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Jojoba Oil: An Updated Comprehensive Review on Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Uses, and Toxicity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111711. [PMID: 34073772 PMCID: PMC8197201 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jojoba is a widely used medicinal plant that is cultivated worldwide. Its seeds and oil have a long history of use in folklore to treat various ailments, such as skin and scalp disorders, superficial wounds, sore throat, obesity, and cancer; for improvement of liver functions, enhancement of immunity, and promotion of hair growth. Extensive studies on Jojoba oil showed a wide range of pharmacological applications, including antioxidant, anti-acne and antipsoriasis, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antipyretic, analgesic, antimicrobial, and anti-hyperglycemia activities. In addition, Jojoba oil is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in cosmetics for topical, transdermal, and parenteral preparations. Jojoba oil also holds value in the industry as an anti-rodent, insecticides, lubricant, surfactant, and a source for the production of bioenergy. Jojoba oil is considered among the top-ranked oils due to its wax, which constitutes about 98% (mainly wax esters, few free fatty acids, alcohols, and hydrocarbons). In addition, sterols and vitamins with few triglyceride esters, flavonoids, phenolic and cyanogenic compounds are also present. The present review represents an updated literature survey about the chemical composition of jojoba oil, its physical properties, pharmacological activities, pharmaceutical and industrial applications, and toxicity.
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Belhadj S, Hentati O, Hamdaoui G, Fakhreddine K, Maillard E, Dal S, Sigrist S. Beneficial Effect of Jojoba Seed Extracts on Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress in RINm5f Beta Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030384. [PMID: 29558444 PMCID: PMC5872802 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia occurs during diabetes and insulin resistance. It causes oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, leading to cellular damage. Polyphenols play a central role in defense against oxidative stress. In our study, we investigated the antioxidant properties of simmondsin, a pure molecule present in jojoba seeds, and of the aqueous extract of jojoba seeds on fructose-induced oxidative stress in RINm5f beta cells. The exposure of RINm5f beta cells to fructose triggered the loss of cell viability (-48%, p < 0.001) and disruption of insulin secretion (p < 0.001) associated with of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and a modulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant signaling pathway. Cell pre-treatments with extracts considerably increased cell viability (+86% p < 0.001) for simmondsin and +74% (p < 0.001) for aqueous extract and insulin secretion. The extracts also markedly decreased ROS (-69% (p < 0.001) for simmondsin and -59% (p < 0.001) for aqueous extract) and caspase-3 activation and improved antioxidant defense, inhibiting p22phox and increasing nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) levels (+70%, p < 0.001) for aqueous extract. Simmondsin had no impact on Nrf2 levels. The richness and diversity of molecules present in jojoba seed extract makes jojoba a powerful agent to prevent the destruction of RINm5f beta cells induced by hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahla Belhadj
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, Boulevard René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Olfa Hentati
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax (ISBS), Road of Soukra Km 4, PO Box, Sfax 1175, Tunisia.
| | - Ghaith Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cédria, BP 901, Hammam-lif 2050, Tunisia.
| | | | - Elisa Maillard
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, Boulevard René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stéphanie Dal
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, Boulevard René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Séverine Sigrist
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, Boulevard René Leriche, 67200 Strasbourg, France.
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Abdel-Mageed WM, Bayoumi SAL, Al-Wahaibi LH, Li L, Sayed HM, Abdelkader MSA, El-Gamal AA, Liu M, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu X. Noncyanogenic Cyanoglucoside Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors from Simmondsia chinensis. Org Lett 2016; 18:1728-31. [PMID: 27035218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two new noncyanogenic cyanoglucoside dimers, simmonosides A and B (1 and 2), were identified from the aqueous extract of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) leaves. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first examples of noncyanogenic cyanoglucoside dimers containing a unique four-membered ring, representing novel dimerization patterns at α,β-unsaturated carbons of a nitrile group in 1 and γ,δ-unsaturated carbons in 2. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit promising COX-2 inhibition activity, with IC50 values of 13.5 and 11.4 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M Abdel-Mageed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut 71526, Egypt.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Soad A L Bayoumi
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Lamya H Al-Wahaibi
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Princess Noura bint Abdul Rahman University , Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hanaa M Sayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University , Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S A Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University , Nasser City, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Ali A El-Gamal
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100080, China
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Abdel-Mageed WM, Bayoumi SALH, Salama AAR, Salem-Bekhit MM, Abd-Alrahman SH, Sayed HM. Antioxidant lipoxygenase inhibitors from the leaf extracts of Simmondsia chinensis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S521-6. [PMID: 25312177 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate and identify chemical constituents with antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects of the ethanolic extract of Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba) leaves. METHODS The alcoholic extract was subjected to successive solvent fractionation. The antioxidant active fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions) were subjected to a combination of different chromatographic techniques guided by the antioxidant assay with DPPH. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and correlated with known compounds. The antioxidant activity was assessed quantitively using DPPH and β-carotene methods. The inhibitory potential against enzyme lipoxygenase was assessed on soybean lipoxygenase enzyme. RESULTS Ten flavonoids and four lignans were isolated. Flavonoid aglycones showed stronger antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects than their glycosides. Lignoid glycosides showed moderate to weak antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS A total of 14 compounds were isolated and identified from Simmondsia chinensis; 12 of them were isolated for the first time. This is the first report that highlights deeply on the phenolic content of jojoba and their potential biological activities and shows the importance of this plant as a good source of phenolics in particular the flavonoid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Mostafa Abdel-Mageed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, P. O. Box 2457, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.
| | | | - Awwad Abdoh Radwan Salama
- Pharmaceutical Technology Centre, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, P. O. Box 2457, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mounir Mohamed Salem-Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, P. O. Box 2457, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hanaa Mohamed Sayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Lein S, Van Boven M, Holser R, Decuypere E, Flo G, Lievens S, Cokelaere M. Simultaneous determination of carbohydrates and simmondsins in jojoba seed meal (Simmondsia chinensis) by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 977:257-64. [PMID: 12456116 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Separate methods for the analyses of soluble carbohydrates in different plants and simmondsins in jojoba seed meal are described. A reliable gas chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous quantification of D-pinitol, myo-inositoL sucrose, 5-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol. 2-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol, simmondsin, 4-demethylsimmondsin, 5-demethylsimmondsin and 4,5-didemethylsimmondsin as trimethylsilyl derivatives in jojoba seed meal has been developed. The study of different extraction mixtures allowed for the quantitative recovery of the 9 analytes by a mixture of methanol-water (80:20, v/v) in the concentration range between 0.1 and 4%. Comparison of the separation parameters on three different capillary stationary phases with MS detection allowed for the choice of the optimal gas chromatographic conditions for baseline separation of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Lein
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Van Evenstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven. Belgium
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