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexis Bordet
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Davis CR, Fu Y, Liu P, Ready JM. Mechanistic Basis for the Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylation of Alkenyl Boronates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16118-16130. [PMID: 36036508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iridium(phosphoramidite) complexes catalyze an enantio- and diastereoselective three-component coupling reaction of alkenyl boronic esters, organolithium reagents, and secondary allylic carbonates. The reaction proceeds through an allylation-induced 1,2-metalate shift of the alkenyl boronate to form non-adjacent stereocenters. Mechanistic investigations outline the overall catalytic cycle and reveal trends in reactivity and selectivity. Analysis of relative stereochemistry in products derived from a variety of 1,1-disubtituted alkenyl boronates provides insight into the transition state of the addition and indicates a concerted pathway. Kinetic analysis of the reaction revealed the kinetic order dependence in boronate, the catalyst, and both the slow- and fast-reacting enantiomer of allylic carbonate as well as the turnover-limiting step of the reaction. Determination of nucleophile-specific parameters N and sN for alkenyl boronate complexes enabled comparison to other classes of nucleophiles. DFT calculations indicate the addition of the alkenyl boronate to the cationic Ir(π-allyl) intermediate and the 1,2-metalate shift occur in a concerted mechanism. The stereoselectivity is determined by ligand-substrate steric repulsions and dispersion interactions in the syn addition transition state. Hammett studies supported the computational results with regard to electronic trends observed with both aryl-derived alkenyl boronates and aryl carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
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13
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Tu HF, Nie YH, Zheng C, You SL. Ir‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Asymmetric Allylic Amination with Pyridones. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Fei Tu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yu-Han Nie
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chao Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Shu-Li You
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry CHINA
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14
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Liu XJ, Zhang WY, Zheng C, You SL. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Methyl Azaarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200164. [PMID: 35238122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reaction of methyl azaarenes is described. Azaarenes such as (benzo)thiazole, oxazole, benzoimidazole, pyridine, and (iso)quinoline are all tolerated. The corresponding chiral azaarene derivatives are obtained in good yields with high enantioselectivity (up to 96 % yield and 99 % ee). The utilization of the Knochel reagent TMPZnBr⋅LiBr warrants the in situ formation of benzylic nucleophiles without additional activating reagents. 1 H NMR studies suggested a two-fold function of the Knochel reagent in this reaction. The synthetic utility of this method has been showcased by a concise enantioselective synthesis of an allosteric protein kinase modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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15
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Zhang TY, Zhang LY, Liang X, Wei K, Yang YR. Catalytic, Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-α-, (+)-β-, (+)-γ-, and (-)-δ-Lycorane. Org Lett 2022; 24:2905-2909. [PMID: 35412321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first collectively asymmetric total synthesis of all members of lycorane, including (+)-α, (+)-β, (+)-γ, and (-)-δ, in a catalytic manner has been achieved. The cornerstone of this synthesis features an asymmetric, stereodivergent Ir/amine dual catalytic α-allylation of 2-phthalimidoacetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lu-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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16
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Liu XJ, Zhang WY, Zheng C, You SL. Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Methyl Azaarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Yun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chao Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Shu-Li You
- Shanghai Inst Org Chem State Key Lab Organometallic Chem 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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17
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Hu F, Zhang H, Chu Y, Hui XP. Efficiently enantioselective synthesis of pyrazolines and isoxazolines enabled by iridium-catalyzed intramolecular allylic substitution reactions. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00147k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Ir-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular allylic substitution reaction of 2-tosylhydrazono or hydroxyimino carbonates for the synthesis of pyrazolines and isoxazolines has been achieved. The products were obtained in high yield...
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18
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Deng Y, Liang X, Wei K, Yang YR. Ir-Catalyzed Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Bisdehydrotuberostemonine D, Putative Bisdehydrotuberostemonine E and Structural Revision of the Latter. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20622-20627. [PMID: 34870982 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first total syntheses of bisdehydrotuberostemonine D (8) and putative bisdehydrotuberostemonine E (9), two novel pyrrole Stemona alkaloids, along with the synthesis of bisdehydrotuberostemonine (3) have been completed in 12-13 steps. Our strategy harnesses the power of transition-metal-catalyzed reactions employing Ir, Ru, and Pd, in particular Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of aldehydes, two distinct protocols recently developed by Carreira and Krische, respectively. The threefold use of Ir catalysis, first in the stereodivergent construction of two contiguous stereocenters at C (9,10) and then in rapid formation of the two γ-butyrolactone motifs, enabled the route's efficiency. Through this work, the originally assigned structure of bisdehydrotuberostemonine E (9) should be revised as 18α-bisdehydrotuberostemonine D (8*).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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19
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Biya E, Neetha M, Anilkumar G. An Overview of Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Amination Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Biya
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560Fax: +91-481-2731036
| | - Mohan Neetha
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560Fax: +91-481-2731036
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560Fax: +91-481-2731036
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC) Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
- Institute for Integrated programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS) Mahatma Gandhi University Priyadarsini Hills P O Kottayam Kerala INDIA 686560
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20
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Kizhakkayil Mangadan AR, Liu J, Aponick A. Enantioselective Lactonization by π‐Acid‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution: A Complement to π‐Allylmetal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Raj Kizhakkayil Mangadan
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and Department of Chemistry University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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21
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Kizhakkayil Mangadan AR, Liu J, Aponick A. Enantioselective Lactonization by π-Acid-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution: A Complement to π-Allylmetal Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22224-22229. [PMID: 34423520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) is a powerful method for the formation of highly useful, non-racemic allylic compounds. Here we present a complementary enantioselective process that generates allylic lactones via π-acid catalysis. More specifically, a catalytic enantioselective dehydrative lactonization of allylic alcohols using a novel PdII -catalyst containing the imidazole-based P,N-ligand (S)-StackPhos is reported. The high-yielding reactions are operationally simple to perform with enantioselectivities up to 99 % ee. This strategy facilitates the replacement of a poor leaving group with what would ostensibly be a better leaving group in the product avoiding complications arising from racemization by equilibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Raj Kizhakkayil Mangadan
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ji Liu
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds and, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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22
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Wang H, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Zi W. Synergistic Pd/Amine-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Hydroalkylation of 1,3-Dienes with Aldehydes: Reaction Development, Mechanism, and Stereochemical Origins. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10948-10962. [PMID: 34264662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-hydride-catalyzed hydroalkylation of 1,3-dienes with enolizable carbonyl compounds is an atom- and step-economical method for preparing chiral molecules with allylic stereocenters. Although high diastereo- and enantioselectivities have been achieved for many coupling partners, aldehydes have not yet been used for this purpose because they are less stable than other carbonyl compounds under basic conditions and they have the potential to rapidly epimerize at the α-position. Moreover, stereodivergent hydroalkylation reactions of 1,3-dienes to access complementary diastereomers with vicinal stereocenters is challenging. Herein, we describe a synergistic palladium/amine catalyst system that allowed us to achieve the first stereodivergent hydroalkylation reactions of 1,3-dienes with aldehydes. By choosing an appropriate combination of chiral palladium and amine catalysts, we could obtain either syn or anti coupling products, and this method therefore provides highly diastereo- and enantioselective access to complementary diastereomers of chiral aldehydes with α,β-vicinal stereocenters. Density functional theory calculations revealed a mechanism involving PdH formation and migratory insertion into the alkene, followed by C-C bond formation. The origin of the stereoselectivities was investigated by means of distortion/interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfa Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qinglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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23
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Nguyen HVL, Gulaczyk I, Kręglewski M, Kleiner I. Large amplitude inversion tunneling motion in ammonia, methylamine, hydrazine, and secondary amines: From structure determination to coordination chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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24
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Sandmeier T, Carreira EM. Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic Nitrones by Chemoselective Intramolecular Allylic Alkylation of Oximes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9913-9918. [PMID: 33555650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The enantio- and chemoselective iridium-catalyzed N-allylation of oximes is described for the first time. Intramolecular kinetic resolution provides access to cyclic nitrones and enantioenriched aliphatic allylic alcohols. Salient features of this transformation are its ability to employ E/Z-isomeric mixtures of oxime starting materials convergently and high functional group tolerance. The implementation of N-allylation/1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction sequences furnishes tricyclic isoxazolidines in highly enantio- and diastereoselective fashion. The synthetic utility of the approach is demonstrated by the efficient, formal synthesis of the marine natural product (+)-halichlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sandmeier
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Sandmeier T, Carreira EM. Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic Nitrones by Chemoselective Intramolecular Allylic Alkylation of Oximes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sandmeier
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie HCI H335 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie HCI H335 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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26
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Zheng Y, Yang HD, Wei K, Yang YR. Synthetic Studies toward Parvistemoline Using Asymmetric Ir/Amine-Catalyzed Allylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6025-6029. [PMID: 33769043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The common, key tricyclic core of stemona alkaloids parvistemonine (1) and parvistemoline (2), whose synthetic efforts have not reported yet, was constructed through a new strategy in which three contiguous stereogenic centers were set by using Carreira's asymmetric Ir/amine-catalyzed allylation of aldehyde with α-vinylfurfuryl alcohol and Ellman's sulfinamide chiral auxiliary, respectively. The furan ring was especially designed to act as the precursor of the butyrolactone while establishing the significant chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Dou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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27
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Sandmeier T, Carreira EM. Enantio- and Chemoselective Intramolecular Iridium-Catalyzed O-Allylation of Oximes. Org Lett 2021; 23:2643-2647. [PMID: 33749284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A method for the enantio- and chemoselective iridium-catalyzed O-allylation of oximes is described. Kinetic resolution in an intramolecular setting provides enantioenriched oxime ethers and aliphatic allylic alcohols. The synthetic potential of the products generated with this method is showcased by their elaboration into a series of heterocyclic compounds and the formal synthesis of glycoprotein GP IIb-IIIa receptor antagonist (-)-roxifiban. Preliminary mechanistic experiments and computational data shed light on the remarkable chemoselectivity of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sandmeier
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Building HCI, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Building HCI, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Yang WL, Liu TT, Ni T, Zhu B, Luo X, Deng WP. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Cascade Allylation/Pictet-Spengler Cyclization Reaction for the Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,3,4-Trisubstituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines. Org Lett 2021; 23:2790-2796. [PMID: 33734718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An iridium-catalyzed trifluoroacetic acid-promoted asymmetric cascade allylation/Pictet-Spengler cyclization reaction of azomethine ylides with aromatic allylic alcohols is reported. This protocol provides a facile and scalable method for the construction of 1,3,4-trisubstituted tetrahydroisoquinolines containing two stereogenic centers in good yields (up to 96%) with generally excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr and >99% ee). Furthermore, a series of aromatic heterocycle-fused piperidines were also obtained with excellent enantiocontrol by this methodology.
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29
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Sperga A, Kazia A, Veliks J. Monofluorinated 5-membered rings via fluoromethylene transfer: synthesis of monofluorinated isoxazoline N-oxides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2688-2691. [PMID: 33666634 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00270h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of five-membered rings using fluoromethylene transfer chemistry is an attractive method for building fluorinated products of high value. This work demonstrates for the first time that one-fluorine-one-carbon modification of a substrate could be a viable strategy to access monofluorinated five-membered rings. The synthetic methodology was developed to access monofluorinated isoxazoline-N-oxides in one step starting from substituted 2-nitroacrylates using fluoromethylsulfonium reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturs Sperga
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia.
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30
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Zhang J, Gao YS, Gu BM, Yang WL, Tian BX, Deng WP. Cooperative N-heterocyclic Carbene and Iridium Catalysis Enables Stereoselective and Regiodivergent [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] Annulation Reactions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Shan Gao
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bu-Ming Gu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo-Xue Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Yang WL, Ni T, Deng WP. Iridium-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of 4-Indolyl Allylic Alcohols with Azomethine Ylides. Org Lett 2021; 23:588-594. [PMID: 33404250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented iridium-catalyzed asymmetric [4 + 3] cycloaddition of racemic 4-indolyl allylic alcohols with azomethine ylides is reported. The ability of acid promoter zinc triflate to perform multiple roles is the key factor for the success of this strategy. This method provides scalable and efficient access to biologically important azepino[3,4,5-cd] indoles in good yields with generally excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr and >99% ee). Mild reaction conditions, easily accessible substrates and chiral catalyst, and broad substrate scope highlight the practicality of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Lin Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ni
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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32
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Li S, Qiu J, Li B, Sun Z, Xie P, Loh TP. Practical allylation with unactivated allylic alcohols under mild conditions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A practical palladium/calcium catalytic system was developed for dehydrative allylation with unactivated allylic alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Ju Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Bowen Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Zuolian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Peizhong Xie
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
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33
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Peloquin AJ, Kobra K, McMillen CD, Iacono ST, Pennington WT. Isolation of hydrazine oxidation products via halogen bonding: C–I bond scission and crystal polymorphism. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01568g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of methyl- or 1,1-dimethylhydrazine and iodofluorobenzenes yield cocrystals of sym-hexahydro-1,4-dimethyltetrazine or tetramethylammonium iodide (NMe4I) respectively, being polymorphic or of varying stoichiometry to those direct from NMe4I.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center
- Laboratories for Advanced Materials
- US Air Force Academy
- Colorado Springs
- USA
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34
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Shi Y, Wu H, Huang G. Rhodium( i)/bisoxazolinephosphine-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective amination of allylic carbonates: a computational study. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00370d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to investigate the rhodium(i)/bisoxazolinephosphine-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective amination of allylic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Hongli Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- P. R. China
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35
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Bahena EN, Griffin SE, Schafer LL. Zirconium-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkynes for the Synthesis of Allylic Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20566-20571. [PMID: 33249842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A zirconium-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of alkynes to access α,β,γ-substituted allylic amines in an atom-economic fashion is reported. The reaction is compatible with N-(trimethylsilyl)benzylamine and a variety of N-benzylaniline substrates, with the latter giving the allylic amine as the sole organic product. Various internal alkynes with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents were tolerated. Model intermediates of the reaction were synthesized and structurally characterized. Stoichiometric studies on key intermediates revealed that the open coordination sphere at zirconium, imparted by the tethered bis(ureate) ligand, is crucial for the coordination of neutral donors. These complexes may serve as models for the inner-sphere protonolysis reactions required for catalytic turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Nuñez Bahena
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Samuel E Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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36
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Glatz F, Petrone DA, Carreira EM. Ir-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Synthesis of Diversely Protected Allenylic Amines Employing Ammonia Surrogates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16404-16408. [PMID: 32558158 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first iridium catalyzed, enantioconvergent amination of allenylic carbonates is reported. This process utilizes various commercially available carbamates and sulfonamides to generate allenylic amines including commonly employed protected groups (Boc, Fmoc, Cbz, Ts, Ns) in 62-82 % yield and 87-98 % ee. The products generated through this scalable procedure serve as effective linchpins for the rapid, enantiospecific synthesis of a wide range of complex structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Glatz
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David A Petrone
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335, Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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37
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Glatz F, Petrone DA, Carreira EM. Ir‐Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Synthesis of Diversely Protected Allenylic Amines Employing Ammonia Surrogates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Glatz
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - David A. Petrone
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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38
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Sandmeier T, Sievertsen N, Carreira EM. Derailed
Ohira‐Bestmann
Reaction of
γ
,
δ
‐Unsaturated Aldehydes for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopenta[
c
]pyrazoles. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sandmeier
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieDepartment of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH-Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Niels Sievertsen
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieDepartment of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH-Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieDepartment of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH-Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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39
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Salman M, Xu Y, Khan S, Zhang J, Khan A. Regioselective molybdenum-catalyzed allylic substitution of tertiary allylic electrophiles: methodology development and applications. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5481-5486. [PMID: 34094074 PMCID: PMC8159339 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01763a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first molybdenum-catalyzed allylic sulfonylation of tertiary allylic electrophiles is described. The method employs a readily accessible catalyst (Mo(CO)6/2,2′-bipyridine, both are commercially available) and represents the first example of the use of a group 6 transition metal-catalyst for allylic sulfonylation of substituted tertiary allylic electrophiles to form carbon–sulfur bonds. This atom economic and operationally simple methodology is characterized by its relatively mild conditions, wide substrate scope, and excellent regioselectivity profile, thus unlocking a new platform to forge sulfone moieties, even in the context of late-stage functionalization and providing ample opportunities for further derivatization through traditional Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. The first general example of Mo-catalyzed allylic sulfonylation of tertiary allylic electrophile provides an efficient way to forge sulfone moieties, and providing ample opportunities for further transformation through traditional Suzuki cross-coupling.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
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40
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Lynch CC, Balaraman K, Wolf C. Catalytic Asymmetric Allylic Amination with Isatins, Sulfonamides, Imides, Amines, and N-Heterocycles. Org Lett 2020; 22:3180-3184. [PMID: 32255635 PMCID: PMC7369029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A generally useful palladium-catalyzed method for the asymmetric allylic amination with a large variety of isatins, sulfonamides, imides, amines, and N-heterocycles is introduced. A single protocol with a readily available catalyst accomplishes this reaction at room temperature with high yields and enantioselectivities often exceeding 90%, which is demonstrated with 31 examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán C Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Christian Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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41
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Liu X, Jin S, Zhang W, Liu Q, Zheng C, You S. Sequence‐Dependent Stereodivergent Allylic Alkylation/Fluorination of Acyclic Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2039-2043. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi‐Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shicheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wen‐Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiang‐Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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42
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Sandmeier T, Carreira EM. Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed α-Allylation with Aqueous Solutions of Acetaldehyde. Org Lett 2020; 22:1135-1138. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sandmeier
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Liu X, Jin S, Zhang W, Liu Q, Zheng C, You S. Sequence‐Dependent Stereodivergent Allylic Alkylation/Fluorination of Acyclic Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi‐Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shicheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wen‐Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiang‐Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular SynthesisShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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44
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Yao JN, Liang X, Wei K, Yang YR. Catalytic, Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid (-)-Alstoscholarine. Org Lett 2019; 21:8485-8487. [PMID: 31596099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic, enantioselective formal synthesis of monoterpene indole alkaloid (-)-alstoscholarine is described. The synthesis employs an Ir-amine dual catalyzed asymmetric allylation of aldehyde 8 with 3-indolyl vinyl carbinol derivative 7 to furnish chiral aldehyde 6 as a key asymmetric step. Other key reactions include the construction of the 2-ketopyrrole moiety by Nicolaou's method and Tf2O promoted Pictet-Spengler cyclization to access Zhu's intermediate 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Neng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , China
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