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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Alsalabi FA, Hassan ZU, Al-Thani RF, Jaoua S. Molecular identification and biocontrol of ochratoxigenic fungi and ochratoxin A in animal feed marketed in the state of Qatar. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12835. [PMID: 36647362 PMCID: PMC9840141 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic fungal metabolite produced by some Aspergillus and Penicillium species. This work was designed to explore the presence of OTA and ochratoxigenic fungi in feed grains marketed in Qatar and their biological control by a bacterium (Burkholderia cepacia). Significantly higher levels of OTA were detected in mixed grains samples (144.59 ± 6.63 μg/kg), compared to the maize (25.27 ± 1.89 μg/kg) and wheat (3.37 ± 0.11 μg/kg). OTA-producing fungi (A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. westerdijkiae, A. carbonarius and P. verrucosum) were identified on the basis of their morphological features as well as through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Putative ochratoxigenic polyketide genes in these isolates were evidenced by using primers AoOTA-L/AoOTA-R (in A. ochraceus and A. westerdijkiae), AoPks1/AoPks2 (in A. niger and A. ochraceus) and PenPks1/Penpks2 (in P. verrucosum). On synthetic media, A. westerdijkiae showed the highest OTA synthesis (5913 ± 576 μg/kg) than the closely related A. ochraceus (3520 ± 303 μg/kg), A. carbonarius (3064 ± 289 μg/kg) and P. verrucosum (3030 ± 710 μg/kg). Burkholderia cepacia cells and culture extract showed promising biological control potentials against OTA producing fungi. On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that animal feed samples are generally contaminated with OTA-producing fungi as well as OTA, and Burkholderia cepacia CS5 exhibits promising antifungal activities.
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Diversity of Fusarium Species Isolated from Symptomatic Plants Belonging to a Wide Range of Agri-Food and Ornamental Crops in Lebanon. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090897. [PMID: 36135622 PMCID: PMC9502176 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lebanon is a small Mediterranean country with different pedoclimatic conditions that allow the growth of both temperate and tropical plants. Currently, few studies are available on the occurrence and diversity of Fusarium species on Lebanese crops. A wide population of Fusarium strains was isolated from different symptomatic plants in the last 10 years. In the present investigation, a set of 134 representative strains were molecularly identified by sequencing the translation elongation factor, used in Fusarium as a barcoding gene. Great variability was observed, since the strains were grouped into nine different Fusarium Species Complexes (SCs). Fusarium oxysporum SC and Fusarium solani SC were the most frequent (53% and 24%, respectively). Members of important mycotoxigenic SCs were also detected: F. fujikuroi SC (7%), F. sambucinum SC (5%), F. incarnatum-equiseti SC (3%), and F. tricinctum SC (4%). Two strains belonging to F. lateritium SC, a single strain belonging to F. burgessii SC, and a single strain belonging to F. redolens SC were also detected. This paper reports, for the first time, the occurrence of several Fusarium species on Lebanese host plants. The clear picture of the Fusarium species distribution provided in this study can pose a basis for both a better understanding of the potential phytopathological and toxicological risks and planning future Fusarium management strategies in Lebanon.
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Pérez-Gómez EO, García-Rosales G, Longoria-Gándara LC, Gómez-Vilchis JC. Obtention of biochar-Ca nanoparticles using Citrus tangerina׃ A morphological, surface and study remotion of Aflatoxin AFB1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127339. [PMID: 34879555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the formation of biochar with calcium nanoparticles (NPsCa) in function of pyrolysis time (C10, C30, C60, C120 and C180 min) using the Citrus tangerina peel and their evaluation in the remotion of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in aqueous phase. Firstly, the Citrus tangerina was studied by Thermogravimetric analysis to determine the optimal temperature (TGA), obtaining a result of 600 °C. The biochar (NPsCa) were characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), as well as surface properties including the identification of functional groups by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR), and energetic states through the X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption studies were carried out on the different materials and later, the experimental data was adjusted to different mathematical models, obtaining the best fit of the kinetic data to the Ho-McKay model, whilst the adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the model of Langmuir, which indicates that the Aflatoxin B1 adsorption process is carried out through a monolayer chemisorption process with maximum sorption capacities (qm) ranging between 15.72 and 63.22 μg g-1 with the 180th minute being the adequate time to obtain the carbon with the best surface properties and the best adsorption capacity. Additionally, it was observed that each material can be reused up to five times in accordance with the results from the reuse cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Pérez-Gómez
- TECNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca/Departamento de posgrado, Avenida Tecnológico 100 s/n. Colonia Agrícola, Bellavista, La Virgen, 52149 Metepec, Mexico
| | - G García-Rosales
- TECNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca/Departamento de posgrado, Avenida Tecnológico 100 s/n. Colonia Agrícola, Bellavista, La Virgen, 52149 Metepec, Mexico.
| | - L C Longoria-Gándara
- Division for Latin America/Department of Technical Cooperation International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - J C Gómez-Vilchis
- TECNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca/Departamento de posgrado, Avenida Tecnológico 100 s/n. Colonia Agrícola, Bellavista, La Virgen, 52149 Metepec, Mexico
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Felšöciová S, Miroslava K, František V. Survey of mycobiota on Slovakian wine grapes from Small Carpathians wine region. POTRAVINARSTVO 2020. [DOI: 10.5219/1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 13 samples of grapes (bunches) without apparent fungal contamination were analyzed. The samples were collected during the 2019 harvest from Vrbové village in the Small Carpathian region of Slovakia. For the isolation of fungi were used the direct plating technique on DRBC plates. The plates were incubated aerobically at 25 ±1 °C for one week in the dark. The data obtained from the cultivation of the grape berry samples revealed a high diversity of fungal species (a total of 1044 isolates were obtained). Alternaria and Rhizopus were the main components of the wine grape mycobiota of the Vrbovský subregion at harvest time (92%, each), followed by Cladosporium (85%), Penicillium (77%), Botrytis and Epicoccum (54%, each). The most abundant genera found by descending order were Penicillium (25%), Alternaria (24%), Cladosporium (20%), and Rhizopus (12%) and only in minor percentage by Aspergillus (3%) among others. The main fungal species isolated from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus were Penicillium expansum (57% RD) and A. section Nigri (97% RD). Of 17 analyzed Penicillium strains, 65% were able to produce at least one of the six mycotoxins analyzed in in vitro conditions by means of thin-layer chromatography method: citrinin, griseofulvin, patulin, cyclopiazonic acid, penitrem A, and roquefortin C.
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Saleh I, Al-Thani R. Fungal food spoilage of supermarkets' displayed fruits. Vet World 2019; 12:1877-1883. [PMID: 32009770 PMCID: PMC6925035 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1877-1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Post-harvest fungal infection of fruits and vegetables is mainly caused by fungal pathogens that can be harmful to both human and animals as they produce mycotoxins, post-harvest diseases in fruits and vegetables are a serious problem that results in the loss of a large percentage of crops reaching 50% in some fruits. This study aims at screening the post-purchasing shelf-life of four highly consumed fruits and vegetables and at identifying the fungal strains behind their spoilage in Qatar. Materials and Methods: Fruits and vegetables were collected from the market to study their post-purchasing shelf-life and to identify the fungal types involved in samples rotting. Factors that affect samples’ shelf-life were also analyzed. Results: A total of 73 fungal isolates were isolated and identified, with the highest percentage of Penicillium (21.9%) followed by Rhizopus (17.8%). Interestingly, many mycotoxins producing and diseases inducing fungi were identified in this study; this includes Rhizopus, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Botrytis, Geotrichum, and Colletotrichum. Statistical analysis shows that different fruits have significantly different shelf-life and different predispositions for spoilage. In many cases, a strong relationship was shown between the fungal types isolated and the country of origin of the fruit. Finally, the price of the commodity did not have a significant effect on its contamination level nor did the market from which the sample was purchased. This indicates that the fruit displaying methods in Qatar do not affect their contamination level. Conclusion: The study is among the first reports about fungal types involved in fruits and vegetables rotting in Qatar and it highlights the strong link between spoiling fungi and their country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roda Al-Thani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Ul Hassan Z, Al Thani R, Alnaimi H, Migheli Q, Jaoua S. Investigation and Application of Bacillus licheniformis Volatile Compounds for the Biological Control of Toxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17186-17193. [PMID: 31656892 PMCID: PMC6811857 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the antagonistic activity of Bacillus licheniformis BL350-2 against mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium. In vitro coincubation for 5 days indicated Aspergillus westerdijkiae BA1 as the most sensitive strain, with a growth inhibition of 62%, followed by A. carbonarius MG7 (60%), Penicillium verrucosum MC12 (53%), A. niger MC05 (50%), A. flavus CM5 (49%), A. parasiticus SB01 (47%), and A. ochraceus MD1 (44%). Likewise, the majority of the tested strains on exposure to bacterial volatiles showed complete inhibition of mycotoxin synthesis. In vivo assays on maize ears resulted in 88% reduction in A. flavus CM5 growth and complete inhibition of fungal sporulation and aflatoxin accumulation. The GC-MS-based volatile profile showed 3-methyl-1-butanol as the most abundant compound. The findings of the present study advocate that B. licheniformis BL350-2 is suitable as a biocontrol agent against mycotoxigenic fungi, at least during storage of cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ul Hassan
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts
and Science and Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roda Al Thani
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts
and Science and Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hajer Alnaimi
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts
and Science and Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento
di Agraria, Università degli Studi
di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts
and Science and Environmental Science Center, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- E-mail: . Phone: 00974 4403 4536. Fax: 00974 4403 4531
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El Khoury D, Fayjaloun S, Nassar M, Sahakian J, Aad PY. Updates on the Effect of Mycotoxins on Male Reproductive Efficiency in Mammals. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E515. [PMID: 31484408 PMCID: PMC6784030 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and unavoidable harmful fungal products with the ability to cause disease in both animals and humans, and are found in almost all types of foods, with a greater prevalence in hot humid environments. These mycotoxins vary greatly in structure and biochemical effects; therefore, by better understanding the toxicological and pathological aspects of mycotoxins, we can be better equipped to fight the diseases, as well as the biological and economic devastations, they induce. Multiple studies point to the association between a recent increase in male infertility and the increased occurrence of these mycotoxins in the environment. Furthermore, understanding how mycotoxins may induce an accumulation of epimutations during parental lifetimes can shed light on their implications with respect to fertility and reproductive efficiency. By acknowledging the diversity of mycotoxin molecular function and mode of action, this review aims to address the current limited knowledge on the effects of these chemicals on spermatogenesis and the various endocrine and epigenetics patterns associated with their disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala El Khoury
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Salma Fayjaloun
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Marc Nassar
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Sahakian
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon
| | - Pauline Y Aad
- Department of Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh 2207, Lebanon.
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Nan M, Bi Y, Xue H, Xue S, Long H, Pu L, Fu G. Rapid Determination of Ochratoxin A in Grape and Its Commodities Based on a Label-Free Impedimetric Aptasensor Constructed by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020071. [PMID: 30696025 PMCID: PMC6410112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive label-free impedimetric aptasensor for rapid determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) has been developed, which was based on the combination between thiolated aptamer and gold nanoparticles by layer-by-layer self-assembly. Because of the interaction between aptamer and OTA, the relative normalized electron-transfer resistance (ΔRct) values obtained by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was proportional to the concentration of OTA and showed a good linear relationship from 0.1 to 10.0 ng/mL, with a lower detection limit (0.030 ng/mL) than one-step thiolated DNA aptasensor. The established method was successfully applied to detect and analyze OTA in table wine and grape juice, and the recovery was 90.56%–104.21% when PVP effective removed of phenolic substances. The label-free impedimetric aptasensor was used for rapid detection and quantitation of OTA in the inoculated grapes with the Aspergillus Nigri (H1), and the production of OTA (62.4 μg/kg, 20 μg/kg) far exceeded the maximum levels of 2 μg/kg after inoculation for three days. The developed method exhibited a good specificity, high sensitivity, time-efficient, and it could be applied to detect the OTA concentration in grape and its commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nan
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Sulin Xue
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Haitao Long
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Lumei Pu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Guorui Fu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Carrasco-Sánchez V, Marican A, Vergara-Jaque A, Folch-Cano C, Comer J, Laurie VF. Polymeric substances for the removal of ochratoxin A from red wine followed by computational modeling of the complexes formed. Food Chem 2018; 265:159-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Khoury RE, Mathieu F, Atoui A, Kawtharani H, Khoury AE, Afif C, Maroun RG, Khoury AE. Ability of Soil Isolated Actinobacterial Strains to Prevent, Bind and Biodegrade Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070222. [PMID: 28708102 PMCID: PMC5535169 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins, and contaminates several agricultural products, particularly cereals, grapes, maize, barley, spices and coffee. The aim of this project was to reduce the levels of OTA by supplementing the artificially contaminated solutions with seven strains of actinobacteria (AT10, AT8, SN7, MS1, ML5, G10 and PT1) in order to evaluate their capacity for binding and metabolizing the OTA, as well as their ability to reduce the expression of the genes responsible for its production in A. carbonarius. In the first part of this study, we evaluated the capacity of Streptomyces strains for binding OTA on their surfaces after 0, 30 and 60 min of incubation with PBS solution supplemented with OTA. In the second part, we tested the ability of these strains, as well as their supernatants, to detoxify the ISP2 medium. Finally, we studied the effect of the Streptomyces cocultured with Aspergillus carbonarius on the expression of OTA biosynthesis genes. Results showed that, among the strains co-cultured with A. carbonarius, the strain G10 was able to reduce the expression of acpks, acOTApks, acOTAnrps and vea genes, thus reducing OTA from solid PDA medium to 13.50% of reduction. This strain was remarkably able to detoxify and bind OTA up to 47.07%. Strain AT8 was stronger in detoxifying OTA (52.61%), but had no significant effect on the studied gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle El Khoury
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Dekwaneh-Beyrouth 1104-2020, Lebanon.
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31 326, France.
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse 31 326, France.
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Natural Sciences and Earth, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O Box 5 Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Hiba Kawtharani
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Dekwaneh-Beyrouth 1104-2020, Lebanon.
| | - Anthony El Khoury
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Dekwaneh-Beyrouth 1104-2020, Lebanon.
| | - Charbel Afif
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Dekwaneh-Beyrouth 1104-2020, Lebanon.
| | - Richard G Maroun
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Dekwaneh-Beyrouth 1104-2020, Lebanon.
| | - André El Khoury
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Dekwaneh-Beyrouth 1104-2020, Lebanon.
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Antifungal and Antiochratoxigenic Activities of Essential Oils and Total Phenolic Extracts: A Comparative Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6030044. [PMID: 28698493 PMCID: PMC5618072 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is intended to prevent ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus carbonarius S402 using essential oils (EOs) and total phenolic compounds extracted from plants and herbs. The EOs used in this study are the following: bay leaves, cumin, fenugreek, melissa, mint, and sage. As for the phenolic compounds, they were extracted from bay leaves, cumin, fenugreek, melissa, mint, sage, anise, chamomile, fennel, rosemary, and thyme. The experiments were conducted on Synthetic Grape Medium (SGM) medium at 28 °C for 4 days. OTA was extracted from the medium with methanol and quantified using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Results showed that EOs had a greater impact than the total phenolic extracts on the OTA production. Reduction levels ranged between 25% (sage) and 80% (melissa) for the EOs at 5 µL mL-1, and 13% (thyme) and 69% (mint) for the phenolic extracts. Although they did not affect the growth of A. carbonarius, total phenolic extracts and EOs were capable of partially reducing OTA production. Reduction levels depended on the nature of the plants and the concentration of the EOs. Reducing OTA with natural extracts could be a solution to prevent OTA production without altering the fungal growth, thus preserving the natural microbial balance.
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Einloft TC, Hoeltz M, Teixeira TR, Oldoni VP, Manfroi V, Noll IB. Survey of mycobiota, black Aspergillus and ochratoxin A occurrence on Brazilian wine grapes. ANN MICROBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-016-1236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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El Khoury R, Atoui A, Verheecke C, Maroun R, El Khoury A, Mathieu F. Essential Oils Modulate Gene Expression and Ochratoxin A Production in Aspergillus carbonarius. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E242. [PMID: 27548221 PMCID: PMC4999858 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin, mainly produced on grapes by Aspergillus carbonarius, that causes massive health problems for humans. This study aims to reduce the occurrence of OTA by using the ten following essential oils (E.Os): fennel, cardamom, anise, chamomile, celery, cinnamon, thyme, taramira, oregano and rosemary at 1 µL/mL and 5 µL/mL for each E.O.As a matter of fact, their effects on the OTA production and the growth of A. carbonarius S402 cultures were evaluated, after four days at 28 °C on a Synthetic Grape Medium (SGM). Results showed that A. carbonarius growth was reduced up to 100%, when cultured with the E.Os of cinnamon, taramira, and oregano at both concentrations and the thyme at 5 µL/mL. As for the other six E.Os, their effect on A. carbonarius growth was insignificant, but highly important on the OTA production. Interestingly, the fennel E.O at 5 µL/mL reduced the OTA production up to 88.9% compared to the control, with only 13.8% of fungal growth reduction. We further investigated the effect of these E.Os on the expression levels of the genes responsible for the OTA biosynthesis (acOTApks and acOTAnrps along with the acpks gene) as well as the two regulatory genes laeA and vea, using the quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The results revealed that these six E.Os reduced the expression of the five studied genes, where the ackps was downregulated by 99.2% (the highest downregulation in this study) with 5 µL/mL of fennel E.O.As for the acOTApks, acOTAnrps, veA and laeA, their reduction levels ranged between 10% and 96% depending on the nature of the E.O and its concentration in the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle El Khoury
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité Alimentaire (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Mkalles-Beyrouth 1107-2050, Lebanon.
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse 31326, France.
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Natural Sciences and Earth, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, Beirut P.O Box 11-8281, Lebanon.
| | - Carol Verheecke
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse 31326, France
| | - Richard Maroun
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité Alimentaire (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Mkalles-Beyrouth 1107-2050, Lebanon.
| | - Andre El Khoury
- Laboratoire de Mycologie et Sécurité Alimentaire (LMSA), Centre d'analyse et de Recherche (CAR), Campus des Sciences et Technologie, Université Saint-Joseph, Mkalles-Beyrouth 1107-2050, Lebanon.
| | - Florence Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse 31326, France
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Tournas VH, Niazi NS, Kohn JS. Fungal Presence in Selected Tree Nuts and Dried Fruits. Microbiol Insights 2015; 8:1-6. [PMID: 26056470 PMCID: PMC4444134 DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s24308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-four tree nut samples (almonds, pecans, pine nuts, and walnuts) and 50 dried fruit samples (apricots, cranberries, papaya, pineapple, and raisins) were purchased from local supermarkets and analyzed for fungal contamination using conventional culture as well as molecular methods. The results of our study showed that the highest yeast and mold (YM) counts (5.34 log10 CFU g−1) were found in walnuts and the lowest in pecans. The most common mold in nuts was Aspergillus niger, relatively low numbers of A. flavus were found across the board, while Penicillium spp. were very common in pine nuts and walnuts. Low levels (2.00–2.84 log10 CFU g−1) of yeasts were recovered from only two pine nut samples. Fungal contamination in dried fruits was minimal (ranging from <2.00 to 3.86 log10 CFU g−1). The highest fungal levels were present in raisins. All papaya samples and the majority of cranberry, pineapple, and apricot samples were free of live fungi. The most common mold in dried fruits was A. niger followed by Penicillium spp. One apricot sample also contained low levels (2.00 log10 CFU g−1) of yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Tournas
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - N S Niazi
- Geogetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - J S Kohn
- Northeast Regional Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration, Jamaica, NY, USA
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Inoue T, Nagatomi Y, Uyama A, Mochizuki N. Degradation of aflatoxin B1 during the fermentation of alcoholic beverages. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1219-29. [PMID: 23812408 PMCID: PMC3737493 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5071219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a contaminant of grain and fruit and has one of the highest levels of carcinogenicity of any natural toxin. AFB1 and the fungi that produce it can also contaminate the raw materials used for beer and wine manufacture, such as corn and grapes. Therefore, brewers must ensure strict monitoring to reduce the risk of contamination. In this study, the fate of AFB1 during the fermentation process was investigated using laboratory-scale bottom and top beer fermentation and wine fermentation. During fermentation, cool wort beer samples and wine must samples were artificially spiked with AFB1 and the levels of AFB1 remaining after fermentation were analyzed. AFB1 levels were unchanged during both types of fermentation used for beer but were reduced to 30% of their initial concentration in wine. Differential analysis of the spiked and unspiked wine samples showed that the degradation compound was AFB2a, a hydrated derivative of AFB1. Thus, the results showed that the risk of AFB1 carryover was still present for both types of beer fermentation but was reduced in the case of wine fermentation because of hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Inoue
- Research Laboratory for Food Safety Chemistry, Asahi Group Holdings, Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-chome, Moriya-shi, Ibaraki 302-0106, Japan.
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Berries contamination by microfungi in Slovakia vineyard regions: Impact of climate conditions on microfungi biodiversity. Rev Iberoam Micol 2012; 29:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Meyvaci KB, Aksoy U, Eltem R, Altindişli A, Aşkun T, Taşkin E. Effect of yearly conditions and management practices on ochratoxin A production in Sultana Seedless vineyards. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1157-67. [PMID: 22545668 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.681399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sun drying of seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Sultanina) is widely practised in the western Aegean Region providing Turkey with a significant share in the world trade of sultanas. Research was initiated in 1998 to determine the incidence of ochratoxin A (OTA), to identify the major factors resulting in contamination and to develop techniques to reduce or prevent contamination. This paper assesses OTA formation in five experimental vineyards located in Manisa province of Turkey between 1998 and 2003. The cultural practices recorded were tillage (type and timing), fertilisation, plant protection, irrigation, trellising, pruning, GA(3) application, harvest maturity and date, and drying practices (type of drying yard, dipping into alkaline solution, length of drying period). In the experimental vineyards, no OTA was found at veraison. OTA levels in grapes harvested at fresh maturity ranged between <LOD and 8 ng g(-1), whereas in dried sultanas they were between <LOD and 35 ng g(-1). The frequency of OTA-positive samples increased in dried grapes compared with fresh. The number and timing of tillage, number of damaged berries, and removal of damaged/infected berries prior to sun drying were identified as the major good practices that may contribute to the reduction of OTA in sultanas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Meyvaci
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey.
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Joubrane K, EL Khoury A, Lteif R, Rizk T, Kallassy M, Hilan C, Maroun R. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in Lebanese cultivated wheat. Mycotoxin Res 2011; 27:249-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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El Khoury A, Atoui A, Rizk T, Lteif R, Kallassy M, Lebrihi A. Differentiation between Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus from pure culture and aflatoxin-contaminated grapes using PCR-RFLP analysis of aflR-aflJ intergenic spacer. J Food Sci 2011; 76:M247-53. [PMID: 22417364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) represent the most important single mycotoxin-related food safety problem in developed and developing countries as they have adverse effects on human and animal health. They are produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Both species have different aflatoxinogenic profile. In order to distinguish between A. flavus and A. parasiticus, gene-specific primers were designed to target the intergenic spacer (IGS) for the AF biosynthesis genes, aflJ and aflR. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis using BglII to look for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Our result showed that both species displayed different PCR-based RFLP (PCR-RFLP) profile. PCR products from A. flavus cleaved into 3 fragments of 362, 210, and 102 bp. However, there is only one restriction site for this enzyme in the sequence of A. parasiticus that produced only 2 fragments of 363 and 311 bp. The method was successfully applied to contaminated grapes samples. This approach of differentiating these 2 species would be simpler, less costly, and quicker than conventional sequencing of PCR products and/or morphological identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- André El Khoury
- Centre d'analyses et de recherches, Faculté des Sciences, Univ. Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, Liban.
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Mikusová P, Ritieni A, Santini A, Juhasová G, Srobárová A. Contamination by moulds of grape berries in Slovakia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:738-47. [PMID: 20349371 DOI: 10.1080/19440040903571754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia winemaking areas in two different periods of the harvest year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium, while the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius-with 'crystals' and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate were identified; these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition, a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mikusová
- Department of Mycology and Physiology, Institute of Botany SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Ponsone ML, Chiotta ML, Combina M, Torres A, Knass P, Dalcero A, Chulze S. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A in musts, wines and grape vine fruits from grapes harvested in Argentina. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1984-96. [PMID: 22069669 PMCID: PMC3153286 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2081984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence in Argentinean musts, wines and dried vine fruits was evaluated, alongside with the performance of OchraStarTM columns for OTA extraction. In all the three matrices analyzed, the OchraStarTM columns showed good performance. The analysis of natural occurrence of OTA in the red must and the red wine samples showed low incidence with low levels of mean OTA contamination (0.12 ng/mL and 0.37 ng/mL, respectively), while 60% of the dried vine fruit samples were contaminated with OTA, in levels ranging from 0.26 to 20.28 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lorena Ponsone
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
| | - María Laura Chiotta
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
| | - Mariana Combina
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina;
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - Adriana Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - Patricia Knass
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina;
| | - Ana Dalcero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - Sofía Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; (M.L.P.); (M.L.C.); (A.T.); (A.D.)
- Members of the Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +54-0358-4676-429; Fax: +54-0358-4676-231
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el Khoury A, Atoui A. Ochratoxin a: general overview and actual molecular status. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:461-93. [PMID: 22069596 PMCID: PMC3153212 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi that structurally consists of a para-chlorophenolic group containing a dihydroisocoumarin moiety that is amide-linked to L-phenylalanine. OTA is detected worldwide in various food and feed sources. Studies show that this molecule can have several toxicological effects such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic. A role in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and its association to urinary tract tumors has been also proved. In this review, we will explore the general aspect of OTA: physico-chemical properties, toxicological profile, OTA producing fungi, contaminated food, regulation, legislation and analytical methods. Due to lack of sufficient information related to the molecular background, this paper will discuss in detail the recent advances in molecular biology of OTA biosynthesis, based on information and on new data about identification and characterization of ochratoxin biosynthetic genes in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species. This review will also cover the development of the molecular methods for the detection and quantification of OTA producing fungi in various foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André el Khoury
- Centre d’analyses et de recherches, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Ali Atoui
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon
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Bircan C. Incidence of ochratoxin A in dried fruits and co-occurrence with aflatoxins in dried figs. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1996-2001. [PMID: 19450651 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ninety eight dried figs, 53 sultanas and 20 dried apricots destined for export from Turkey to the European Union were tested for ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination utilizing immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). While only 2 (4%) of the sultanas exceeded the 10 ng g(-1) maximum limit set by the EU, 28 (53%) of 53 sultana samples contained detectable levels of OTA, in the range of 0.51-58.04 ng g(-1). Eighteen of 98 (18%) dried figs contained detectable levels of OTA, in the range of 0.87-24.37 ng g(-1). Only one of the 20 dried apricots was contaminated, with 0.97 ng g(-1) OTA. Dried figs analyzed for OTA were also tested for aflatoxin contamination to determine the co-occurrence of both toxins. Seven samples were confirmed aflatoxin positive, in the range of 0.23-4.28 ng g(-1), and only 2 samples contained both toxins, with a maximum concentration of 24.37 ng g(-1)for OTA and 1.02 ng g(-1) for aflatoxin B(1). The average recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) obtained from dried fruits spiked with OTA ranged from 80.5% to 91.5% and 0.99-5%, respectively. The average recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) obtained from dried figs spiked with aflatoxin ranged from 88.78% to 93.53% and 2.54-7.25%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavit Bircan
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, 09100 Aydin, Turkey.
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Trucksess MW, Scott PM. Mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:181-92. [PMID: 18286408 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701567459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals are used in many countries for medicinal and general health-promoting purposes. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits have been reported. Aflatoxins or ochratoxin A (OTA) have been found in botanicals such as ginseng, ginger, liquorice, turmeric, and kava-kava in the USA, Spain, Argentina, India, and some other countries, while fumonisins have been found in medicinal wild plants in South Africa and in herbal tea and medicinal plants in Turkey. Zearalenone was identified in ginseng root. Dried fruits can be contaminated with aflatoxins, OTA, kojic acid, and, occasionally, with patulin or zearalenone. One main area of concern is aflatoxins in dried figs; bright greenish yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light is associated with aflatoxin contamination. OTA in dried vine fruits (raisins, sultanas, and currants) is another concern. There are also reports of aflatoxins in raisins and OTA in dried figs, apricots, dried plums (prunes), dates, and quince. Maximum permitted levels in the European Union include 4 microg kg(-1) for total aflatoxins in dried fruit intended for direct consumption and 10 microg kg(-1) for OTA in dried vine fruit. This review discusses the occurrence of mycotoxins in botanicals and dried fruits and analytical issues such as sampling, sample preparation, and methods for analysis. Fungal contamination of these products, the influence of sorting, storage, and processing, and prevention are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Trucksess
- Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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EL Khoury A, Rizk T, Lteif R, Azouri H, Delia ML, Lebrihi A. Fungal contamination and Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Lebanese wine–grapes and musts. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2244-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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