1
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Milešević D, Butler A, Robertson PA, Vallance C. Ultraviolet Photodissociation of the N, N-Dimethylformamide Cation. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:10525-10533. [PMID: 39625107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c06227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) provides a useful small-molecule model for studying features of the peptide bond that forms the backbone of proteins. We report results from a comprehensive multimass velocity-map imaging study into the ultraviolet (UV) photolysis of the N,N-dimethylformamide cation (DMF+) at wavelengths of 225, 245, and 280 nm. Electronic structure calculations on DMF and DMF+ were employed to help interpret the experimental results. DMF+ ions are generated by 118 nm single-photon ionization of neutral DMF. Subsequent UV photolysis is found to lead to selective cleavage of the N-CO amide bond. This yields HCO + NC2H6+ as major products, with virtually all of the excess energy released into internal modes of the fragments. The data also indicate a small branching ratio into the HCO+ + NC2H6 product pair, which can be accessed from the 32A' electronic state of DMF+. N-CO bond dissociation can also be accompanied by simultaneous intramolecular hydrogen transfer from the oxygen to the nitrogen end of the amide bond, in which case NCH4+ can be formed efficiently at all three wavelengths. The primary NC2H6+ product is relatively long-lived, but the high degree of internal excitation often results in secondary fragmentation via a variety of pathways to form CH3+, NH4+, NCH2+, and NC2H4+, with secondary dissociation more likely at higher photon energies. The isotropic velocity-map images recorded for the various fragments attest to the long lifetime of NC2H6+ and also imply that dissociation most probably occurs from the same set of electronic states at all wavelengths studied; these are thought to be the 12A' ground state and 22A' first excited state of the DMF+ cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Milešević
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Alexander Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - P A Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Claire Vallance
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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2
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Langford JB, Ahmed E, Fang M, Cupp-Sutton K, Smith K, Wu S. Strategies for Top-Down Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry: A Mini Review and Perspective. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5097. [PMID: 39402881 PMCID: PMC11736408 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025]
Abstract
Hydrogen deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is commonly used in the study of protein dynamics and protein interactions. By measuring the isotopic exchange of backbone amide hydrogens in solution, HDX-MS offers valuable structural insights into challenging biological systems. Traditional HDX-MS approaches utilize bottom-up (BU) proteomics, in which deuterated proteins are digested before MS analysis. BU-HDX enables the characterization of proteins with various sizes in simple protein mixtures or complex biological samples such as cell lysates. However, BU methods are inherently limited by the inability to resolve protein sub-populations arising from different protein conformations, such as those arising from post-translational modifications (PTMs). Alternatively, top-down (TD) HDX-MS detects the global deuterium uptake at the intact proteoform level, allowing direct probing of structural changes due to protein-protein interactions, PTMs, or conformational changes. Combining TD-HDX-MS with electron-based fragmentation techniques, such as electron capture dissociation (ECD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD), has demonstrated the feasibility of studying intact protein interactions with amino acid-level resolution. Here, we present a brief overview of methodologies, limitations, and applications of TD-HDX-MS using direct infusion techniques and LC-based approaches. Furthermore, we conclude with a perspective on the future directions for TD-HDX-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B. Langford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Elizabeth Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Mulin Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Kellye Cupp-Sutton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, 250 Hackberry ln, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, 250 Hackberry ln, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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3
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Jiang Y, Rex DA, Schuster D, Neely BA, Rosano GL, Volkmar N, Momenzadeh A, Peters-Clarke TM, Egbert SB, Kreimer S, Doud EH, Crook OM, Yadav AK, Vanuopadath M, Hegeman AD, Mayta M, Duboff AG, Riley NM, Moritz RL, Meyer JG. Comprehensive Overview of Bottom-Up Proteomics Using Mass Spectrometry. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:338-417. [PMID: 39193565 PMCID: PMC11348894 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Proteomics is the large scale study of protein structure and function from biological systems through protein identification and quantification. "Shotgun proteomics" or "bottom-up proteomics" is the prevailing strategy, in which proteins are hydrolyzed into peptides that are analyzed by mass spectrometry. Proteomics studies can be applied to diverse studies ranging from simple protein identification to studies of proteoforms, protein-protein interactions, protein structural alterations, absolute and relative protein quantification, post-translational modifications, and protein stability. To enable this range of different experiments, there are diverse strategies for proteome analysis. The nuances of how proteomic workflows differ may be challenging to understand for new practitioners. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of different proteomics methods. We cover from biochemistry basics and protein extraction to biological interpretation and orthogonal validation. We expect this Review will serve as a handbook for researchers who are new to the field of bottom-up proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Jiang
- Department
of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Smidt Heart
Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Devasahayam Arokia
Balaya Rex
- Center for
Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Dina Schuster
- Department
of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems
Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- Department
of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin A. Neely
- Chemical
Sciences Division, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, NIST, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Germán L. Rosano
- Mass
Spectrometry
Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cellular
Biology of Rosario, Rosario, 2000 Argentina
| | - Norbert Volkmar
- Department
of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems
Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Momenzadeh
- Department
of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Smidt Heart
Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Trenton M. Peters-Clarke
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California—San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Susan B. Egbert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Simion Kreimer
- Smidt Heart
Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Emma H. Doud
- Center
for Proteome Analysis, Indiana University
School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202-3082, United States
| | - Oliver M. Crook
- Oxford
Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United
Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon
Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | | | - Adrian D. Hegeman
- Departments
of Horticultural Science and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Martín
L. Mayta
- School
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences Research, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martin 3103, Argentina
- Molecular
Biology Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Anna G. Duboff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nicholas M. Riley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Robert L. Moritz
- Institute
for Systems biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jesse G. Meyer
- Department
of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Smidt Heart
Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles, California 90048, United States
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4
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Tkalec KI, Hayes AJ, Lim KS, Lewis JM, Davies MR, Scott NE. Glycan-Tailored Glycoproteomic Analysis Reveals Serine is the Sole Residue Subjected to O-Linked Glycosylation in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2474-2494. [PMID: 38850255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a ubiquitous process observed across all domains of life. Within the human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, O-linked glycosylation is required for virulence; however, the targets and conservation of glycosylation events remain poorly defined. In this work, we expand our understanding of the breadth and site specificity of glycosylation within A. baumannii by demonstrating the value of strain specific glycan electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) triggering for bacterial glycoproteomics. By coupling tailored EThcD-triggering regimes to complementary glycopeptide enrichment approaches, we assessed the observable glycoproteome of three A. baumannii strains (ATCC19606, BAL062, and D1279779). Combining glycopeptide enrichment techniques including ion mobility (FAIMS), metal oxide affinity chromatography (titanium dioxide), and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC), as well as the use of multiple proteases (trypsin, GluC, pepsin, and thermolysis), we expand the known A. baumannii glycoproteome to 33 unique glycoproteins containing 42 glycosylation sites. We demonstrate that serine is the sole residue subjected to glycosylation with the substitution of serine for threonine abolishing glycosylation in model glycoproteins. An A. baumannii pan-genome built from 576 reference genomes identified that serine glycosylation sites are highly conserved. Combined this work expands our knowledge of the conservation and site specificity of A. baumannii O-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian I Tkalec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew J Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Kataleen S Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Jessica M Lewis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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5
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Peters-Clarke TM, Coon JJ, Riley NM. Instrumentation at the Leading Edge of Proteomics. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7976-8010. [PMID: 38738990 PMCID: PMC11996003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Trenton M. Peters-Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
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6
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Peters-Clarke TM, Quan Q, Anderson BJ, McGee WM, Lohr E, Hebert AS, Westphall MS, Coon JJ. Phosphorothioate RNA Analysis by NETD Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100742. [PMID: 38401707 PMCID: PMC11047293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic RNAs are routinely modified during their synthesis to ensure proper drug uptake, stability, and efficacy. Phosphorothioate (PS) RNA, molecules in which one or more backbone phosphates are modified with a sulfur atom in place of standard nonbridging oxygen, is one of the most common modifications because of ease of synthesis and pharmacokinetic benefits. Quality assessment of RNA synthesis, including modification incorporation, is essential for drug selectivity and performance, and the synthetic nature of the PS linkage incorporation often reveals impurities. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of PS RNA via tandem mass spectrometry (MS). We show that activated ion-negative electron transfer dissociation MS/MS is especially useful in diagnosing PS incorporation, producing diagnostic a- and z-type ions at PS linkage sites, beyond the standard d- and w-type ions. Analysis using resonant and beam-type collision-based activation reveals that, overall, more intense sequence ions and base-loss ions result when a PS modification is present. Furthermore, we report increased detection of b- and x-type product ions at sites of PS incorporation, in addition to the standard c- and y-type ions. This work reveals that the gas-phase chemical stability afforded by sulfur alters RNA dissociation and necessitates inclusion of additional product ions for MS/MS of PS RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton M Peters-Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiuwen Quan
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Benton J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Emily Lohr
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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7
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Miyagi M, Nakazawa T. Significance of Histidine Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry in Protein Structural Biology. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:37. [PMID: 38248468 PMCID: PMC10813008 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Histidine residues play crucial roles in shaping the function and structure of proteins due to their unique ability to act as both acids and bases. In other words, they can serve as proton donors and acceptors at physiological pH. This exceptional property is attributed to the side-chain imidazole ring of histidine residues. Consequently, determining the acid-base dissociation constant (Ka) of histidine imidazole rings in proteins often yields valuable insights into protein functions. Significant efforts have been dedicated to measuring the pKa values of histidine residues in various proteins, with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy being the most commonly used technique. However, NMR-based methods encounter challenges in assigning signals to individual imidazole rings and require a substantial amount of proteins. To address these issues associated with NMR-based approaches, a mass-spectrometry-based method known as histidine hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (His-HDX-MS) has been developed. This technique not only determines the pKa values of histidine imidazole groups but also quantifies their solvent accessibility. His-HDX-MS has proven effective across diverse proteins, showcasing its utility. This review aims to clarify the fundamental principles of His-HDX-MS, detail the experimental workflow, explain data analysis procedures and provide guidance for interpreting the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4988, USA
| | - Takashi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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8
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Jiang Y, Rex DAB, Schuster D, Neely BA, Rosano GL, Volkmar N, Momenzadeh A, Peters-Clarke TM, Egbert SB, Kreimer S, Doud EH, Crook OM, Yadav AK, Vanuopadath M, Mayta ML, Duboff AG, Riley NM, Moritz RL, Meyer JG. Comprehensive Overview of Bottom-Up Proteomics using Mass Spectrometry. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2311.07791v1. [PMID: 38013887 PMCID: PMC10680866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is the large scale study of protein structure and function from biological systems through protein identification and quantification. "Shotgun proteomics" or "bottom-up proteomics" is the prevailing strategy, in which proteins are hydrolyzed into peptides that are analyzed by mass spectrometry. Proteomics studies can be applied to diverse studies ranging from simple protein identification to studies of proteoforms, protein-protein interactions, protein structural alterations, absolute and relative protein quantification, post-translational modifications, and protein stability. To enable this range of different experiments, there are diverse strategies for proteome analysis. The nuances of how proteomic workflows differ may be challenging to understand for new practitioners. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of different proteomics methods to aid the novice and experienced researcher. We cover from biochemistry basics and protein extraction to biological interpretation and orthogonal validation. We expect this work to serve as a basic resource for new practitioners in the field of shotgun or bottom-up proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Jiang
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center
| | - Devasahayam Arokia Balaya Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Dina Schuster
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin A. Neely
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Charleston · Funded by NIST
| | - Germán L. Rosano
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina · Funded by Grant PICT 2019-02971 (Agencia I+D+i)
| | - Norbert Volkmar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Momenzadeh
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Susan B. Egbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Cananda
| | - Simion Kreimer
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center; Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center
| | - Emma H. Doud
- Center for Proteome Analysis, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Oliver M. Crook
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute · Funded by Grant BT/PR16456/BID/7/624/2016 (Department of Biotechnology, India); Grant Translational Research Program (TRP) at THSTI funded by DBT
| | - Muralidharan Vanuopadath
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam-690 525, Kerala, India · Funded by Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Government of India (File No.R.12014/31/2022-HR)
| | - Martín L. Mayta
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Health Sciences Research, Universidad Adventista del Plata, Libertador San Martín 3103, Argentina; Molecular Biology Department, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Anna G. Duboff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington · Funded by Summer Research Acceleration Fellowship, Department of Chemistry, University of Washington
| | - Nicholas M. Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington · Funded by National Institutes of Health Grant R00 GM147304
| | - Robert L. Moritz
- Institute for Systems biology, Seattle, WA, USA, 98109 · Funded by National Institutes of Health Grants R01GM087221, R24GM127667, U19AG023122, S10OD026936; National Science Foundation Award 1920268
| | - Jesse G. Meyer
- Department of Computational Biomedicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center · Funded by National Institutes of Health Grant R21 AG074234; National Institutes of Health Grant R35 GM142502
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