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Logesh R, Prasad SR, Chipurupalli S, Robinson N, Mohankumar SK. Natural tyrosinase enzyme inhibitors: A path from melanin to melanoma and its reported pharmacological activities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188968. [PMID: 37657683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin containing melanin pigment acts as a protective barrier and counteracts the UVR and other environmental stressors to maintain or restore disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. The production of melanin pigment is dependent on tyrosine levels. L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) can serve both as a substrates and intermediates of melanin synthetic pathway and as inducers and positive regulators of melanogenesis. The biosynthesis of melanin is stimulated upon exposure to UVR, which can also stimulate local production of hormonal factors, which can stimulate melanoma development by altering the chemical properties of eu- and pheomelanin. The process of melanogenesis can be altered by several pathways. One involves activation of POMC, with the production of POMC peptides including MSH and ACTH, which increase intracellular cAMP levels, which activates the MITF, and helps to stimulate tyrosinase (TYR) expression and activity. Defects in OCA1 to 4 affects melanogenic activity via posttranslational modifications resulting in proteasomal degradation and reducing pigmentation. Further, altering, the MITF factor, helps to regulate the expression of MRGE in melanoma, and helps to increase the TYR glycosylation in ER. CRH stimulates POMC peptides that regulate melanogenesis and also by itself can stimulate melanogenesis. The POMC, P53, ACTH, MSH, MC1R, MITF, and 6-BH4 are found to be important regulators for pigmentation. Melanogenesis can affect melanoma behaviour and inhibit immune responses. Therefore, we reviewed natural products that would alter melanin production. Our special focus was on targeting melanin synthesis and TYR enzyme activity to inhibit melanogenesis as an adjuvant therapy of melanotic melanoma. Furthermore, this review also outlines the current updated pharmacological studies targeting the TYR enzyme from natural sources and its consequential effects on melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Logesh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sagar Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Varadaraja Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tumkur 572102, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, India
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Suresh Kumar Mohankumar
- Pharmacy, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Santhakumaran I, Narayanaswamy R, Arumugam G. Bioinformatic insights into the biochemical efficacy of a fungal metabolite: asperyellone. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02938j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In silico multifunctional attributes of Asperyellone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gnanamani Arumugam
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zolghadri S, Bahrami A, Hassan Khan MT, Munoz-Munoz J, Garcia-Molina F, Garcia-Canovas F, Saboury AA. A comprehensive review on tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:279-309. [PMID: 30734608 PMCID: PMC6327992 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1545767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a multi-copper enzyme which is widely distributed in different organisms and plays an important role in the melanogenesis and enzymatic browning. Therefore, its inhibitors can be attractive in cosmetics and medicinal industries as depigmentation agents and also in food and agriculture industries as antibrowning compounds. For this purpose, many natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic inhibitors have been developed by different screening methods to date. This review has focused on the tyrosinase inhibitors discovered from all sources and biochemically characterised in the last four decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Asieh Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - J. Munoz-Munoz
- Group of Microbiology, Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - F. Garcia-Molina
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - F. Garcia-Canovas
- GENZ-Group of Research on Enzymology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Jin YJ, Pyo YH. Effect of Monascus-Fermented Soybean Extracts on Antioxidant and Skin Aging-Related Enzymes Inhibitory Activities. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 22:376-380. [PMID: 29333393 PMCID: PMC5758104 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.4.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro inhibitory activity against skin aging-related enzymes and antioxidant activity of Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSEs) obtained by using different solvents. The highest Trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity (3.13±0.06 mM TE/g) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (2.79±0.09 mM TE/g) of MFSEs were evaluated for the methanol and 80% ethanol extracts, respectively. The antioxidant capacities increased with increasing concentration (0.5~50 mg/mL). In addition, the methanol and 80% ethanol extracts showed an effective inhibition against tyrosinase, hyaluronidase, and elastase compared with those of acetone and hot water extracts (P<0.05). Results indicate that the inhibitory activities against skin aging-related enzymes and antioxidant properties provide evidence for the nutricosmetic potentials of Monascus-fermented soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Jeong Jin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Pyo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
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Inhibition of tyrosinase by cherimoya pericarp proanthocyanidins: Structural characterization, inhibitory activity and mechanism. Food Res Int 2017; 100:731-739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pyo YH, Jin YJ. Monascus-mediated fermentation improves the nutricosmetic potentials of soybeans. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:883-891. [PMID: 30263349 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential nutricosmetic activities and compositional changes of 80% ethanol extracts of white soybean (MFWS) and black soybean (MFBS) fermented with Monascus pilosus KCCM 60084 at 30°C for 30 days were investigated. Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSEs) showed stronger nutricosmetic potentials in terms of antioxidant as well as tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities compared to those of unfermented soybean extracts (p<0.05). Extracts (50mg/mL) from MFBS inhibited the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells more potently than arbutin. HPLC/MS analysis demonstrated that aglycone isoflavones and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) levels increased about 33.4- and 3.0-fold in the MFSEs after 20 days of fermentation, respectively. A linear correlation (r 2=0.67 to 0.99) between nutricosmetic activity and concentrations of CoQ10, genistein, and daidzein, which are commonly associated with nutraceutical effects, was observed. Results indicate that Monascus-mediated fermentation can be an efficient strategy to improve nutricosmetic functionality of soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Pyo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133 Korea
| | - Yoo-Jeong Jin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133 Korea
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Chai WM, Wang R, Wei MK, Zou ZR, Deng RG, Liu WS, Peng YY. Proanthocyanidins Extracted from Rhododendron pulchrum Leaves as Source of Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Structure, Activity, and Mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145483. [PMID: 26713623 PMCID: PMC4700988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the structure, anti-tyrosinase activity, and mechanism of proanthocyanidins extracted from Rhododendron pulchrum leaves. Results obtained from mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) revealed that proanthocyanidins were complex mixtures of procyanidins, prodelphinidins, propelargonidins, and their derivatives, among which procyanidins were the main components. The anti-tyrosinase analysis results indicated that the mixtures were reversible and mixed competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. Interactions between proanthocyanidins with substrate (L-tyrosine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) and with copper ions were the important molecular mechanisms for explaining their efficient inhibition. This research would provide scientific evidence for the use of R. pulchrum leaf proanthocyanidins as new novel tyrosinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WMC); (YYP)
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man-Kun Wei
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zou
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Gen Deng
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Sheng Liu
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yuan Peng
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (WMC); (YYP)
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Chai WM, Wei MK, Wang R, Deng RG, Zou ZR, Peng YY. Avocado Proanthocyanidins as a Source of Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Structure Characterization, Inhibitory Activity, and Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7381-7. [PMID: 26259028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins were purified from avocado (Persea americana) fruit, and their structures were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-QTRAP mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTRAP MS) techniques. The results obtained from mass spectrometry (MS) analysis demonstrated that the proanthocyanidins were homo- and heteropolymers of procyanidins, prodelphinidins, propelargonidins, and procyanidin gallate. From the enzyme analysis, the results showed that they could inhibit the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of tyrosinase. The inhibition mechanism of the proanthocyanidins on the enzyme was further studied, and the results indicated that they were reversible and competitive inhibitors. Finally, the results acquired from molecular docking, fluorescence quenching, and copper ion interacting tests revealed that adjacent hydroxyl groups on the B ring of proanthocyanidins could chelate the dicopper catalytic center of the enzyme. In addtion, proanthocyanidins were proven to be an efficient quencher of substrates. This study would lay a scientific foundation for their use in agriculture, food, and nutrition industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- College of Life Science, and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Kun Wei
- College of Life Science, and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Science, and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Gen Deng
- College of Life Science, and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Rong Zou
- College of Life Science, and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Yuan Peng
- College of Life Science, and Key Laboratory of Small Functional Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, People's Republic of China
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Chai WM, Shi Y, Feng HL, Xu L, Xiang ZH, Gao YS, Chen QX. Structure characterization and anti-tyrosinase mechanism of polymeric proanthocyanidins fractionated from kiwifruit pericarp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6382-6389. [PMID: 24939165 DOI: 10.1021/jf501009v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To provide information on the structure, activity, and structure-activity relationship of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) pericarp proanthocyanidins (PAs), they were separated into three fractions. These fractions were further identified by MALDI-TOF MS and HPLC-ESI-MS methods. Spectra results revealed that they are complex mixtures of B-type propelargonidins, procyanidins, procyanidins gallate, and prodelphinidins. Enzymatic activity analysis showed that these compounds strongly inhibit the activity of tyrosinase, indicating that they are reversible and mixed-type inhibitors of the enzyme. The results obtained from fluorescence quenching showed PAs inhibit the enzyme activity by interacting with substrate and enzyme. This study confirmed that the mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of PAs produces a positive effect on their anti-tyrosinase activity. In addition, the antioxidant analysis indicated that PAs possess potent antioxidant activity. These conclusions mean kiwifruit pericarp PAs may be explored as insecticides, food preservatives, and cosmetic additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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Chen XX, Liang G, Chai WM, Feng HL, Zhou HT, Shi Y, Chen QX. Antioxidant and antityrosinase proanthocyanidins from Polyalthia longifolia leaves. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:583-7. [PMID: 24863181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the structure of proanthocyanidins from Polyalthia longifolia leaves was characterized with (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance, high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. The results showed that the proanthocyanidins were mixture of homopolymers of B-type procyanidins with degree of polymerization up to 14-mer. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the proanthocyanidins was studied through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free-radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. In addition, antityrosinase activity of the proanthocyanidins was investigated. The IC50 for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free-radical scavenging activity of the proanthocyanidins were 89.32 ± 12.07 and 76.79 ± 5.88 μg/mL, respectively; the ferric reducing/antioxidant power value was 710.54 ± 142.82 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry weight. The IC50 for antityrosinase activity was 773.09 ± 1.47 μg/mL. In conclusion, the proanthocyanidins from P. longifolia leaves exhibited potent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. This research would provide scientific evidence for the use of proanthocyanidins from P. longifolia leaves as antioxidant and antityrosinase agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Ge Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-Ming Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Hui-Ling Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Han-Tao Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
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Metabolomics-Based Optimal Koji Fermentation for Tyrosinase Inhibition Supplemented with Astragalus Radix. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:863-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Chai WM, Shi Y, Feng HL, Qiu L, Zhou HC, Deng ZW, Yan CL, Chen QX. NMR, HPLC-ESI-MS, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of condensed tannins from Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. and their bioactivities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:5013-22. [PMID: 22515734 DOI: 10.1021/jf300740d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The structures of the condensed tannins isolated from leaf, fruit, and stem bark of Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. have been investigated with (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR) and high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) coupled with thiolysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analyses. The results showed that these condensed tannins from D. regia possessed structural heterogeneity in monomer units and degree of polymerization. Propelargonidin (PP) and procyanidin (PC) were found in the leaf, fruit, and stem bark of D. regia, while prodelphinidin (PD) was found only in the leaves. The polymer chain lengths of condensed tannins from leaf and fruit organs were detected to be trimers to hexadecamers but from trimers to tridecamers for stem bark. B-type linkages were present in all these compounds. Condensed tannins from different parts of D. regia can be explored as tyrosinase inhibitors and food antioxidants because of their potent antityrosinase and antioxidant activities. The inhibitor concentration leading to 50% enzyme activity (IC(50)) was estimated to be 38 ± 1, 73 ± 2, and 54 ± 1.5 μg/mL for the condensed tannins of leaf, fruit, and stem bark. Condensed tannins extracted from stem bark exhibited the highest antioxidant activity; the DPPH scavenging activity (IC(50)) and the FRAP values were 90 ± 2 μg/mL and 5.42 ± 0.09 mmol AAE/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Germanò MP, Cacciola F, Donato P, Dugo P, Certo G, D'Angelo V, Mondello L, Rapisarda A. Betula pendula leaves: polyphenolic characterization and potential innovative use in skin whitening products. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:877-82. [PMID: 22480759 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The research of new tyrosinase inhibitors is currently important for the development of skin whitening agents; particularly, birch leaves extracts are included in many skin cosmetic products. In this study, the potential ability of Betula pendula leaves ethanolic extract (BE) was evaluated on mushroom tyrosinase activity. Results showed that BE was capable to inhibit dose-dependently l-DOPA oxidation catalyzed by tyrosinase. The inhibition kinetics, analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots, showed a noncompetitive inhibition of BE towards the enzyme, using l-DOPA as substrate. The inhibitory mechanism of BE as studied by spectrophotometric analysis, demonstrated its ability to chelate copper ion in the active site of tyrosinase. In addition, BE exhibited Fe(2+)-chelating ability (IC(50)=614.12±2.14 μg/mL), reducing power and radical-scavenging properties (IC(50)=137.22±1.98 μg/mL). These results suggest the usefulness of birch leaves extracts in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for their skin-whitening and antioxidant effects. Determination of the polyphenolic compounds in BE extracts was afterward achieved by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. A total of 25 compounds were positively identified, through the complementary analytical information, and are reported in such a matrix for the first time. Knowledge on the qualitative composition and contents of these natural sources in fact represents mandatory information, for rational consumption and correlation of the beneficial effects to the specific amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Germanò
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Biologico, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Mapunya MB, Hussein AA, Rodriguez B, Lall N. Tyrosinase activity of Greyia flanaganii (Bolus) constituents. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1006-1012. [PMID: 21680165 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-pigmentation of the skin is a common problem that is prevalent in middle aged and elderly people. It is caused by over production of melanin. Tyrosinase is known to be the key enzyme in melanin production. Ethanolic extract of Greyia flanaganii leaves showed significant (P<0.05) antityrosinase activity exhibiting the IC₅₀ of 32.62 μg/ml. The total extract was further investigated for its toxicity and effect on melanin production by melanocytes cells, and showed significant inhibition (P<0.05) (20%) of melanin production at 6.25 μg/ml and low levels of cytotoxicity (IC₅₀<400 μg/ml). The amount of antioxidants necessary to decrease the initial DPPH absorbance by 50% (EC₅₀) by the total ethanolic extract was found to be 22.01 μg/ml. The effect of G. flanaganii against acne causing bacteria, Propionibacterium acnes, was investigated using microdilution assay. The MIC of the extract of G. flanaganii was found to be 250 μg/ml. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of (3S)-4-hydroxyphenethyl 3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoate (1), 2',4',6'-trihydroxydihydrochalcone (2), 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone (3), 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone (4), 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone [(2S)-pinocembrin] (5), 2',6'-dihydroxy-4',4-dimethoxy dihydrochalcone (6) and (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3-O-acetylflavanone (7). The isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant, cytotoxicity, tyrosinase inhibition and antibacterial activities. Compound 2 exhibited significant (P<0.05) antityrosinase activity exhibiting the IC₅₀ of 69.15 μM. The isolated compounds showed low toxicity of the cells with reduction of melanin content of the cells. All compounds tested showed good radical scavenging activity. These data indicates that G. flanaganii extract and its isolated phenolic constituents could be possible skin lightening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Mapunya
- Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Wu LC, Jou AFJ, Chen SH, Tien CY, Cheng CF, Fan NC, Ho JAA. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-browning activities of hot water extracts of oriental herbal teas. Food Funct 2010; 1:200-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00047g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Maisuthisakul P, Gordon MH. Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of mango seed kernel by product. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Marrero-Ponce Y, Khan MTH, Casañola Martín GM, Ather A, Sultankhodzhaev MN, Torrens F, Rotondo R. Prediction of tyrosinase inhibition activity using atom-based bilinear indices. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:449-78. [PMID: 17366651 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A set of novel atom-based molecular fingerprints is proposed based on a bilinear map similar to that defined in linear algebra. These molecular descriptors (MDs) are proposed as a new means of molecular parametrization easily calculated from 2D molecular information. The nonstochastic and stochastic molecular indices match molecular structure provided by molecular topology by using the kth nonstochastic and stochastic graph-theoretical electronic-density matrices, M(k) and S(k), respectively. Thus, the kth nonstochastic and stochastic bilinear indices are calculated using M(k) and S(k) as matrix operators of bilinear transformations. Chemical information is coded by using different pair combinations of atomic weightings (mass, polarizability, vdW volume, and electronegativity). The results of QSAR studies of tyrosinase inhibitors using the new MDs and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) demonstrate the ability of the bilinear indices in testing biological properties. A database of 246 structurally diverse tyrosinase inhibitors was assembled. An inactive set of 412 drugs with other clinical uses was used; both active and inactive sets were processed by hierarchical and partitional cluster analyses to design training and predicting sets. Twelve LDA-based QSAR models were obtained, the first six using the nonstochastic total and local bilinear indices and the last six with the stochastic MDs. The discriminant models were applied; globally good classifications of 99.58 and 89.96 % were observed for the best nonstochastic and stochastic bilinear indices models in the training set along with high Matthews correlation coefficients (C) of 0.99 and 0.79, respectively, in the learning set. External prediction sets used to validate the models obtained were correctly classified, with accuracies of 100 and 87.78 %, respectively, yielding C values of 1.00 and 0.73. This subset contains 180 active and inactive compounds not considered to fit the models. A simulated virtual screen demonstrated this approach in searching tyrosinase inhibitors from compounds never considered in either training or predicting series. These fitted models permitted the selection of new cycloartane compounds isolated from herbal plants as new tyrosinase inhibitors. A good correspondence between theoretical and experimental inhibitory effects on tyrosinase was observed; compound CA6 (IC(50)=1.32 microM) showed higher activity than the reference compounds kojic acid (IC(50)=16.67 microM) and L-mimosine (IC(50)=3.68 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovani Marrero-Ponce
- Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d'Instituts de Paterna, Poligon la Coma s/n (detras de Canal Nou) P.O. Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, Spain.
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Lee CL, Wang JJ, Pan TM. Red mold rice extract represses amyloid beta peptide-induced neurotoxicity via potent synergism of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effect. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:829-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wu LC, Fan NC, Lin MH, Chu IR, Huang SJ, Hu CY, Han SY. Anti-inflammatory effect of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella on murine macrophage by down-regulating LPS-induced inflammatory mediators. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2341-2349. [PMID: 18321049 DOI: 10.1021/jf073057e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spilanthes acmella (Paracress), a common spice, has been administered as a traditional folk medicine for years to cure toothaches, stammering, and stomatitis. Previous studies have demonstrated its diuretic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the active compounds contributing to the anti-inflammatory effect have seldom been addressed. This study isolates the active compound, spilanthol, by a bioactivity-guided approach and indicates significant anti-inflammatory activity on lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophage model, RAW 264.7. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of paracress is also investigated. Extracts of S. acmella are obtained by extraction with 85% ethanol, followed by liquid partition against hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. The ethyl acetate extract exhibits a stronger free radical scavenging capacity than other fractions do, as determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The chloroform extract significantly inhibits nitric oxide production ( p < 0.01) and is selected for further fractionation to yield the active compound, spilanthol. The diminished levels of LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression support the postulation that spilanthol inhibits proinflammatory mediator production at the transcriptional and translational levels. Additionally, the LPS-stimulated IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha productions are dose-dependently reduced by spilanthol. The LPS-induced phosphorylation of cytoplasmic inhibitor-kappaB and the nuclear NF-kappaB DNA binding activity are both restrained by spilanthol. Results of this study suggest that spilanthol, isolated from S. acmella, attenuates the LPS-induced inflammatory responses in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages partly due to the inactivation of NF-kappaB, which negatively regulates the production of proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chen Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, Taiwan.
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Huang Z, Xu Y, Li L, Li Y. Two new Monascus metabolites with strong blue fluorescence isolated from red yeast rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:112-118. [PMID: 18072738 DOI: 10.1021/jf072985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Red yeast rice obtained as cultures of Monascus AS3.4444 on rice was extracted and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two new Monascus metabolites with similar fluorescence spectra (lambda ex = 396 nm, lambda em = 460 nm) and UV absorption spectra (lambda max = 386 nm) were detected. They were isolated by rechromatography on a silica gel column and semipreparative HPLC, and two strong blue fluorescent compounds were obtained. Their structures were elucidated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), intensive ESI-MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, COSY, and HMBC) studies. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicated the molecular formulas C 21H 24O 5 and C 23H 28O 5. The two new compounds, named monasfluore A and monasfluore B, respectively, contain a alkyl side chain, gamma-lactone, and propenyl group, whereas the more lipophilic compound, monasfluore B, is a higher homologue of monasfluore A, with the more lipophilic octanoyl instead of the hexanoyl side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Huang
- Sino-Germany Joint Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Food Science, Ministry of Education, and Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
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Abstract
Twenty two kojic acid-tripeptide amides were prepared using a solid-phase Fmoc/tBu strategy with Rink Amide SURE(R) resin. To effectively obtain kojic acid-tripeptide amide conjugates, the coupling conditions of kojic acid to the tripeptide on the resin were optimized. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of kojic acid-tripeptide amides and the effect of the amino acid sequence on the activity were compared with those of kojic acid-tripeptide acids. The stability of kojic acid-tripeptide amides were then compared with those of kojic acid and kojic acid-tripeptides acids. As a consequence, kojic acid-FWY-NH(2) proved to be the best compound, with the highest inhibitory activity, which was maintained over different storage times under various temperatures and pHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Mi Noh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Li Z, Seeram NP, Lee R, Thames G, Minutti C, Wang HJ, Heber D. Plasma Clearance of Lovastatin Versus Chinese Red Yeast Rice in Healthy Volunteers. J Altern Complement Med 2005; 11:1031-8. [PMID: 16398595 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is now accepted that inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis is effective in the primary and secondary prevention of heart disease. However, the perceived side-effects on muscle and liver reduce the general acceptance of statin drug therapy as well as compliance over the long term, which is necessary for prevention efforts to be successful. Chinese red yeast rice (CRYR) is a supplement containing lovastatin (monacolin K), eight other monacolins, pigments, tannins, and other phytochemicals. The authors previously reported on a double- blind placebo-controlled trial of CRYR supplement in 80 individuals demonstrating a significant decrease in cholesterol levels from 250 mg/dL to 210 mg/dL over 8 weeks independent of diet. The current study compared the pharmacokinetics of CRYR with lovastatin at the same bioeffective dose for lowering cholesterol. METHODS Eleven (11) healthy volunteers were randomized to a crossover study taking 2400 mg CRYR or 20 mg of lovastatin. RESULTS The Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) of lovastatin were 22.42 ng/mL, and 80.47 higher than CRYR (p = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). The Cmax for lovastatin hydroxy-acid was 36.63 ng/mL higher than the Cmax of CRYR hydroxy-acid (p = 0.001). The AUC of lovastatin hydroxy-acid was 258.5 greater than that of CRYR (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that the effect of CRYR on the cholesterol concentration might be caused by the additive and/or synergistic effects of monacolin K with other monacolins and substances in CRYR. It may lead to the ultimate development of a botanical supplement based on CRYR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095-1742, USA.
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