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Gapper NE, Bowen JK, Brummell DA. Biotechnological approaches for predicting and controlling apple storage disorders. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102851. [PMID: 36446143 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fruit storage disorders are major causes of crop losses and downgrades. Cold storage, either in air or in controlled atmospheres high in CO2 and low in O2, can result in chilling injury or respiratory injury (due to high internal CO2 concentrations). Here, we review biotechnological approaches currently being used to better understand these processes, to predict to provide resistance/tolerance to them. Reducing postharvest crop losses through improved cultivars or inventory management will be a major contributor to food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E Gapper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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2
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Murata M. Food chemistry and biochemistry of enzymatic browning. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-21-00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatsune Murata
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture
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3
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Wada M, Nishitani C, Komori S. Stable and efficient transformation of apple. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:163-170. [PMID: 32821223 PMCID: PMC7434680 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Apple is one of precious fruit crop grown in temperate zone. In the post genomic era, the analysis of gene functions in horticultural crops such as apple is required for agricultural utilization. For analysis of such crops, the protocol establishment of tissue culture and transformation is essential. Although transformation efficiency in family Rosaceae is generally very low, some cultivars of Malus species have high transformation ability. Apple cultivars are usually clonally propagated by grafting on rootstocks, which can affect fruit quality and maturity and scion productivity. Apple rootstock cultivar Japan Morioka 2 (JM2) was produced at the Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit and Tea Science, NARO, in Japan. JM2, which was developed for dwarfing scions and improving disease resistance, is easily propagated by hardwood cutting. Furthermore, JM2 can be stably transformed at a high efficiency, which is better than other JM series rootstocks derived from the same parent. Leaflets of cultured shoots of JM2 have been transformed using Agrobacterium (Rhizobium) with a transducing gene. In this article, the JM2 transformation protocol is introduced in detail. Various genes and promoters have been confirmed to function as expected, with the resultant transformants exhibiting specific staining and fluorescent signals, and modified floral organ shapes, precious blooming and other characteristics. JM2 is thus a useful rootstock material for the enhancement of genetic research on apple and its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Wada
- Division of Apple Research, Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 92-24 Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0123, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishitani
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
| | - Sadao Komori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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4
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Murata M. Food Chemistry Study on Enzymatic Browning and the Maillard Reaction. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.67.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Charrier A, Vergne E, Joffrion C, Richer A, Dousset N, Chevreau E. An artificial miRNA as a new tool to silence and explore gene functions in apple. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:611-626. [PMID: 31538273 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Artificial miRNA (amiRNA) is a powerful technology to silence genes of interest. It has a high efficiency and specificity that can be used to explore gene function through targeted gene regulation or to create new traits. To develop this gene regulation tool in apple, we designed two amiRNA constructs based on an apple endogenous miRNA backbone previously characterized (Md-miR156h), and we checked their efficiency on an easily scorable marker gene: the phytoene desaturase gene (MdPDS in apple). Two pairs of miRNA:miRNA* regions were designed (named h and w). The monocistronic Md-miR156h with these MdPDS targets was placed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter to generate the two plasmids: pAmiRNA156h-PDSh and pAmiRNA156h-PDSw. Two Agrobacterium-mediated transformation experiments were performed on the cultivar 'Gala'. A total of 11 independent transgenic clones were obtained in the first experiment and 5 in the second. Most transgenic lines had a typical albino and dwarf phenotype. However, six clones had a wild type green phenotype. Molecular analyses indicated clear relationships between the degree of albino phenotype, the level of MdPDS gene expression and the amount of mature amiRNAs. This study demonstrated for the first time in apple the functionality of an artificial miRNA based on an endogenous miRNA backbone. It provides important opportunities for apple genetic functional studies as well as apple genetic improvement projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Charrier
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 Rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Vergne
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 Rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Clément Joffrion
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 Rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Andréa Richer
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 Rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Dousset
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 Rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Chevreau
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 Rue Georges Morel, 49071, Beaucouzé Cedex, France.
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6
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Klocko AL, Lu H, Magnuson A, Brunner AM, Ma C, Strauss SH. Phenotypic Expression and Stability in a Large-Scale Field Study of Genetically Engineered Poplars Containing Sexual Containment Transgenes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:100. [PMID: 30123794 PMCID: PMC6085431 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering (GE) has the potential to help meet demand for forest products and ecological services. However, high research and development costs, market restrictions, and regulatory obstacles to performing field tests have severely limited the extent and duration of field research. There is a notable paucity of field studies of flowering GE trees due to the time frame required and regulatory constraints. Here we summarize our findings from field testing over 3,300 GE poplar trees and 948 transformation events in a single, 3.6 hectare field trial for seven growing seasons; this trial appears to be the largest field-based scientific study of GE forest trees in the world. The goal was to assess a diversity of approaches for obtaining bisexual sterility by modifying RNA expression or protein function of floral regulatory genes, including LEAFY, AGAMOUS, APETALA1, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE, and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Two female and one male clone were transformed with up to 23 different genetic constructs designed to obtain sterile flowers or delay onset of flowering. To prevent gene flow by pollen and facilitate regulatory approval, the test genotypes chosen were incompatible with native poplars in the area. We monitored tree survival, growth, floral onset, floral abundance, pollen production, seed formation and seed viability. Tree survival was above 95%, and variation in site conditions generally had a larger impact on vegetative performance and onset of flowering than did genetic constructs. Floral traits, when modified, were stable over three to five flowering seasons, and we successfully identified RNAi or overexpression constructs that either postponed floral onset or led to sterile flowers. There was an absence of detectable somaclonal variation; no trees were identified that showed vegetative or floral modifications that did not appear to be related to the transgene added. Surveys for seedling and sucker establishment both within and around the plantation identified small numbers of vegetative shoots (root sprouts) but no seedlings, indicative of a lack of establishment of trees via seeds in the area. Overall, this long term study showed that GE containment traits can be obtained which are effective, stable, and not associated with vegetative abnormalities or somaclonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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7
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Yokotani N, Uraji M, Hara M, Hihara S, Hatanaka T, Oda K. Low accumulation of chlorogenic acids represses reddening during flesh browning in Japanese peach “Okayama PEH7”. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:147-152. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1234926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In peaches, fruit flesh browns unattractively after peeling or cutting. A recently developed cultivar, Okayama PEH7, was distinct from other Japanese cultivars, including Okayama PEH8, with respect to its reduced browning potential. Homogenate prepared from Okayama PEH7 flesh had significantly less reddening during the browning reaction. Okayama PEH7 had less soluble phenolic compounds and higher polyphenol oxidase activity than Okayama PEH8. Reduced browning was observed even when phenols prepared from Okayama PEH7 were incubated with crude extract from Okayama PEH8, suggesting that phenols lower the browning potential of Okayama PEH7. In Okayama PEH7, contents of chlorogenic acid and its isomers were about one-tenth compared to Okayama PEH8. Exogenous addition of chlorogenic acid to Okayama PEH7 homogenate increased the browning potential and visibly enhanced reddening. These results indicate that the reduced browning of Okayama PEH7 flesh is due to a defect in chlorogenic acid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yokotani
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Misugi Uraji
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hara
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Seisuke Hihara
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Akaiwa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hatanaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kibichuo, Japan
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8
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Igarashi M, Hatsuyama Y, Harada T, Fukasawa-Akada T. Biotechnology and apple breeding in Japan. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:18-33. [PMID: 27069388 PMCID: PMC4780799 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Apple is a fruit crop of significant economic importance, and breeders world wide continue to develop novel cultivars with improved characteristics. The lengthy juvenile period and the large field space required to grow apple populations have imposed major limitations on breeding. Various molecular biological techniques have been employed to make apple breeding easier. Transgenic technology has facilitated the development of apples with resistance to fungal or bacterial diseases, improved fruit quality, or root stocks with better rooting or dwarfing ability. DNA markers for disease resistance (scab, powdery mildew, fire-blight, Alternaria blotch) and fruit skin color have also been developed, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) has been employed in breeding programs. In the last decade, genomic sequences and chromosome maps of various cultivars have become available, allowing the development of large SNP arrays, enabling efficient QTL mapping and genomic selection (GS). In recent years, new technologies for genetic improvement, such as trans-grafting, virus vectors, and genome-editing, have emerged. Using these techniques, no foreign genes are present in the final product, and some of them show considerable promise for application to apple breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Igarashi
- Hirosaki Industrial Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center,
Ogimachi 1-1-8, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8104,
Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Hatsuyama
- Apple Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center,
Fukutami 24, Botandaira, Kuroishi, Aomori 036-0332,
Japan
| | - Takeo Harada
- Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University,
Bunkyouchou 3, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8563,
Japan
| | - Tomoko Fukasawa-Akada
- Hirosaki Industrial Research Institute, Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center,
Ogimachi 1-1-8, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8104,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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9
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Li Y, Wills RBH, Golding JB, Huque R. Effect of halide salts on development of surface browning on fresh-cut 'Granny Smith' (Malus × domestica Borkh) apple slices during storage at low temperature. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:945-952. [PMID: 24898689 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postharvest life of fresh-cut apple slices is limited by browning on cut surfaces. Dipping in halide salt solutions was examined for their inhibition of surface browning on 'Granny Smith' apple slices and the effects on biochemical factors associated with browning. RESULTS Delay in browning by salts was greatest with chloride = phosphate > sulfate > nitrate with no difference between sodium, potassium and calcium ions. The effectiveness of sodium halides on browning was fluoride > chloride = bromide > iodide = control. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of tissue extracted from chloride- and fluoride-treated slices was not different to control but when added into the assay solution, NaF > NaCl both showed lower PPO activity at pH 3-5 compared to control buffer. The level of polyphenols in treated slices was NaF > NaCl > control. Addition of chlorogenic acid to slices enhanced browning but NaCl and NaF counteracted this effect. There was no effect of either halide salt on respiration, ethylene production, ion leakage, and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION Dipping apple slices in NaCl is a low cost treatment with few impediments to commercial use and could be a replacement for other anti-browning additives. The mode of action of NaCl and NaF is through decreasing PPO activity resulting in reduced oxidation of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
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10
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Role of Chlorogenic Acid Quinone and Interaction of Chlorogenic Acid Quinone and Catechins in the Enzymatic Browning of Apple. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:829-32. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Inlow JK, Moerschbacher BM. Site-directed mutagenesis of a tetrameric dandelion polyphenol oxidase (PPO-6) reveals the site of subunit interaction. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:203-217. [PMID: 22814940 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of ortho-diphenols to the corresponding quinones (EC 1.10.3.1). In plants PPOs appear in gene families, and the corresponding isoenzymes are located to the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts. Although plant PPOs are often discussed with regard to their role in defense reactions, a common physiological function has not yet been defined. We analyzed a tetrameric PPO isoenzyme (PPO-6) from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and found it to display cooperativity in catalysis, a phenomenon that has rarely been shown for plant PPOs previously. The identification of a surface-exposed cysteine (197) through molecular modeling followed by site-directed mutagenesis proved this amino acid residue to stabilize the tetramer via a disulfide linkage. The C197S-mutein still forms a tetrameric structure but shows impaired enzymatic efficiency and cooperativity and a reduction in stability. These findings indicate that oligomerization may be a physiological requirement for PPO-6 stability and function in vivo and raise new questions regarding distinct functions for specific PPO isoenzymes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike E Dirks-Hofmeister
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
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Richter C, Dirks ME, Gronover CS, Prüfer D, Moerschbacher BM. Silencing and heterologous expression of ppo-2 indicate a specific function of a single polyphenol oxidase isoform in resistance of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:200-10. [PMID: 22026646 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-11-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) possesses an unusually high degree of disease resistance. As this plant exhibits high polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and PPO have been implicated in resistance against pests and pathogens, we analyzed the potential involvement of five PPO isoenzymes in the resistance of dandelion against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Only one PPO (ppo-2) was induced during infection, and ppo-2 promoter and β-glucuronidase marker gene fusions revealed strong induction of the gene surrounding lesions induced by B. cinerea. Specific RNAi silencing reduced ppo-2 expression only, and concomitantly increased plant susceptibility to P. syringae pv. tomato. At 4 days postinoculation, P. syringae pv. tomato populations were strongly increased in the ppo-2 RNAi lines compared with wild-type plants. When the dandelion ppo-2 gene was expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant having no PPO gene, active protein was formed and protein extracts of the transgenic plants exhibited substrate-dependent antimicrobial activity against P. syringae pv. tomato. These results clearly indicate a strong contribution of a specific, single PPO isoform to disease resistance. Therefore, we propose that specific PPO isoenzymes be included in a new family of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Richter
- Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Munster, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Munster, Germany
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13
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OKUMURA S, HOSHINO M, JOSHITA K, NISHINOMIYA T, MURATA M. Hinokitiol Inhibits Polyphenol Oxidase and Enzymatic Browning. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.17.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Bhatti S, Jha G. Current trends and future prospects of biotechnological interventions through tissue culture in apple. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1215-25. [PMID: 20697717 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0907-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), which is a widely cultivated, important economic fruit crop with nutritive and medicinal importance, has emerged as a model horticultural crop in this post-genomic era. Apple cultivation is heavily dependent on climatic condition and is susceptible to several diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, etc. Extensive research work has been carried out to standardize tissue culture protocols and utilize them in apple improvement. We review the in vitro shoot multiplication, rooting, transformation and regeneration methodologies in apple and tabulate various such protocols for easy reference. The utility and limitation of transgenesis in apple improvement have also been summarized. The concepts of marker-free plants, use of non-antibiotic resistance selectable markers, and cisgenic and intragenic approaches are highlighted. Furthermore, the limitations, current trends and future prospects of tissue culture-mediated biotechnological interventions in apple improvement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shammi Bhatti
- Biotechnology Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
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15
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Thipyapong P, Stout MJ, Attajarusit J. Functional analysis of polyphenol oxidases by antisense/sense technology. Molecules 2007; 12:1569-95. [PMID: 17960074 PMCID: PMC6149088 DOI: 10.3390/12081569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of phenolics to quinones, the secondary reactions of which lead to oxidative browning and postharvest losses of many fruits and vegetables. PPOs are ubiquitous in angiosperms, are inducible by both biotic and abiotic stresses, and have been implicated in several physiological processes including plant defense against pathogens and insects, the Mehler reaction, photoreduction of molecular oxygen by PSI, regulation of plastidic oxygen levels, aurone biosynthesis and the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here we review experiments in which the roles of PPO in disease and insect resistance as well as in the Mehler reaction were investigated using transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants with modified PPO expression levels (suppressed PPO and overexpressing PPO). These transgenic plants showed normal growth, development and reproduction under laboratory, growth chamber and greenhouse conditions. Antisense PPO expression dramatically increased susceptibility while PPO overexpression increased resistance of tomato plants to Pseudomonas syringae. Similarly, PPO-overexpressing transgenic plants showed an increase in resistance to various insects, including common cutworm (Spodoptera litura (F.)), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)) and beet army worm (Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)), whereas larvae feeding on plants with suppressed PPO activity had higher larval growth rates and consumed more foliage. Similar increases in weight gain, foliage consumption, and survival were also observed with Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) feeding on antisense PPO transgenic tomatoes. The putative defensive mechanisms conferred by PPO and its interaction with other defense proteins are discussed. In addition, transgenic plants with suppressed PPO exhibited more favorable water relations and decreased photoinhibition compared to nontransformed controls and transgenic plants overexpressing PPO, suggesting that PPO may have a role in the development of plant water stress and potential for photoinhibition and photooxidative damage that may be unrelated to any effects on the Mehler reaction. These results substantiate the defensive role of PPO and suggest that manipulation of PPO activity in specific tissues has the potential to provide broad-spectrum resistance simultaneously to both disease and insect pests, however, effects of PPO on postharvest quality as well as water stress physiology should also be considered. In addition to the functional analysis of tomato PPO, the application of antisense/sense technology to decipher the functions of PPO in other plant species as well as for commercial uses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Thipyapong
- Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Ave., Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; E-mail:
| | - Michael J. Stout
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, 402 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; E-mail:
| | - Jutharat Attajarusit
- Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Ave., Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; E-mail:
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Gessler C, Patocchi A. Recombinant DNA technology in apple. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 107:113-32. [PMID: 17522823 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the achievements of almost 20 years of recombinant DNA technology applied to apple, grouping the research results into the sections: developing the technology, insect resistance, fungal disease resistance, self-incompatibility, herbicide resistance, fire blight resistance, fruit ripening, allergens, rooting ability, and acceptance and risk assessment. The diseases fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, and scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, were and still are the prime targets. Shelf life improvement and rooting ability of rootstocks are also relevant research areas. The tools to create genetically modified apples of added value to producers, consumers, and the environment are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Gessler
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Wang J, Constabel CP. Polyphenol oxidase overexpression in transgenic Populus enhances resistance to herbivory by forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria). PLANTA 2004; 220:87-96. [PMID: 15309534 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to functionally analyze the predicted defensive role of leaf polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.3.1) in Populus, transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. alba) plants overexpressing a hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides) PtdPPO1 gene were constructed. Regenerated transgenic plants showed high PPO enzyme activity, PtdPPO1 mRNA levels and PPO protein accumulation. In leaf disk bioassays, forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) larvae feeding on PPO-overexpressing transgenics experienced significantly higher mortality and reduced average weight gain compared to larvae feeding on control leaves. However, this effect was observed only when older egg masses were used and the resulting larvae showed reduced growth and vigor. In choice tests, no effect of PPO overexpression was detected. Although PPO in poplar leaves is latent and requires activation with detergents or trypsin for full enzymatic activity, in caterpillar frass the enzyme was extracted in the fully activated form. This activation correlated with partial proteolytic cleavage, suggesting that PPO latency and activation during digestion could be an adaptive and defense-related feature of poplar PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehua Wang
- Centre for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020, Stn CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
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YORUK RUHIYE, MARSHALL MAURICER. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND FUNCTION OF PLANT POLYPHENOL OXIDASE: A REVIEW. J Food Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2003.tb00289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bouis HE, Chassy BM, Ochanda JO. 2. Genetically modified food crops and their contribution to human nutrition and food quality. Trends Food Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-2244(03)00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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TSURUTANI M, MURATA M, HOMMA S. Comparison of Enzymatic Browning of Japanese Pear and Apple. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2000. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.6.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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