1
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Govind Rajan A, Martirez JMP, Carter EA. Strongly facet-dependent activity of iron-doped β-nickel oxyhydroxide for the oxygen evolution reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14721-14733. [PMID: 38716632 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Iron (Fe)-doped β-nickel oxyhydroxide (β-NiOOH) is a highly active, noble-metal-free electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), with the latter being the bottleneck in electrochemical water splitting for sustainable hydrogen production. The mechanisms underlying how the Fe dopant modulates this host material's water electro-oxidation activity are still not entirely clear. Here, we combine hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and Hubbard-corrected DFT to investigate the OER activity of the most thermodynamically favorable (and therefore, expected to be the majority) crystallographic facets of β-NiOOH, namely (0001) and (101̄0). By considering active sites involving both oxidation and reduction of the transition-metal active center during the redox cycle on these two different facets, we show that six-fold-lattice-coordinated Fe in β-NiOOH is redox inactive towards both oxidation and reduction while five-fold-lattice-coordinated Fe in β-NiOOH does exhibit redox activity. However, the determined redox activity of Fe (or lack of it) is not indicative of good (or bad) performance as a dopant on these two facets. Three of the four active sites investigated (oxo and hydroxo sites on (0001) and a hydrated site on (101̄0)) exhibit only a marginal (<0.1 V) decrease or increase in the thermodynamic overpotential upon doping with Fe. Only one of the redox-active sites investigated, the hydroxo site on (101̄0), exhibits a large attenuation in the thermodynamic overpotential upon doping (to ∼0.52 V from 0.86 V), although the doped overpotential is larger than that observed experimentally for Fe-doped NiOOH. Thus, although pure β-NiOOH facets containing four-, five-, or six-fold lattice-coordinated Ni sites have roughly equal OER activities, yielding similar OER onset potentials (shown in A. Govind Rajan, J. M. P. Martirez and E. A. Carter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 3600-3612), only those facets containing four-fold lattice-coordinated Fe (e.g., as shown in J. M. P. Martirez and E. A. Carter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141, 693-705) would be active under analogous conditions for the Fe-doped material. It follows that, while undoped β-NiOOH demonstrates a roughly facet-independent oxygen evolution activity, the activity of Fe-doped β-NiOOH strongly depends on the crystallographic facet. Our study further motivates the investigation of strategies for the selective growth of facets with low iron coordination number to enhance the water splitting activity of Fe-doped β-NiOOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananth Govind Rajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, USA
| | | | - Emily A Carter
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, USA
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6655, USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, USA.
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2
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Tang B, Fang Y, Zhu S, Bai Q, Li X, Wei L, Li Z, Zhu C. Tuning hydrogen bond network connectivity in the electric double layer with cations. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7111-7120. [PMID: 38756806 PMCID: PMC11095383 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06904d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bond (H-bond) network connectivity in electric double layers (EDLs) is of paramount importance for interfacial HER/HOR electrocatalytic processes. However, it remains unclear whether the cation-specific effect on H-bond network connectivity in EDLs exists. Herein, we report simulation evidence from ab initio molecular dynamics that cations at Pt(111)/water interfaces can tune the structure and the connectivity of H-bond networks in EDLs. As the surface charge density σ becomes more negative, we show that the connectivity of the H-bond networks in EDLs of the Na+ and Ca2+ systems decreases markedly; in stark contrast, the connectivity of the H-bond networks in EDLs of the Mg2+ system increases slightly. Further analysis revealed that the interplay between the hydration of cations and the interfacial water structure plays a key role in the connectivity of H-bond networks in EDLs. These findings highlight the key roles of cations in EDLs and electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yeguang Fang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Qi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Laiyang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
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3
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Hsu YS, Rathnayake ST, Waegele MM. Cation effects in hydrogen evolution and CO2-to-CO conversion: A critical perspective. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:160901. [PMID: 38651806 DOI: 10.1063/5.0201751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rates of many electrocatalytic reactions can be strongly affected by the structure and dynamics of the electrochemical double layer, which in turn can be tuned by the concentration and identity of the supporting electrolyte's cation. The effect of cations on an electrocatalytic process depends on a complex interplay between electrolyte components, electrode material and surface structure, applied electrode potential, and reaction intermediates. Although cation effects remain insufficiently understood, the principal mechanisms underlying cation-dependent reactivity and selectivity are beginning to emerge. In this Perspective, we summarize and critically examine recent advances in this area in the context of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO2-to-CO conversion, which are among the most intensively studied and promising electrocatalytic reactions for the sustainable production of commodity chemicals and fuels. Improving the kinetics of the HER in base and enabling energetically efficient and selective CO2 reduction at low pH are key challenges in electrocatalysis. The physical insights from the recent literature illustrate how cation effects can be utilized to help achieve these goals and to steer other electrocatalytic processes of technological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shen Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Sachinthya T Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Matthias M Waegele
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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4
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van der Heijden O, Eggebeen JJJ, Trzesniowski H, Deka N, Golnak R, Xiao J, van Rijn M, Mom RV, Koper MTM. Li + Cations Activate NiFeOOH for Oxygen Evolution in Sodium and Potassium Hydroxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318692. [PMID: 38323697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of electrolysis is reduced due to the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Besides catalyst properties, electrocatalytic activity also depends on the interaction of the electrocatalyst with the electrolyte. Here, we show that the addition of small amounts of Li+ to Fe-free NaOH or KOH electrolytes activates NiFeOOH for the OER compared to single-cation electrolytes. Moreover, the activation was maintained when the solution was returned to pure NaOH. Importantly, we show that the origin of activation by Li+ cations is primarily non-kinetic in nature, as the OER onset for the mixed electrolyte does not change and the Tafel slope at low current density is ~30 mV/dec in both electrolytes. However, the increase of the apparent Tafel slope remains lower at increasing current densities in the presence of Li+. Based on electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, we show that this reduction of non-kinetic effects is due to enhanced intercalation of sodium, water and hydroxide. This enhanced electrolyte penetration facilitates the OER, especially at higher current densities and for increased catalyst loading. Our work shows that mixed electrolytes where distinct cations can have different roles provide a simple and promising strategy towards improved OER rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onno van der Heijden
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy J J Eggebeen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanna Trzesniowski
- Department of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nipon Deka
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ronny Golnak
- Department of Highly Sensitive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Highly Sensitive X-Ray Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maartje van Rijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rik V Mom
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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5
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Razzaq S, Exner KS. Why efficient bifunctional hydrogen electrocatalysis requires a change in the reaction mechanism. iScience 2024; 27:108848. [PMID: 38313059 PMCID: PMC10837630 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) are both two-electron processes that culminate in the formation or consumption of gaseous hydrogen in an electrolyzer or a fuel cell, respectively. Unitized regenerative proton exchange membrane fuel cells merge these two functionalities into one device, allowing to switch between the two modes of operation. This prompts the quest for efficient bifunctional electrode materials catalyzing the HER and HOR with reasonable reaction rates at low overpotentials. In the present study using a data-driven framework, we identify a general criterion for efficient bifunctional performance in the hydrogen electrocatalysis, which refers to a change in the reaction mechanism when switching from cathodic to anodic working conditions. The obtained insight can be used in future studies based on density functional theory to pave the design of efficient HER and HOR catalysts by a dedicated consideration of the kinetics in the analysis of reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Razzaq
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Kai S Exner
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
- Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE) Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
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6
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Liu BY, Zhen EF, Zhang LL, Cai J, Huang J, Chen YX. The pH-Induced Increase of the Rate Constant for HER at Au(111) in Acid Revealed by Combining Experiments and Kinetic Simulation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:67-75. [PMID: 38153001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Origins of pH effects on the kinetics of electrocatalytic reactions involving the transfer of both protons and electrons, including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) considered in this study, are heatedly debated. By taking the HER at Au(111) in acid solutions of different pHs and ionic concentrations as the model systems, herein, we report how to derive the intrinsic kinetic parameters of such reactions and their pH dependence through the measurement of j-E curves and the corresponding kinetic simulation based on the Frumkin-Butler-Volmer theory and the modified Poisson-Nernst-Planck equation. Our study reveals the following: (i) the same set of kinetic parameters, such as the standard activation Gibbs free energy, charge transfer coefficient, and Gibbs adsorption energy for Had at Au(111), can simulate well all the j-E curves measured in solutions with different pH and temperatures; (ii) on the reversible hydrogen electrode scale, the intrinsic rate constant increases with the increase of pH, which is in contrast with the decrease of the HER current with the increase of pH; and (iii) the ratio of the rate constants for HER at Au(111) in x M HClO4 + (0.1 - x) M NaClO4 (pH ≤ 3) deduced before properly correcting the electric double layer (EDL) effects to the ones estimated with EDL correction is in the range of ca. 10 to 40, and even in a solution of x M HClO4 + (1 - x) M NaClO4 (pH ≤ 2) there is a difference of ca. 5× in the rate constants without and with EDL correction. The importance of proper correction of the EDL effects as well as several other important factors on unveiling the intrinsic pH-dependent reaction kinetics are discussed to help converge our analysis of pH effects in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yu Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Er-Fei Zhen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Theorie Elektrokatalytischer Grenzflächen, Fakultät für Georessourcen und Materialtechnik, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yan-Xia Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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7
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Li X, Yang G, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Peng F. Alkali Metal Cation-Sulfate Anion Ion Pairs Promoted the Cleavage of C-C Bond During Ethanol Electrooxidation. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:11177-11182. [PMID: 38055448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct ethanol fuel cells show great promise as a means of converting biomass ethanol derived from biomass into electricity. However, the efficiency of complete conversion is hindered by the low selectivity in breaking the C-C bond. This selectivity is determined by factors such as the material structure and reaction conditions, including the nature of the supporting electrolyte. Cations serve not only as facilitators of electricity conduction through ion migration but also as influencers of the reaction pathways. In this study, we utilized differential electrochemical mass spectrometry to track the in situ generation of CO2 during potential scanning. The presence of alkali cations led to an enhancement in the CO2 selectivity. In addition, in situ Raman spectroscopy provided evidence of the formation of alkali metal cation-sulfate anion ion pairs. The catalytic activity and CO2 selectivity were found to be directly correlated to the ionic strength of these ion pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangxing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Jia H, Yao N, Yu C, Cong H, Luo W. Unveiling the Electrolyte Cations Dependent Kinetics on CoOOH-Catalyzed Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313886. [PMID: 37864480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The electrolyte cations-dependent kinetics have been widely observed in many fields of electrocatalysis, however, the exact mechanism of the influence on catalytic performance is still a controversial topic of considerable discussion. Herein, combined with operando X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), we verify that the electrolyte cations could intercalate into the layer of pristine CoOOH catalyst during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process, while the bigger cations lead to enlarged interlayer spacing and increased OER activity, following the order Cs+ >K+ >Na+ >Li+ . X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), in situ Raman, in situ Ultraviolet-visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, in situ XAS spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and theoretical calculations reveal that the intercalation of electrolyte cations efficiently modify the oxidation states of Co by enlarging the Co-O bonds, which in turn enhance the d-band center of Co, optimize the adsorption strength of oxygen intermediates, facilitate the formation of OER active Co(IV) species, and reduce the energy barrier of the rate-determing step (RDS), thereby enhancing the OER activity. This work not only provides an informative picture to understand the complicated dependence of OER kinetics on electrolyte cations, but also sheds light on understanding the mechanism of other electrolyte cation-targeted electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnan Jia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Hubei, 430072, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Na Yao
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University Hubei, 430073, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Can Yu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Hubei, 430072, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Hubei, 430072, Wuhan, P. R. China
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9
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Li P, Jiao Y, Ruan Y, Fei H, Men Y, Guo C, Wu Y, Chen S. Revealing the role of double-layer microenvironments in pH-dependent oxygen reduction activity over metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6936. [PMID: 37907596 PMCID: PMC10618200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A standing puzzle in electrochemistry is that why the metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts generally exhibit dramatic activity drop for oxygen reduction when traversing from alkaline to acid. Here, taking FeCo-N6-C double-atom catalyst as a model system and combining the ab initio molecular dynamics simulation and in situ surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy, we show that it is the significantly distinct interfacial double-layer structures, rather than the energetics of multiple reaction steps, that cause the pH-dependent oxygen reduction activity on metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts. Specifically, the greatly disparate charge densities on electrode surfaces render different orientations of interfacial water under alkaline and acid oxygen reduction conditions, thereby affecting the formation of hydrogen bonds between the surface oxygenated intermediates and the interfacial water molecules, eventually controlling the kinetics of the proton-coupled electron transfer steps. The present findings may open new and feasible avenues for the design of advanced metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuzhou Jiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaner Ruan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Houguo Fei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yana Men
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cunlan Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Shengli Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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10
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Khani H, Puente Santiago AR, He T. An Interfacial View of Cation Effects on Electrocatalysis Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306103. [PMID: 37490318 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The identity of alkali metal cations in the electrolyte of electrocatalysis systems has been recently introduced as a crucial factor to tailor the kinetics and Faradaic efficiency of many electrocatalytic reactions. In this Minireview, we have summarized the recent advances in the molecular-level understanding of cation effects on relevant electrocatalytic processes such as hydrogen evolution (HER), oxygen evolution (OER), and CO2 electroreduction (CO2 RR) reactions. The discussion covers the effects of electrolyte cations on interfacial electric fields, structural organization of interfacial water molecules, blocking the catalytic active sites, stabilization or destabilization of intermediates, and interfacial pHs. These cation-induced interfacial phenomena have been reported to impact the performance (activity, selectivity, and stability) of electrochemical reactions collaboratively or independently. We describe that although there is almost a general agreement on the relationship between the size of alkali cations and the activities of HER, OER, and CO2 RR, however, the mechanism by which the performance of these electrocatalytic reactions is influenced by alkali metal cations is still in debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Khani
- Texas Materials Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Program, The, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Alain R Puente Santiago
- Texas Materials Institute and Materials Science and Engineering Program, The, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tianwei He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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11
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Li P, Jiao Y, Huang J, Chen S. Electric Double Layer Effects in Electrocatalysis: Insights from Ab Initio Simulation and Hierarchical Continuum Modeling. JACS AU 2023; 3:2640-2659. [PMID: 37885580 PMCID: PMC10598835 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Structures of the electric double layer (EDL) at electrocatalytic interfaces, which are modulated by the material properties, the electrolyte characteristics (e.g., the pH, the types and concentrations of ions), and the electrode potential, play crucial roles in the reaction kinetics. Understanding the EDL effects in electrocatalysis has attracted substantial research interest in recent years. However, the intrinsic relationships between the specific EDL structures and electrocatalytic kinetics remain poorly understood, especially on the atomic scale. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent advances in deciphering the EDL effects mainly in hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis through a multiscale approach, spanning from the atomistic scale simulated by ab initio methods to the macroscale by a hierarchical approach. We highlight the importance of resolving the local reaction environment, especially the local hydrogen bond network, in understanding EDL effects. Finally, some of the remaining challenges are outlined, and an outlook for future developments in these exciting frontiers is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuzhou Jiao
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Theory and Computation of
Energy Materials, Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Theory
of Electrocatalytic Interfaces, Faculty of Georesources and Materials
Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shengli Chen
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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12
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Ostervold L, Smerigan A, Liu MJ, Filardi LR, Vila FD, Perez-Aguilar JE, Hong J, Tarpeh WA, Hoffman AS, Greenlee LF, Clark EL, Janik MJ, Bare SR. Cation Incorporation into Copper Oxide Lattice at Highly Oxidizing Potentials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47025-47036. [PMID: 37756387 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte cations can have significant effects on the kinetics and selectivity of electrocatalytic reactions. We show an atypical mechanism through which electrolyte cations can impact electrocatalyst performance─direct incorporation of the cation into the oxide electrocatalyst lattice. We investigate the transformations of copper electrodes in alkaline electrochemistry through operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy in KOH and Ba(OH)2 electrolytes. In KOH electrolytes, both the near-edge structure and extended fine-structure agree with previous studies; however, the X-ray absorption spectra vary greatly in Ba(OH)2 electrolytes. Through a combination of electronic structure modeling, near-edge simulation, and postreaction characterization, we propose that Ba2+ cations are directly incorporated into the lattice and form an ordered BaCuO2 phase at potentials more oxidizing than 200 mV vs the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE). BaCuO2 formation is followed by further oxidation to a bulk Cu3+-like BaxCuyOz phase at 900 mV vs NHE. Additionally, during reduction in Ba(OH)2 electrolyte, we find both Cu-O bonds and Cu-Ba scattering persist at potentials as low as -400 mV vs NHE. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for direct oxidative incorporation of an electrolyte cation into the bulk lattice to form a mixed oxide electrode. The oxidative incorporation of electrolyte cations to form mixed oxides could open a new route for the in situ formation of active and selective oxidation electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ostervold
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adam Smerigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Matthew J Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Leah R Filardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Fernando D Vila
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jorge E Perez-Aguilar
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Lauren F Greenlee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ezra Lee Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Michael J Janik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Simon R Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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13
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He M, Zhang K, Guan Y, Sun Y, Han B. Green carbon science: fundamental aspects. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad046. [PMID: 37565189 PMCID: PMC10411673 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon energy has contributed to the creation of human civilization, and it can be considered that the configuration of the carbon energy system is one of the important laws that govern the operation of everything in the universe. The core of the carbon energy system is the opposition and unity of two aspects: oxidation and reduction. The operation of oxidation and reduction is based on the ternary elemental system composed of the three elements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Its operation produces numerous reactions and reaction products. Ancient Chinese philosophy helps us to understand in depth the essence of green carbon science, to explore its scientific basis, and to identify the related platforms for technology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Research Institute of Petrochem Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Yejun Guan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Low Carbon Energy Conversion Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Low Carbon Technology Innovation Platform, Shanghai 210620, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
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14
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Huang J, Chen Y, Eikerling M. Correlated surface-charging behaviors of two electrodes in an electrochemical cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307307120. [PMID: 37579163 PMCID: PMC10450406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307307120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is revealed herein that surface-charging behaviors of the two electrodes constituting an electrochemical cell cannot be described independently by their respective electric double-layer (EDL) properties. Instead, they are correlated in such a way that the surface-charging behavior of each electrode is determined by the EDL and the reaction kinetics at both electrodes. Two fundamental equations describing the correlated surface-charging behaviors are derived, and approximate analytical solutions are obtained at low and high current densities, respectively, to facilitate transparent understanding. Important implications of the presented conceptual analysis for theoretical and computational electrochemistry are discussed. A strategy of modulating the activity of one electrode by tuning EDL parameters of the other in a two-electrode electrochemical cell is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
- Theory of Electrocatalytic Interfaces, Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
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15
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Zhu X, Huang J, Eikerling M. pH Effects in a Model Electrocatalytic Reaction Disentangled. JACS AU 2023; 3:1052-1064. [PMID: 37124300 PMCID: PMC10131201 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Varying the solution pH not only changes the reactant concentrations in bulk solution but also the local reaction environment (LRE) that is shaped furthermore by macroscopic mass transport and microscopic electric double layer (EDL) effects. Understanding ubiquitous pH effects in electrocatalysis requires disentangling these interwoven factors, which is a difficult, if not impossible, task without physical modeling. Herein, we demonstrate how a hierarchical model that integrates microkinetics, double-layer charging, and macroscopic mass transport can help understand pH effects of the formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR). In terms of the relation between the peak activity and the solution pH, intrinsic pH effects without consideration of changes in the LRE would lead to a bell-shaped curve with a peak at pH = 6. Adding only macroscopic mass transport, we can already reproduce qualitatively the experimentally observed trapezoidal shape with a plateau between pH 5 and 10 in perchlorate and sulfate solutions. A quantitative agreement with experimental data requires consideration of EDL effects beyond Frumkin correlations. Specifically, the peculiar nonmonotonic surface charging relation affects the free energies of adsorbed intermediates. We further discuss pH effects of FAOR in phosphate and chloride-containing solutions, for which anion adsorption becomes important. This study underpins the importance of a full consideration of multiple interrelated factors for the interpretation of pH effects in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhu
- Theory
and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy
and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Chair
of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources
and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Theory
and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy
and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Theory
and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy
and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Chair
of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources
and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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16
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Melander MM. Frozen or dynamic? — An atomistic simulation perspective on the timescales of electrochemical reactions. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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17
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Yang Y, Du X, Wang S, Zhao K, Wang L, Qi Z, Yang W, Hao J, Shi W. Cation Transport Effect on Nickel Iron Oxyhydroxide Electrodes in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | | | - Shuaishuai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Zhihao Qi
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Wenshu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Jinhui Hao
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Weidong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
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18
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Didar BR, Groß A. Solvation structure and dynamics of Li and LiO2 and their transformation in non-aqueous organic electrolyte solvents from first-principles simulations. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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19
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Huang J, Climent V, Groß A, Feliu JM. Understanding surface charge effects in electrocatalysis. Part 2: Hydrogen peroxide reactions at platinum. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Ovalle VJ, Hsu YS, Agrawal N, Janik MJ, Waegele MM. Correlating hydration free energy and specific adsorption of alkali metal cations during CO2 electroreduction on Au. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Wang PY, Zhou JF, Chen H, Peng B, Zhang K. Activation of H 2O Tailored by Interfacial Electronic States at a Nanoscale Interface for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. JACS AU 2022; 2:1457-1471. [PMID: 35783181 PMCID: PMC9241158 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fundamental and practical significance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the reaction kinetics at the molecular level are not well-understood, especially in basic media. Here, with ZIF-67-derived Co-based carbon frameworks (Co/NCs) as model catalysts, we systematically investigated the effects of different reaction parameters on the HER kinetics and discovered that the HER activity was directly dependent not on the type of nitrogen in the carbon framework but on the relative content of surface hydroxyl and water (OH-/H2O) adsorbed on Co active sites embedded in carbon frameworks. When the ratio of the OH-/H2O was close to 1:1, the Co/NC nanocatalyst showed the best reaction performance under the condition of high-pH electrolytes, e.g., an overpotential of only 232 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in the 1 M KOH electrolyte. We unambiguously identified that the structural water molecules (SWs) in the form of hydrous hydroxyl complexes absorbed on metal centers {OHad·H2O@M+} were catalytic active sites for the enhanced HER, where M+ could be transition or alkaline metal cations. Different from the traditional hydrogen bonding of water, the hydroxyl (hydroxide) groups and water molecules in the SWs were mainly bonded together via the spatial interaction between the p orbitals of O atoms, exhibiting features of a delocalized π-bond with a metastable state. These newly formed surface bonds or transitory states could be new weak interactions that synergistically promote both interfacial electron transfer and the activation of water (dissociation of O-H bonds) at the electrode surface, i.e., the formation of activated H adducts (H*). The capture of new surface states not only explains pH-, cation-, and transition-metal-dependent hydrogen evolution kinetics but also provides completely new insights into the understanding of other electrocatalytic reductions involving other small molecules, including CO2, CO, and N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Yue Wang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jia-Feng Zhou
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Laboratoire
de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Chimie
de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 46 Allée d’italie, Lyon 69364 CEDEX 07, France
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell
Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, P. R. China
- Institute
of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
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22
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Li P, Liu Y, Chen S. Microscopic EDL Structures and Charge-Potential Relation on Stepped Platinum Surface: Insights from the Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:104701. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, China
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23
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Snir N, Caspary Toroker M. Simulations to cover the waterfront for iron oxide catalysis. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200025. [PMID: 35044706 PMCID: PMC9303966 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematite has been widely studied for catalytic water splitting, but the role of the interactions between catalytic sites is unknown. In this paper, we calculate the oxygen evolution reaction free energies and the surface adsorption distribution using a combination of density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations to “cover the waterfront,” or cover a wide range of properties with a simulation of the hematite surface under working conditions. First, we show that modeling noninteracting catalytic sites provides a poor explanation of hematite's slow reaction kinetics. The interactions between the catalytic site may hinder catalysis through the strong interactions of *OH2 and *OOH intermediates, which cause the reaction to revert back to the *O intermediate. Hence, neighboring interactions may be a possible reason for the abundant, experimentally observed *O intermediate on the surface. This study demonstrates how neighboring sites impact the energy required for catalytic steps, thus providing new avenues to improve catalysis by controlling neighboring site interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Snir
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering ISRAEL
| | - Maytal Caspary Toroker
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering Technion City 3600003 Haifa ISRAEL
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24
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Zhu X, Huang J, Eikerling M. Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction at Silver from a Local Perspective. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhu
- Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Theory and Computation of Energy Materials (IEK-13), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
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