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Klassen D, Lennox MD, Dumont MJ, Chouinard G, Tavares JR. Dispensers for pheromonal pest control. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116590. [PMID: 36419302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment and human health have motivated the development of alternative pest control strategies. Pheromonal pest control is one alternative strategy that is attractive because most pheromones used commercially are non-toxic. Pheromones are also effective at low concentrations, and insects are slower to develop resistance to them compared to pesticides. Pheromones can be used to control pests by attracting them towards traps, repelling them from crops, or disrupting their mating behaviour. Viability of pheromonal control strategies must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and depends on the target species, the pheromone being used, the specific control strategy, the method of dispensing pheromone, other pest control strategies pheromones being used alongside, and many other factors. The efficacy of pheromonal control has been demonstrated in commercial applications such as the control of palm weevils using traps releasing their male aggregation pheromone. Mating disruption using female sex pheromones has also been widely applied for control of both the codling moth Cydia Pomonella and the european grapevine moth Lobesia Botrana (Bangels and Beliën, 2012; Lucchi et al., 2018). Pheromones are volatiles that both degrade quickly in the environment and can be rapidly dispersed by wind. Consequently, administering pheromones to fields requires the use of dispensers that emits pheromone continuously or intermittently. Septum dispensers, membrane dispensers and solid matrix dispensers are best suited to treating smaller areas of cropland since they need to be installed by hand, a labor-intensive process. For treating a large area with pheromones, sprayable formulations and aerosol dispensers are alternative dispensing technologies that can be employed. The characteristics of these different dispenser designs are discussed as well as the kinetics governing pheromone release. Possible areas for future work in pheromone dispenser technology include examining new integrated strategies that employ pheromones alongside other pest control techniques in unique ways. The combination of pheromonal control with physical exclusion or predator release are examples of integrated strategies that are promising but have yet to be widely commercialized. Most commercial pheromonal dispensers are also noted to be impossible or impractical to reuse, apart from aerosol devices. Creating new types of rechargeable dispenser might have some cost saving benefits and would be an interesting area for future innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Klassen
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin D Lennox
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gérald Chouinard
- Institute de Recherche et Développement en Agroenvironnement (IRDA), Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Canada
| | - Jason R Tavares
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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Behavioral responses of sand fly Nyssomyia neivai (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) to 1-hexanol and light. Acta Trop 2022; 236:106680. [PMID: 36087769 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for attractive baits that may facilitate the capture of haematophagous insects has been epidemiologically relevant. Sand flies use chemical cues in different phases of their life cycles to find carbohydrate meals, mates, blood meals and oviposition sites. Few studies have related the behaviours of sand flies with volatile compounds that can influence their life cycles. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that 1-hexanol released on filter paper is a good attractant for the sand fly Nyssomyia neivai, which is suspected in the transmission of the aetiologic agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. METHODS In this study, we developed two release systems to modulated 1-hexanol release: system 1 contained gellan gum and pectin (4:1 ratio), 3% aluminium chloride and 1% glutaraldehyde; system 2 contained: gellan gum and pectin (4:1 ratio) and 3% aluminium chloride. After addition of 1-hexanol to each release system, trials were performed in a wind tunnel with Ny. neivai males and females (unfed, blood-fed and gravid) to evaluate activation and attraction responses. RESULTS Males and unfed females showed the same response pattern to the systems. For both systems, the males and unfed females of the sand flies showed an activation response up to 24 h. The number of responsive gravid females was lower than unfed females for both systems. The blood-fed females showed no responses in any of the release systems. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the state of the females (unfed, fed and gravid) can interfere with the sand fly responses to volatile compounds. Additionally, both systems evaluated with the compound showed effectiveness for sand fly attraction.
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Chen Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Wei H, Lin S, Tian H, Lin T, Zhao J, Gu X. Preparation, characterisation, and controlled release of sex pheromone-loaded MPEG-PCL diblock copolymer micelles for Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203062. [PMID: 30192792 PMCID: PMC6128524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex pheromones are important for agricultural pest control. The main sex pheromone components of Spodoptera litura are (Z,E)-9,11- and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E11-14:Ac; Z9,E12-14:Ac). In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions for encapsulation of S. litura sex pheromonesin micelles via the self-assembly method using monomethoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (ε-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) as a biodegradable wall-forming material with low toxicity. In the L9(34) orthogonal experiment, 3 amphiphilic block copolymers, with different hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity ratios, were examined. Optimal encapsulation conditions included stirring of MPEG5000-PCL2000 at 1000 rpm at 30°C with 2.5:1 wall-forming: core material mass ratio. S. litura sex pheromone-loaded MPEG5000-PCL2000 micelles presented a homogeneous spherical morphology with apparent core-shell structure. The release kinetics of optimized MPEG5000-PCL2000 micelles was best explained by a first-order model. Encapsulated Z9,E11-14:Ac and Z9,E12-14:Ac were released slowly, not suddenly. Methyl oleate (MO) was used as an agent to control micellar release performance. When MO content equalled block content, micelle half-life could be prolonged, thereby controlling the release speed. Overall, our results showed MPEG-PCL as a promising controlled-release substrate for sex pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Green Control of Insect Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Houjun Tian
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Fuzhou Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Damos P, Colomar LAE, Ioriatti C. Integrated Fruit Production and Pest Management in Europe: The Apple Case Study and How Far We Are From the Original Concept? INSECTS 2015; 6:626-57. [PMID: 26463407 PMCID: PMC4598656 DOI: 10.3390/insects6030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the process of adapting the original concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to the wider conception of the Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) implemented in Europe. Even though most of the pest management strategies still rely on the use of synthetic pesticides, a wide array of innovative and environmentally friendly tools are now available as possible alternative to the pesticides within the modern apple production system. We also highlight how recent pest management strategies and tools have created an opening for research towards IPM improvement, including the use of biorational pesticides, semiochemicals and biological control. Forecasting models, new tree training systems and innovative spray equipment have also been developed to improve treatment coverage, to mitigate pesticide drift and to reduce chemical residues on fruits. The possible threats that jeopardize the effective implementation of IPM and particularly the risks related to the development of the pesticide resistance and the introduction of new invasive pests are also reviewed. With the directive 128/09, the European legislation recognizes IPM as a strategic approach for the sustainable use of pesticides. Within this context, IPM and related guidelines is called to meet different areas of concern in relation to the worker and bystander safety. Beside the traditional economic criteria of the market-oriented agriculture, sustainable agriculture includes the assessment of the environmental impact of the agronomic practices within the societal context where they take place. As a consequence of the raising consumer concerns about environmental impacts generated by the fruit production, IFP certification over product standards, including process aspects, are frequently required by consumers and supermarket chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Damos
- Open University of Cyprus, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Conservation and Management, Main OUC building: 33, Giannou Kranidioti Ave., 2220, Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Lucía-Adriana Escudero Colomar
- IRTA, Sustainable Plant Protection (Entomology), IRTA-Mas Badia Agricultural Experimental Station. La Tallada d'Empordà S/N. 17134, Girona. Spain.
| | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Technology Transfer Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Edmund Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
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Miller JR, Gut LJ. Mating Disruption for the 21st Century: Matching Technology With Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:427-53. [PMID: 26313949 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Progress toward proof of the principal cause of insect mating disruption under a particular set of conditions has been hindered by a lack of logical rigor and clean falsifications of possible explanations. Here we make the case that understanding of mating disruption and optimization of particular formulations can be significantly advanced by rigorous application of the principles of strong inference. To that end, we offer a dichotomous key for eight distinct categories of mating disruption and detail criteria and methodologies for differentiating among them. Mechanisms of mating disruption closely align with those established for enzyme inhibition, falling into two major categories-competitive and noncompetitive. Under competitive disruption, no impairments are experienced by males, females, or the signal of females. Therefore, males can respond to females and traps. Competitive disruption is entirely a numbers game where the ratio of dispensers to females and traps is highly consequential and renders the control pest-density-dependent. Under noncompetitive disruption, males, females, or the signal from females are already impaired when sexual activity commences. The control achieved noncompetitively offers the notable advantage of being pest-density-independent. Dosage-response curves are the best way to distinguish competitive from noncompetitive disruption. Purely competitive disruption produces: a smoothly concave curve when untransformed capture data are plotted on the y-axis against density of dispensers on the x-axis; a straight line with positive slope when the inverse of catch is plotted against density of pheromone dispensers; and, a straight line with negative slope when catch is plotted against density of pheromone dispensers × catch. Disruption operating only noncompetitively produces: a straight line with negative slope when untransformed capture data are plotted on the y-axis against density of dispensers on the x-axis; an upturning curve when the inverse of catch is plotted against density of pheromone dispensers; and, a recurving plot when catch is plotted against density of pheromone dispensers x catch. Hybrid profiles are possible when some males within the population begin the activity period already incapacitated, while those not preexposed have the capacity to respond either to traps or pheromone dispensers. Competitive mechanisms include competitive attraction, induced allopatry, and induced arrestment. Noncompetitive mechanisms include desensitization and inhibition, induced allochrony, suppressed calling and mating, camouflage, and sensory imbalance. Examples of the various disruption types within the two major categories and suggested tactics for differentiating among them are offered as seven case studies of the disruption of important pest species using various formulations are analyzed in depth. We point out how economic optimizations may be achieved once the principal and contributory causes of disruption are proven. Hopefully, these insights will pave the way to a broader and more reliable usage of this environmentally friendly pest management tactic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Miller
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Larry J Gut
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.Corresponding author, e-mail:
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McGhee PS, Gut LJ, Miller JR. Aerosol emitters disrupt codling moth, Cydia pomonella, competitively. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1859-1862. [PMID: 24458561 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isomate(®) CM MIST aerosol emitters (Pacific BioControl Corp, Vancouver, WA) containing 36 g of codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, were deployed at various densities in a commercial apple orchard to generate dosage-response profiles in order to elucidate the behavioral mechanism of disruption. RESULTS Moth captures decreased asymptotically as Isomate(®) CM MIST densities increased. Data fitting to Miller-Gut and Miller-de Lame plots yielded straight lines, with positive and negative slopes respectively. Catch of male moths decreased from 28 trap(-1) in the control to 0.9 trap(-1) at the highest emitter density. Disruption of >90% was realized at emitter densities greater than 5 units ha(-1) . CONCLUSION The resulting set of profiles explicitly matched the predictions for competitive rather than non-competitive disruption. Thus, these devices probably disrupt by inducing false-plume following rather than by camouflaging traps and females. The use of 5 MIST units ha(-1) would be necessary to achieve the same level of codling moth control provided by a standard pheromone treatment with passive reservoir dispensers. The need for only a few aerosol emitters, 2.5-5 units ha(-1) , mitigates the cost of labor required to hand-apply hundreds of passive reservoir dispensers; however, a potential weakness in using this technology is that the low deployment density may leave areas of little or no pheromone coverage, where mate finding may occur. This technology is likely to benefit substantially from treatment of large contiguous blocks of crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S McGhee
- Entomology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Michaelakis A, Mihou AP, Koliopoulos G, Couladouros EA. Attract-and-kill strategy. Laboratory studies on hatched larvae of Culex pipiens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2007; 63:954-9. [PMID: 17708518 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The attract-and-kill strategy is a new pest management technique that presupposes the intelligent combination of an attracting agent (e.g. pheromone) and a killing agent (e.g. insecticide). In the present study, the potential combination of the microencapsulated synthetic oviposition pheromone 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide with an insecticide has been tested. Initially, polyurea microcapsules containing 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, the synthetic mixture of diastereomers of the oviposition pheromone of the mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), were studied. Laboratory bioassays were performed to confirm the bioactivity of the microencapsulated pheromone on the oviposition activity of Culex pipiens L. biotype molestus Førskal (Diptera: Culicidae) with the aim of determining the optimum dose for oviposition response. Its effect was dose dependent, revealing an optimum dose of 300 mg of dried microcapsules. Attractancy over time was also studied. The microencapsulated pheromone was found to be sufficiently attractive to gravid female mosquitoes for a period of 40 days. Finally, the combination of the synthetic pheromone with the control agent temephos showed both an acceptable oviposition activity and sufficient larvicidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Michaelakis
- Chemistry Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
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