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Aizen MA, Aguiar S, Biesmeijer JC, Garibaldi LA, Inouye DW, Jung C, Martins DJ, Medel R, Morales CL, Ngo H, Pauw A, Paxton RJ, Sáez A, Seymour CL. Global agricultural productivity is threatened by increasing pollinator dependence without a parallel increase in crop diversification. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3516-3527. [PMID: 31293015 PMCID: PMC6852307 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The global increase in the proportion of land cultivated with pollinator-dependent crops implies increased reliance on pollination services. Yet agricultural practices themselves can profoundly affect pollinator supply and pollination. Extensive monocultures are associated with a limited pollinator supply and reduced pollination, whereas agricultural diversification can enhance both. Therefore, areas where agricultural diversity has increased, or at least been maintained, may better sustain high and more stable productivity of pollinator-dependent crops. Given that >80% of all crops depend, to varying extents, on insect pollination, a global increase in agricultural pollinator dependence over recent decades might have led to a concomitant increase in agricultural diversification. We evaluated whether an increase in the area of pollinator-dependent crops has indeed been associated with an increase in agricultural diversity, measured here as crop diversity, at the global, regional, and country scales for the period 1961-2016. Globally, results show a relatively weak and decelerating rise in agricultural diversity over time that was largely decoupled from the strong and continually increasing trend in agricultural dependency on pollinators. At regional and country levels, there was no consistent relationship between temporal changes in pollinator dependence and crop diversification. Instead, our results show heterogeneous responses in which increasing pollinator dependence for some countries and regions has been associated with either an increase or a decrease in agricultural diversity. Particularly worrisome is a rapid expansion of pollinator-dependent oilseed crops in several countries of the Americas and Asia that has resulted in a decrease in agricultural diversity. In these regions, reliance on pollinators is increasing, yet agricultural practices that undermine pollination services are expanding. Our analysis has thereby identified world regions of particular concern where environmentally damaging practices associated with large-scale, industrial agriculture threaten key ecosystem services that underlie productivity, in addition to other benefits provided by biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. Aizen
- Instituto Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA)Universidad Nacional del Comahue‐CONICETSan Carlos de BarilocheRio NegroArgentina
| | - Sebastián Aguiar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de AgronomíaUniversidad de Buenos Aires‐CONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jacobus C. Biesmeijer
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Center for Environmental SciencesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Lucas A. Garibaldi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD)Universidad Nacional de Río Negro‐CONICETSan Carlos de BarilocheRío NegroArgentina
| | - David W. Inouye
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMaryland
- Rocky Mountain Biological LaboratoryCrested ButteColorado
| | - Chuleui Jung
- Department of Plant MedicalsAndong National UniversityAndongRepublic of Korea
| | - Dino J. Martins
- Mpala Research Centre and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Rodrigo Medel
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Carolina L. Morales
- Instituto Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA)Universidad Nacional del Comahue‐CONICETSan Carlos de BarilocheRio NegroArgentina
| | - Hien Ngo
- Intergovernmental Science‐Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)UN Campus Platz der Vereinten NationenBonnGermany
| | - Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
| | - Robert J. Paxton
- General Zoology, Institute for BiologyMartin Luther University Halle‐WittenbergHalleGermany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Agustín Sáez
- Instituto Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA)Universidad Nacional del Comahue‐CONICETSan Carlos de BarilocheRio NegroArgentina
| | - Colleen L. Seymour
- Kirstenbosch Research CentreSouth African National Biodiversity InstituteClaremontSouth Africa
- DST‐NRF Centre of Excellence, FitzPatrick Institute of African OrnithologyUniversity of Cape TownRondeboschSouth Africa
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2
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Cabin-Flaman A, Delaune A, Poutrain P, Gangwe Nana YG, Jourdain B, Gibouin D, Paris JP, Trestour S, Seigneuret JM, Léopoldès de Vendômois A, Cosette P, Etienne JJ, Ripoll C. Effect of zein additive on perfume evaporation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:575-582. [PMID: 30414278 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Zein is known to have filmogen properties. We wanted to show if a zein film containing eugenol (eugenol as model) would retain the fragrances, slow their evaporation and therefore produce a long-lasting perception of perfume. METHODS We added corn zein to eugenol in a hydro-alcoholic solution to form a film in vitro and at the surface of the human skin. We have studied the trapping and release of eugenol from zein film by GC/MS. Also we labelled eugenol with deuterium to image specifically its distribution in the zein film using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry technique (NanoSIMS 50). Finally, we applied the zein/D-eugenol formulation onto skin to image the eugenol location on and in skin by SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry). RESULTS We showed that eugenol evaporation from zein film can be divided in three periods. The first period (≤2 h) corresponds to the simultaneous solvent and eugenol evaporation occurring during film formation. The second period corresponds to the continuous and slow eugenol evaporation during a few hours (about 10 h) but not to its completion. The third period (at least up to 48 h) results from the trapping of eugenol in zein film. After 24 or 48 h, trapped eugenol can be released and evaporated under mechanical deformations of the film. Moreover we showed that zein addition does not favour the eugenol penetration into viable epidermis which may cause allergenic cutaneous reaction. CONCLUSION The zein additive is safe to use, does not impact the olfactory perception, allows a better perception of the fragrance (long-lasting effect) in a more protective way and can be used in perfume.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cabin-Flaman
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR 6634 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - A Delaune
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR 6634 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - P Poutrain
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Y G Gangwe Nana
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - B Jourdain
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - D Gibouin
- Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR 6634 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | | | | | | | - P Cosette
- Département de Chimie, Plateforme Protéomique PISSARO, UMR 6270 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | - C Ripoll
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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Chaidez-Laguna LD, Torres-Chávez PI, Ramirez-Wong B, Medina-Rodríguez CL, Carvajal-Millán E. Comparison of Solubility of Corn Proteins in Propanol, Ethanol, and tert-Butyl Alcohol Solutions on the Tortilla Process Samples. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-05-17-0113-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D. Chaidez-Laguna
- Universidad de Sonora – Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Patricia I. Torres-Chávez
- Universidad de Sonora – Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Ramirez-Wong
- Universidad de Sonora – Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Hermosillo Sonora, Mexico
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Chaidez-Laguna LD, Torres-Chavez P, Ramírez-Wong B, Marquez-Ríos E, Islas-Rubio AR, Carvajal-Millan E. Corn proteins solubility changes during extrusion and traditional nixtamalization for tortilla processing: A study using size exclusion chromatography. J Cereal Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Drochioiu G, Ciobanu CI, Bancila S, Ion L, Petre BA, Andries C, Gradinaru RV, Murariu M. Ultrasound-based protein determination in maize seeds. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 29:93-103. [PMID: 26584989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The need for a simple and accurate method for protein estimation in alcoholic extracts led to the reexamination of the optimum conditions of a colorimetric assay based on the biuret reaction. Sonication time and the other experimental parameters were optimized after kinetics study on the extraction of either zein or total proteins. Zein extraction and purity were investigated by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis). A zein assay was proposed, which involves the reaction of copper ions in copper phosphate powder with zein extracted in ethanolic solutions under strong alkaline environment. Furthermore, we extended this procedure to determine total proteins in maize samples simultaneously with their ultrasonic-assisted (US) extraction with an alkaline-alcoholic solution. Proteins in both types of extracts were well characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy. However, the 545 nm absorbance of the violet-colored supernatants which is proportional to the protein content was found to be the key parameter of the improved biuret-based protein assay. Comparison of values obtained by this procedure and by Micro-Kjeldahl method was in excellent agreement. A scaled-down procedure agreed well with the standard procedure. Enhanced accuracy and repeatability was found in protein determination in maize using the modified biuret method. The optimization of reagent concentrations and incubation times were studied as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Drochioiu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alee, Iasi 700487, Romania; Faculty of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania.
| | - Catalina Ionica Ciobanu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alee, Iasi 700487, Romania; Faculty of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Sabina Bancila
- Faculty of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Laura Ion
- Faculty of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Brindusa Alina Petre
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alee, Iasi 700487, Romania; Faculty of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | - Claudia Andries
- Faculty of Chemistry, "Al. I. Cuza" University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | | | - Manuela Murariu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alee, Iasi 700487, Romania
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Giuberti G, Gallo A, Masoero F. A comparison of methods to quantify prolamin contents in cereals. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2011.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Giuberti G, Gallo A, Masoero F, Ferraretto LF, Hoffman PC, Shaver RD. Factors affecting starch utilization in large animal food production system: A review. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giuberti
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | - Francesco Masoero
- Institute of Feed and Food Science and Nutrition; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Piacenza Italy
| | | | | | - Randy D. Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science; University of Wisconsin; Madison WI USA
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Nellis S, Hoffman P, Shaver R. Technical note: A modified method to quantify prolamin proteins in dry and high-moisture corn. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4647-52. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Giuberti G, Gallo A, Cerioli C, Masoero F. In vitro starch digestion and predicted glycemic index of cereal grains commonly utilized in pig nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Giuberti G, Gallo A, Masoero F. Technical note: Quantification of zeins from corn, high-moisture corn, and corn silage using a turbidimetric method: Comparative efficiencies of isopropyl and tert-butyl alcohols. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3384-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Development of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analytical methodology for the determination of antihypertensive peptides in maize crops. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1234:64-71. [PMID: 22281504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to estimate the content of three highly antihypertensive peptides (LQP, LSP, and LRP) in different maize crops. For that purpose, a method consisting of the extraction of the protein containing these peptides (α-zeins), releasing of peptides by thermolysin digestion, and separation and detection of peptides was designed. The rapid and efficient ultrasound assisted extraction of α-zeins proteins from whole maize kernels was achieved using 70% of ethanol followed by precipitation with acetone. A 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) buffer containing 8M urea enabled to dissolve the precipitated α-zeins. This buffer was diluted to reach a 6 M urea concentration before digestion to keep active the enzyme. Other digestion parameters that were optimized were: enzyme to substrate ratio (5:100 was selected), digestion temperature (50°C) and digestion time (6 h). The RP-HPLC separation in a fused-core column was also optimized allowing the separation of the three peptides extracted from maize kernels in 6 min. The presence of the three antihypertensive peptides in the digested extract was confirmed using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis and by comparison with peptide standards. Clear differences were observed in the content of the three antihypertensive peptides and, thus, in the antihypertensive activity of the analyzed crops. The content of LRP peptide was very low regardless of the maize variety while the content of LQP and LSP significantly varied among studied maize lines.
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12
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Anderson TJ, Lamsal BP. REVIEW: Zein Extraction from Corn, Corn Products, and Coproducts and Modifications for Various Applications: A Review. Cereal Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-06-10-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Anderson
- Graduate student, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Buddhi P. Lamsal
- Assistant professor, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
- Corresponding author. Phone: (515) 294-8681. Fax: (515) 294-8181. E-mail:
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13
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Manicacci D, Camus-Kulandaivelu L, Fourmann M, Arar C, Barrault S, Rousselet A, Feminias N, Consoli L, Francès L, Méchin V, Murigneux A, Prioul JL, Charcosset A, Damerval C. Epistatic interactions between Opaque2 transcriptional activator and its target gene CyPPDK1 control kernel trait variation in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:506-20. [PMID: 19329568 PMCID: PMC2675748 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.131888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Association genetics is a powerful method to track gene polymorphisms responsible for phenotypic variation, since it takes advantage of existing collections and historical recombination to study the correlation between large genetic diversity and phenotypic variation. We used a collection of 375 maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) inbred lines representative of tropical, American, and European diversity, previously characterized for genome-wide neutral markers and population structure, to investigate the roles of two functionally related candidate genes, Opaque2 and CyPPDK1, on kernel quality traits. Opaque2 encodes a basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator specifically expressed during endosperm development that controls the transcription of many target genes, including CyPPDK1, which encodes a cytosolic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase. Using statistical models that correct for population structure and individual kinship, Opaque2 polymorphism was found to be strongly associated with variation of the essential amino acid lysine. This effect could be due to the direct role of Opaque2 on either zein transcription, zeins being major storage proteins devoid of lysine, or lysine degradation through the activation of lysine ketoglutarate reductase. Moreover, we found that a polymorphism in the Opaque2 coding sequence and several polymorphisms in the CyPPDK1 promoter nonadditively interact to modify both lysine content and the protein-versus-starch balance, thus revealing the role in quantitative variation in plants of epistatic interactions between a transcriptional activator and one of its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Manicacci
- University Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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14
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Larson J, Hoffman PC. Technical note: a method to quantify prolamin proteins in corn that are negatively related to starch digestibility in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2009; 91:4834-9. [PMID: 19038959 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Compared with floury or high-moisture corns, dry corn with a greater percentage of vitreous endosperm has been demonstrated to be negatively related to starch digestibility and milk yield of lactating dairy cows. Starch granules in corn are encapsulated by hydrophobic prolamin proteins that are innately insoluble in the rumen environment. Corn prolamin proteins are named zein, and laboratory methods to quantify zein exist but are seldom employed in ruminant nutrition because of their arduous nature. In this study, advances in cereal chemistry were combined with rapid turbidimetric methods yielding a modified turbidimetric zein method (mTZM) to quantify zein in whole corn. Ten dry corns containing unique endosperms were evaluated using the mTZM. Corns with flint, dent, floury, or opaque endosperms were found to contain 19.3, 11.3, 5.8, and 4.9 g of zein/100 g of starch, respectively. The ability of mTZM to differentiate corn endosperm types as defined by least significant difference was 2.6 g of zein/100 g of starch. Ten high-moisture corns of varying moisture content were also evaluated using the mTZM. Zein content of high-moisture corns as defined by mTZM ranged from 8.3 to 2.8 g of zein/100 g of starch with a least significant difference of 1.2 g of zein/100 g of starch. The mTZM determined that zein contents of high-moisture, floury, and opaque corns were markedly less than those of flint and dent dry corns, indicating that mTZM has the ability to quantify starch granule encapsulation by hydrophobic prolamin proteins in whole corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Larson
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Ghanbarzadeh B, Oromiehie A, Musavi M, D-Jomeh ZE, Rad ER, Milani J. Effect of plasticizing sugars on rheological and thermal properties of zein resins and mechanical properties of zein films. Food Res Int 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Selling GW, Lawton J, Bean S, Dunlap C, Sessa DJ, Willett JL, Byars J. Rheological studies utilizing various lots of zein in N,N-dimethylformamide solutions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:9050-5. [PMID: 16277401 DOI: 10.1021/jf050893k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheological studies were carried out on solutions of zein in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), where the specific lot of zein, concentration, time, and temperature were varied. DMF is a good solvent for zein, giving clear, relatively low viscosity solutions. It was found that all of the zein solutions behaved in a non-Newtonian fashion. At high concentration and elevated temperature, zein solutions will increase in viscosity with time. A temperature study on the rate of viscosity rise illustrated that at temperatures above 40 degrees C, the rate of viscosity rise increased in a non-Arrhenius fashion. There can be significant lot to lot variations in commercially obtained zein that gives rise to differences in viscosity and rate of viscosity rises. With the samples studied, viscosity was found to double from one lot of zein to another. Size exclusion chromatography suggests that compositional differences between the lots drive the observed differences in viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Selling
- Plant Polymer Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.
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